collegeboard11年的考綱撤下來,2012版新的..不過是換湯不換藥,samplequestions都沒變2012化學(xué)AP的新新考生,當(dāng)前正是已經(jīng)學(xué)過一定基礎(chǔ)的中文化學(xué)課以后,AP相關(guān)知識點的關(guān)鍵時候.ETS的考試都很少會超綱(再超綱老美學(xué)生就考不了了~.),再難也難不倒有心人…在備考之初,讓我們一個不漏的看下AP化學(xué)究竟StructureofMatter20%)Atomictheoryandatomic要點Thesmallestunitofatomisatomitself,原子是發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的最小單位.原子內(nèi)部的Evidencefortheatomic要點:Daltonconcludedthatthefixedproportionsofelementsbyweightsuggestedthattheatomsofoneelementcombinedwithonlyalimitednumberofatomsoftheotherelementstoformthesubstancesthathelisted.證明原子是最小的單位（按現(xiàn)在的觀Atomicmasses;determinationbychemicalandphysical要點:掌握摩爾數(shù)的概念,知道relativeatomicmass的概念,C12是個相對質(zhì)量,其它元素的原子量是以C12為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的.Atomicnumberandmassnumber;要點:相同元素可以有不同質(zhì)量,因為一個元素是有質(zhì)子數(shù)決定,他卻可能有不同的中子數(shù).C12,13,14,O,16,18.這些有著相同質(zhì)子數(shù)不同中子數(shù)的原子稱為同位素,其差別可通過質(zhì)譜圖分開.元素周期表上之所以每個元素的相對質(zhì)量不是整數(shù),就是因為少量同位素的存Electronenergylevels:atomicspectra,quantumnumbers,atomic要點:電子一般盡先占有能量最低的軌道,然后再進入能量較高的軌道.電子吸收能量到高能Periodicrelationshipsincluding,forexample,atomicradii,ionizationenergies,electronaffinities,oxidationstates:ChemicalBindingTypes:ionic,covalent,metallic,hydrogenbonding,vanderWaals(includingLondondispersions)要點:促使化學(xué)物質(zhì)聚在一起的化學(xué)鍵包括離子鍵,共價鍵,金屬鍵,氫鍵,力(還包括范Relationshipstostates,structure,andpropertiesof要點:每個類型的鍵都有其特性,例子:離子鍵在固態(tài)時和液態(tài)時表現(xiàn)是不一樣的,NaCl固態(tài)粉末不導(dǎo)電,只有溶液才有離子鍵,良好的導(dǎo)電性(在溶液中插入燈泡電極會亮)Polarityofbonds,鍵的極性,電負性（原子或基團吸引并持留價電子的能力鍵結(jié)合的多原子分子要看空間結(jié)構(gòu).NH3為極性,CCl4為非極性MolecularLewis要點:共用電子對理論“—”表示共用一對電子的結(jié)構(gòu)式,兩對共用電子用兩杠,三對共Valencebond:hybridizationoforbitalsresonancesigmaandpibondsValence鍵價理論的成鍵能力強于雜化前的各原子軌道sp雜化理論解釋分子模型,一般是小選擇價層電子對互斥理論(ValenceSElectronPairRepulsionTheory,簡稱VSEPR理論Geometryofmoleculesandions,structuralisomerismofsimplemoleculesandcoordinationcomplexes;dipolemomentsofmolecules;relationofpropertiestostructureNuclearchemistry:nuclearequations,half-lives,andradioactivity;chemicalLawsofidealEquationofstateforanidealpVnRT.這個方程可以根據(jù)任何已知量求未知,包括壓力,體積,所含物質(zhì)的量,和溫度.經(jīng)常是response的大題.和equilibrium結(jié)合.要注意代入已知量的時候,條件的改變,和Partial要點:分壓定律。這個定律在現(xiàn)代被表述為：在溫度與體積恒定時，混合氣體的總壓KineticmolecularInterpretationofidealgaslawsonthebasisofthis Avogadro’shypothesisandthemole程很容易導(dǎo)出這個定律：若有A、B兩種氣體，它們的氣體方程分別是pAVA=nARTA和pBVBnBRTBpApB,TATB,VAVBnAnB。這個定律也是理想氣體DependenceofkineticenergyofmoleculesonDeviationsfromidealgas2012AP必備考綱分析之二無限的內(nèi)容。AP考試涉及的內(nèi)容有些還寬泛度不小，是大學(xué)內(nèi)容。所以要求活學(xué)活LiquidsandsolidsLiquidsandsolidsfromthekinetic-molecular和氣體一樣,物質(zhì)都是由大量分子組成的,分子永不停息的作無規(guī)則運動,不一樣的是分子無Phasediagrams ponent Changesofstate,includingcriticalpointsandtriple同上個知識點.二氧化碳在-57C下固液氣三相共存,的tripleStructureofsolids;lattice固態(tài)物質(zhì)的機構(gòu),離子晶體的晶格能AB型化合物,指l摩氣態(tài)A離子和l摩氣態(tài)B離子結(jié)合成1摩固態(tài)AB時所釋放的能量.基礎(chǔ)了解.TypesofsolutionsandfactorsaffectingMethodsofexpressingconcentration(useofnormalitiesisnotRaoult’slawandcolligativeproperties(nonvolatilesolutes);定律的解釋:Thevapourpressureofasolutionofanon-volatilesoluteisequaltothevapourpressureofthepuresolventatthattemperaturemultipliedbyitsmolefraction.拉個濃度范圍內(nèi)，各組分的蒸氣壓均服從該定律。注意的是,0.1moleNaCl到溶液,實際上是加入了0.2mole的離子.Nonidealbehavior(qualitative定律有個變型后的方程,activitycoefficient的變量γcorrectionforinctionsintheliquidphasebetweenthedifferentmolecules.這里指會考查計算。Reaction_Acid-basereactions;conceptsofArrhenius,Bronsted-LowryandLewis;coordinationcomplexes;amphoterism酸堿反應(yīng),Arrhenius的定義是H+和OH-的反應(yīng),生成鹽和水.Bronsted-Lowry呢,則是H+傳遞的反應(yīng),Hdonator都是算,Hacceptor都是堿Lewis的酸堿定義就更加寬泛了.接受電現(xiàn)堿性,有時候表現(xiàn)酸性,amphoterism.OxidationTheroleoftheelectroninoxidation-Electrochemistry:electrolyticandgalvaniccells;Faraday’slaws;standardhalf-cellpotentials;Nernstequation;predictionofthedirectionofredoxreactions電化學(xué).電解和電鍍反應(yīng).原電池是借助氧化還原反應(yīng)得到電流的裝置,電鍍是應(yīng)用電解原理法拉第電解定律:①當(dāng)電流通過電解質(zhì)溶液時，在電極（即相界面）上發(fā)生化學(xué)變化物質(zhì)B生化學(xué)變化物質(zhì)B的物質(zhì)的量相同。StoichiometryIonicandmolecularspeciespresentinchemicalsystems:netionicBalancingofequations,includingthoseforredox些奇數(shù)配偶法和待定系數(shù)法等等.一般AP的還是氧化還原方程式的配平_Massandvolumerelationswithemphasisonthemoleconcept,empiricalformulasandlimitingEquilibriumConceptofdynamicequilibrium,physicalandchemical;LeChaier’sprinciple;equilibriumconstants改變equilibriumconstant,而起始濃度是不改變常數(shù)的.tativeEquilibriumconstantsforgaseousreactions:Kp,ThedifferencebetweenthetwoconstantsisthatKcisdefinedbymolarconcentrations,whereasKpisdefinedbythepartialpressuresofthegassesinsideaclosedsystem.Equilibriumconstantsforreactionsin(1)Constantsforacidsandbases;pK;為堿.計算一定是指數(shù)相關(guān)的.切不可直接加減(2)Solubilityproductconstantsandtheirapplicationtoprecipitationandthedissolutionofslightlysolublecompounds(3)Commonioneffect;buffers;還是可以穩(wěn)定在一定的pH范圍內(nèi).),和水解反應(yīng)的了解KineticsConceptofrateofUseofexperimentaldataandgraphicalysistodeterminereactantorder,rateconstantsandreactionratelawsEffectoftemperaturechangeonEnergyofactivation;theroleofenergyinitialbarrier,一旦反應(yīng)發(fā)生,就可以不需要外界熱能進行下去了…而催化劑就是本身不參加反應(yīng)(或者說參加了但又迅速回復(fù)原貌了)但可以降低這個initialbarrier的物質(zhì).Therelationshipbetweentherate-determiningstepandaStateFirstlaw:changeinenthalpy;heatofformation;heatofreaction;Hess’slaw;heatsofvaporizationandfusion;calorimetryHesslaw(反應(yīng)熱加 定律（thelawofaddictivityofreactionheat）);定義：:化學(xué)反Secondlaw:entropy; energyofformation; energyofreaction;dependenceofchangein energyonenthalpyandentropychanges Relationshipofchangein energytoequilibriumconstantsandelectrodeΔG=ΔH－TΔS 應(yīng)用化Knowledgeofspecificfactsofchemistryisessentialforanunderstandingprinciplesandconcepts.Thesedescriptivefacts,includingthechemistryinvolvedinenvironmentalandsocietalissues,shouldnotbeisolatedfromtheprinciplesbeingstudiedbutshouldbetaughtthroughoutthecoursetoillustrateandilluminatetheprinciples.Thefollowingareasshouldbecovered:學(xué)中提及一小部分…AP化學(xué)的重中之重.ChemicalreactivityandproductsofchemicalRelationshipsintheperiodictable:horizontal,verticalanddiagonalwithexamplesfromalkalimetals,alkalineearthmetals,halogensandthefirstseriesoftransition_Introductiontoorganicchemistry:hydrocarbonsandfunctionalgroups(structure,nomenclature,chemicalproperties)Thedifferencesbetweencollegechemistryandtheusualsecondaryschoolchemistrycourseareespeciallyevidentinthelaboratorywork.TheAPChemistryExamincludessomequestionsbasedonexperiencesandskillsstudentsacquireinthelaboratory:makingobservationsofchemicalreactionsandcalculatingandinterpretingresultsbasedonthetativedatacommunicatingeffectivelytheresultsofexperimental,ChemicalThefollowinglistsummarizestypesofproblemseitherexplicitlyorimplicitly