1

第3章新古典國際貿(mào)易理論：要素稟賦理論FactorEndowmentTheory

21、TheHeckscher--OhlinTheory赫克歇爾---俄林定理

H-Otheorem:赫克歇爾---俄林定理EHechscher,1919BOhlin，1933，《區(qū)際貿(mào)易與國際貿(mào)易》ThebasisforcomparativeadvantageTheeffectthattradehasonfactorearningsinthetwonations31)AssumptionsTherearetwonations(1and2),twocommodities(xandy),andtwofactorsofproduction(laborandcapital).Bothnationsusethesametechnologyinproduction.CommodityXislaborintensiveandcommodityYiscapitalintensiveinbothnations.Bothcommoditiesareproducedunderconstantreturnstoscaleinbothnations.4Thereispletespecializationinproductioninbothnations.Tastesareequalinbothnations.Thereisperfectcompetitioninbothcommoditiesandfactormarketsinbothnations.Thereisperfectfactormobilitywithineachnationbutnointernationalfactormobility.5Therearenotransportationcosts,tariffs,orotherobstructionstothefreeflowofinternationaltrade.Allresourcesarefullyemployedinbothnations.Internationaltradebetweenthetwonationsisbalanced.6

2)Concepts要素稟賦和要素密集度

FactorAbundance要素稟賦Twowaystodefinefactorabundance.Intermsofphysicalunits---Nation2iscapitalabundantiftheratioofthetotalamountofcapitaltothetotalamountoflaboravailableinnation2isgreaterthanthatinnation1.Intermsofrelativefactorprices--Nation2iscapitalabundantiftheratiooftherentalpriceofcapitaltothepriceoflabortime（PK/PL)islowerinNation2thaninnation1.7一些國家的相對(duì)要素稟賦國家資本/勞動(dòng)（$/工人）資本/土地（美元/公頃）勞動(dòng)/土地（工人/公頃）澳大利亞7415.567.20.009巴西1151.643.80.038丹麥5837.73720.50.637芬蘭6401.2561.80.088美國10260.91058.60.103日本3358.55286.51.574香港1368.590739.166.304阿根廷2827.0101.70.036菲律賓529.0283.60.536朝鮮320.4337.31.0538要素密集度FactorIntensity

Commodityyiscapitalintensiveifthecapital-laborratio(K/L)usedintheproductionofyisgreaterthanK/LusedintheproductionofX.9邏輯思路Generalequilibriumframeworkconclusion:therelativelylabor-richnationexportstherelativelylabor-intensivecommodityandimportstherelativelycapital-intensivecommodity.兩種要素投入-----要素稟賦情況(資本充裕、勞動(dòng)充裕）------相對(duì)成本差異-----相互貿(mào)易10DistributionofownershipoffactorsofproductionTastesDemandforfinalcommoditiesSupplyoffactorsDeriveddemandforfactorsFactorpricesTechnologyCommodityprices11國家BY(鋼鐵)X（布）(PX/PY)12(PX/PY)11國家AI10Y(鋼鐵)X(布)圖3-4技術(shù)水平和需求相同但相對(duì)要素稟賦不同的國家之間的貿(mào)易互利Y0EeCˊ,cˊY2Y1x0x1x2(PX/PY)WI1I20122、推論推論一：斯托爾珀——薩謬爾森定理：Stolper-Samuelsonproposition.1941Anincreaseinthepriceofafinalgoodincreasestherewardtothefactorofproductionusedintensivelyintheproductionofthatgoodandreducestherewardtotheotherfactor,providedbothgoodsareproduces.在貿(mào)易的過程中，由于產(chǎn)品價(jià)格均等化，出口產(chǎn)品的相對(duì)價(jià)格會(huì)上升，進(jìn)口替代品的相對(duì)價(jià)格會(huì)下降。

13本國外國要素稟賦勞動(dòng)相對(duì)豐富，資本相對(duì)稀缺資本相對(duì)豐富，勞動(dòng)相對(duì)稀缺初始的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格布相對(duì)便宜，鋼鐵相對(duì)昂貴鋼鐵相對(duì)便宜，布相對(duì)昂貴貿(mào)易發(fā)生

出口布，進(jìn)口鋼鐵

出口鋼鐵，進(jìn)口布產(chǎn)品相對(duì)價(jià)格布價(jià)格上升，鋼鐵價(jià)格下降

鋼鐵價(jià)格上升，布價(jià)格下降生產(chǎn)調(diào)整

布生產(chǎn)擴(kuò)大，鋼鐵生產(chǎn)縮減

鋼鐵生產(chǎn)擴(kuò)大，布生產(chǎn)縮減對(duì)要素的需求

勞動(dòng)要素相對(duì)稀缺，資本要素相對(duì)過剩

資本要素相對(duì)稀缺，勞動(dòng)要素相對(duì)過剩要素價(jià)格

工資上升，利潤下降利潤上升，工資下降長期結(jié)果

兩國要素價(jià)格均等化

14放大效應(yīng)magnificationeffect--thechangesinthethefactorpricesarelargerinrelativetermsthanthechangesinthefinalgoodsprices.荷蘭病DutchDisease--荷蘭越是增加天然氣的開發(fā)，其生產(chǎn)出口產(chǎn)品的制造業(yè)就越受到抑制。15推論二：要素價(jià)格均等化定理Factor-priceEqualizationTheorem,(H-O-STheorem)1949,SamuelsonInternationaltradewillbringaboutequalizationintherelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrossnations.Assuch,internationaltradeisasubstitutefortheinternationalmobilityoffactors.16

國家19591970198319902000日本1124518696意大利2342627985法國27416210291英國2935538584德國295684142140加拿大4257758490非加權(quán)平均2743659798美國100100100100100主要工業(yè)化國家的小時(shí)工資（相當(dāng)于美國工資水平的相應(yīng)比例）17對(duì)要素稟賦理論的評(píng)價(jià)18

3、EmpiricaltestsoftheH—OmodelTheLeontiefParadox里昂惕夫之謎

1951年Leontief用美國1947年的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的資本/勞動(dòng)比率要大于其出口產(chǎn)品的資本/勞動(dòng)比率，這與H-O模型的結(jié)論相反。ImportsubstitutesarecommoditiesthattheU.Sproducesathomeandbutalsoimportsfromabroad.191947年1951年出口進(jìn)口替代出口進(jìn)口替代資本（美元）K2550780309133922568002303400勞動(dòng)（人/年）L181170174168人均資本量（美元）K/L1401518184129771372620Explanati