Unit-9-Learning-a-LanguagePartIListening&SpeakingActivitiesBrainstormingListeningSpeakingBrainstormingExpressionsforlanguage

accent,dialect,pronunciation,syllable,intonation,tone,rhyme,stress,grammar,syntax,structure,context,vocabulary,phrase,word,lexicon,morpheme,prefix,suffix,slang,idiom,jargonExpressionsforassessinglanguagebehavior

appropriate(appropriateness),accurate(accuracy),proper,fluent(fluency),erroneous,meaningful,logical,nonsense,makenosense,comprehensible,readable,tothepoint,redundant,repetitive,wordy,concise,precise,formal,informalExpressionsforusingalanguage

express,read,scan,listento,translate,interpret,summarize,paraphrase,outline(vt.)Expressionsfortypesoflanguageusepoetry,sonnets,fiction,nonfiction,novel,story,newsreports,document,script,lyrics,summary,essay,composition,dissertation/thesis,autobiography,biography,note,memospeech,conversations,dialogue,monologue,lecture,interview,presentation

Expressionsfortypesoflanguageusers

writer/author,reader,translator,interpreter,poet,scriptwriter,playwright,copywriter,reporter,journalist

Expressionsforlearningalanguage:rotelearning,review,preview,revise,makenotes,repeat,communication,interaction,input,intake,output,languageaptitude,learningstrategiesListeningListenandanswerthefollowingquestions:1.WhyisListudyingaforeignlanguage?

--Lifeltfromhismiddleschooldaysthathehadatalentforlanguage,boththemothertongueandEnglish.Butlaterhequestionedhisdecisionandlanguageaptitude.Despitehisdoubtshehasbecomemoreinterestedinandfascinatedbylearninganewlanguage.2.Whatishisattitudetowardlearningvocabulary,grammar,pronunciation?

--Hedoesn’tthinktheyaredifficult.3.What,accordingtoLi,isthemostdifficultaspectinlearningEnglish?Andwhy?

--HefindswhatstandsinhiswaywhenlearningEnglishisthespecialuseofcertainwords,i.e.idioms.Theyarenoteasytounderstandalthoughtheyconsistoffamiliarwords;andthereisahugebodyofidiomsforlearnerstomaster.4.HowdoesLidefinetheterm“idiom”?

--Anidiomisanexpressionwhosemeaningcannotbederivedfromthemeaningoftheindividualwordsintheexpression.5.HowdidhemisunderstandaBritishstudenttheotherday?

--LiwastoldthattheBritishstudentwatchedafootballmatchandgotakickoutofit.Lithoughthewashitbytheballorkickedoutofthestadiumbyafootballplayer.ActuallytheBritishstudentmeanthehadgotalotoffunfromwatchingthematch.6.WhichareaoflanguageisLigoingtostudyinthefuture?

--Liisinterestedinculturalstudies,whichhethinksisaneglectedbutveryimportantarea,becausehebelievesthatitismainlytheculturalaspectsoflanguageratherthantheotherlinguisticaspectsthatdeterminessuccessfulcommunication.Doyouknowwhattheseidiomsmean?kickthebucket[euphemism--die]bethetopdog/wearthepantse.g.Mr.Brownhasbeenourtopdogfor25years,buthe'sretiring.Threeofourseniorexecutivesarefightingforhisjobandnobodyknowswho'llendupasnewtopdog.Theoldmanstillownstheshopandcomestowork.Buthissonwearsthepantsnow.madmoney

e.g.Theotherdayweranoutofgassixtymilesfromhome.Ihadforgottenmywallet.Butwewerelucky-mywiferememberedshehadhermadmoney,sowewereabletobuygastogetbackhome.beonthinicee.g.Youngman,unlessyoustartturninginyourassignmentsontimeandpullupyourtestscores,Ihavetotellyouthatyouareonthiniceinthisclass.Rightnowyou'reveryclosetofailing.afatcate.g.Ihatetoseefatcatsshowingoffalltheirmoney,butIwouldsurelovetobeonemyself.ButIguessmyonlychanceofbeingafatcatistowintenmilliondollarsinthelottery.pokerfacee.g.Ineverknowwhethermybosslikesmyworkornot--heisarealpokerface!rainchecke.g.I'dlovetogooutwithyou,Ben.I'msorryI'mbusytonight,butI'dlikearaincheck.haveahearte.g.Charlie,IknowI'veowedyouthehundredbucksforalongtime.But,haveaheart:givemealittlemoretimebecauseIreallydon'thaveitrightnow.crossmyhearte.g."Billy,crossmyheart,itwasn'tmewhobrokeyourbicycle.“rubelbowswith…e.g.IfyoutravelacrossAmericabybus,yourubelbowswithallsortsofpeople.You'llmeetolderretiredpeople,youngstudentsandotherswhoridethebusbecauseit'scheaperthanflying.“HowdoyoulearnEnglish?Chooseseveralquestionsfromthefollowinglistandinterviewyourpartneraboutthem:1.WhendidyoustartlearningEnglish?2.DoyouenjoyEnglishlearning?3.Doyouthinkyouhaveatalentforlearningalanguage?4.WhydidyouchooseEnglishasyourmajoratcollege?5.WhatisthemostdifficultaspectinlearningEnglish?Why?Howdoyouintendtodealwithit?6.Howdoyoumanagetoremembernewwords?7.Doyouthinkitishelpfultorecitepassages?8.Whatdoyouthinkisthebestwaytoimproveyourpronunciation?9.Whatdoyoureadoutofclass?10.Whatwouldyouchooseifyouhaveachanceoflearninganotherforeignlanguage?Why?GroupOralTasksTask1:Conversation/play

Aconversation/shortplayaboutmisunderstandingcausedbythemisuseoflanguageincommunication(e.g.idioms,pronunciation)Task2:Conversation/PlayAconversation/shortplayaboutmisunderstandingcausedbytheuseofdifferentdialectsofEnglish(e.g.AmericanEnglishvs.BritishEnglish)Task3:Mini-lectureAshortlectureintroducingseveralinterestingidiomsandtheirstories.Task4:Storytelling

Astorybasedonthepicture.Task5:Play---ChinaEnglish?

AshortplayaboutdifficultiesinexplainingtoforeignersthoseobjectsorideascharacteristicofChineseculture(e.g.旗袍，皮蛋，螞蟻上樹(shù)等).YoucouldalsobrieflypresentyourviewontheproperwaythatsuchthingsshouldbeexpressedinEnglish.Task6:Debate---Theyoungerthebetter?

Adebateontheissuewhetherchildrencandobetterinlearningaforeignlanguagethanadults.PartIIReadingComprehension&LanguageActivitiesPre-readingTasksReadtheTextPost-readingTasksWords&ExpressionsLanguageWork(A,B,C)LearningaLanguagePre-readingTask1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlearningalanguageandlearninghowtodriveacar?2.Whydopeopleusingthesamelanguagesometimeshavetroubleunderstandingeachother?ReadtheText-Questionsforskimming:1.Whataspectsoflanguagelearningarediscussedinthetext?--Threeimportantaspectsoflanguagelearning:(1)Learningalanguageisalife-longactivityandcannotbedonesystematicallywithclearultimatesuccess;(2)Words,besidestheircoremeanings,areoftenusedcreativelyandhaveextendedmeanings;(3)Therearevariationsanddialectswithinonelanguage;SummaryA.SummarizethestoryByclearingupthreemisconceptionsoflanguagelearning,theauthorintendstohelpthelearnersbecomeawareofthreeaspectsoflanguageandlanguagelearning:(1)languageisnotafixedunchangingthingandlearningalanguageisalifelongtask;(2)wordshaveextendedmeaningsinadditiontotheircoreones;(3)practitionersofthesamelanguagemaynotnecessarilyunderstandeachother.ReadtheText–Questionsforreadingcomprehension1.HowhastheEnglishlanguagedevelopedintoitspresentform?--ItwasoriginallyaformofancientGerman.LateritcollidedwithaspecialkindofoldFrenchandwassubjectedtoseveralwavesofLatinandafloodofGreek.SomeotherlanguageshavealsoenrichedtheEnglishlanguage.HistoryoftheEnglishLanguageTheIndo-EuropeanslivedinBritain,callingthemselves“Celts”.JuliusCaesarandhisarmyconqueredBritainandthenativeCelticlanguagewasinfluencedbyLatin.TheAnglesandSaxonsinvadedBritainandthelanguageofAnglesandSaxons(OldEnglish)cameintocontactwiththeCelticlanguage.SaintAugustineintroducedChristianityintoBritainandhundredsofLatinandGreekwordsenteredOldEnglish.TheVikingsattackedBritainandtheirlanguageNorsecollidedwithEnglishTheNormanConquestbroughtadual-languageperiodinhistory(OldFrenchastheofficiallanguage)TheRenaissance(Thehumanisticrevivalofclassicalart,architecture,literature,andlearningthatoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandlaterspreadthroughoutEurope.);ManyLatinandGreekwordscameintoEnglish

B.SummarizetheparagraphsParagraph1:

Theauthoraguesthat,contrarytotheviewthatlanguagecouldbelearnedsystematicallywithclearultimatesuccess,learningalanguageisactuallyalifelongactivity.Paragraph2:

TheauthorusestheEnglishlanguageasanexampletoshowthateverylanguageisacomplexaffair,andlearningalanguageisthus,metaphoricallyspeaking,anendlessvoyage.Paragraph3-4:

Theauthordiscussesthesecondmisconceptionthatwordshavefixedandclearmeanings,andpointsoutthatwords,besidetheircoremeanings,arealsousedcreativelyandhaveextendedmeanings.Paragraph5:

Theauthordiscussesthemisconceptionthatthespeakersofalanguagespeakexactlythesamevarietyandhavenoproblemsunderstandingeachother.DialectusersofthesamelanguageinfactmaynotnecessarilyunderstandeachotherTextAnalysis1....wespeakandthinkasthoughthelanguageinquestionwereafixedunchangingthing.inquestion:beingtalkedabout[idioms]outofquestion:noproblem

outofthequestion:impossible,notworthdiscussingEg:Whereisthemaninquestion?---WouldyouliketogohuntingonSaturday?---Ok,outofquestion.Anewbicycleisoutofthequestion---wecan'taffordit.Words&Expressionsultimate[final]

e.g.Becomingpresidentishisultimategoal.subsequently[afterwards]embarkon/upon[starttodo]

e.g.We'reembarkingon/uponanewprojectlaterthisyear.masterof:personwhohascontrolorwhohassth.athisdisposalHeisamasterofthesituation.Para1當(dāng)我們談到學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)語(yǔ)言諸如英語(yǔ)、日語(yǔ)或西班牙語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們用這種語(yǔ)言說(shuō)話和思考就好像正在談?wù)撝械恼Z(yǔ)言是固定不變的，我們期望像學(xué)幾何或?qū)W騎車(chē)一樣系統(tǒng)地學(xué)習(xí)并最終取得顯著的成效。許多人發(fā)現(xiàn)這僅是一種誤解時(shí)便放棄了。實(shí)際上，他們開(kāi)始了一份持續(xù)終生的工作。這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)使他們不僅意識(shí)到如果想要成功不得不努力工作，而且意識(shí)到在很多情況下，他們連著自己所謂的母語(yǔ)也沒(méi)有精通。

mingling[mixture,combination]hybrid[mixtureofverydifferentthings]collidewith[comeinto(violent)contactwith,encounter]

e.g.Itwaspredictedthatacometwouldcollidewithoneoftheplanets.besubjectedtosth.:tocausesb./sth.toexperienceorundergosth.Shewasrepeatedlysubjectedtotorture.Asatestthemetalwassubjectedtogreatheat.cf.besubjecttosb./sth.1)tobeobligedtoobeysb./sth.,undertheauthorityofsb./sth.Wearesubjecttothelawoftheland.2)tobeliabletosth.Trainsaresubjecttodelayaftertheheavysnowfalls.3)tobedependingonsth.asaconditionTheplanissubjecttothedirector'sapproval.floodofsth.:greatquantityorvolumeShereceivedafloodofletters.

bitsandpieces:someminorandbrokenthingsIntheprocessofacquiringknowledge,don'tforgettoaccumulatebitsandpieces.

beincontactwith:tokeepcommunicationwithsb.Ourtroopsareincontactwiththeenemy.Para2其實(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)任何語(yǔ)言就像是一次永無(wú)止境的航行。當(dāng)今世界上使用的成千上萬(wàn)語(yǔ)言中的每一種語(yǔ)言都是一件復(fù)雜的事情。許多語(yǔ)言確實(shí)有一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式---特別是書(shū)面語(yǔ)---這就是我們要學(xué)習(xí)的，然而，他們也可能有各種各樣的地區(qū)方言和社會(huì)文體，許多是歷史進(jìn)程中和其他語(yǔ)言融合的產(chǎn)物。英語(yǔ)就是這樣一種混合語(yǔ)言。大約二千年前開(kāi)始演變的。首先是一種古德語(yǔ)形式，與一種特殊的古法語(yǔ)發(fā)生了沖突，其后又吸取了一些拉丁語(yǔ)和希臘語(yǔ)。自那以后有吸收了它的使用者所接觸的其他所有語(yǔ)言的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。

1.common:belongingto,affectingallornearlyallmembersofagrouporsocietyItisaflowercommoninricefields.2.Thereareseveralmenmissinginthatchessset.

man:n.aplayingpiecethatwecanmoveinagameofchess3.Theboatwasmannedentirelybywomenandchildren.[paraphrase]Womenandchildrenwereinchargeoftheboat'soperation.man:v.tosupplymenorpeopleneededinoperationalposts.TheGeneralmannedtheassaulttroopswithhisbravestsoldiers.Para3關(guān)于語(yǔ)言的第二種常見(jiàn)誤解是單詞意思固定清楚。這種想法—無(wú)論不幸還是有幸—是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不正確的。舉個(gè)十分簡(jiǎn)單和具體的英語(yǔ)單詞"man"為例。似乎足夠清楚，指的是"成年男子"。當(dāng)然的確如此，但是考慮一下下列句子：

1）

Thereareseveralmenmissinginthatchessset.那副象棋缺了幾顆棋子。

2）

Theboatwasmannedentirelybywomenandchildren.這艘船全由婦女和小孩掌舵。

legitimate:lawful,reasonableHeisacriminalwhorunsalegitimatebusinessaswell.2.Partofthepleasureandgeniusoflanguagemaywellariseoutofthisslight"misuse"ofwords.

slight"misuse"ofwords

Note7maywell:reasonably,probably[grammaticalpoint]wellcanbeusedaftercan,could,may,mightwiththemeaningof"justifiably,reasonably,probably".Imightwellconsideritlater.(=I'llprobablyconsideritlater.)Ican'tverywellleavenow.(=It'snotgoodformetoleavenow.)

convey:v.toexpress,makeknowntoanotherpersonWordscannotconveyhowdelightedIwas.Para4你可能爭(zhēng)論這些句子有點(diǎn)不自然。是的，它們不是單詞"man"的日常用法，而是其中心意義的合理延伸。尤其有趣的是在第二個(gè)句子中它作動(dòng)詞用而不是名詞。這表明我們期望成年男子做水手，而不是婦女當(dāng)然更不是小孩。語(yǔ)言中的一些樂(lè)趣和天賦很可能是由這種單詞的細(xì)微差別的誤用而產(chǎn)生的。別忘了，如果你叫一個(gè)人"貓"或"卷心菜"，雖然你不是表達(dá)字面意思，但它們會(huì)被曲解成許多意思。

equivalent:n.a.equalinvalue,amount,meaning,importancebeequivalentto:tobeequaltoWhatis$5equivalenttoinFrenchfrancs?IsthereaFrenchwordthatistheexactequivalentoftheEnglishword'home'?toacertain/someextent:partly,somewhatTosomeextentIwasabittired.havetroublewith:tohaveinconveniencewithIhavesometroublewithapproachtomyteacher.Para5關(guān)于語(yǔ)言的第三個(gè)誤解是：每一種語(yǔ)言都被—或者說(shuō)應(yīng)該被它的所有使用者到處同樣地使用和理解。當(dāng)然，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，使用英國(guó)英語(yǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式的人都能理解其在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中的對(duì)等詞。英語(yǔ)這兩種主要形式相似程度極大。這些國(guó)家的講方言的人在互相理解對(duì)方時(shí)有嚴(yán)重的障礙，甚至到了懷疑他們是否真正使用同一語(yǔ)言的程度。一個(gè)來(lái)自紐約布魯克林的人與來(lái)自倫敦的倫敦佬交流有困難，一位古板的英國(guó)上校不會(huì)和一個(gè)加里福利亞的嬉皮士談笑風(fēng)生。然而他們都屬于20世紀(jì)世界英語(yǔ)的巨大群體中的成員。LanguageWork(A)1.subsequently2.ultimately3.equivalent4.mingling5.legitimate6.literal7.Identification8.conveyLanguageWork(B)Thegovernmenthopestogainenoughsupportfortheprojectinquestion.Therescuepartyembarkedon

freeingtheboytrappedinthehollowtree.Theexpeditiontravellinginouter-spacehasbeenincontactwiththescientistsontheearth.Ihavehadavarietyofexperienceswithglue.ButglueandIsimplyarenotmeantforeachother.DadandIdiffercompletelyanddon’tseemuchofeachother.Afterall,Istilllovehim,forheismyfather.Withrestrictivebindingsappliedtomyknees,Iwasclumsytotheextentthat

Icouldonlyhobblealong.Thecarpentercouldonlyfindbitsandpiecestodointhebasement.Itoftenhappensinmanyfamiliesthatthevaluesystemoftheoldergenerationcollideswith

thatoftheyoungergeneration.LanguageWork(C)1.a.Allthenewrecruitsweresubjectedtointenseandrigoroustraininginthefirstthreemonths.b.Yearsago,blackchildrenweresubjectedtoracialdiscriminationinmanyschools.c.ThelandoneithersideoftheYellowRiverwasoftensubjectedtofloods.2.a.Ifpeopledon’tknowhimwell,theywouldthinkthatheissomewhatdifficulttogetalongwith.b.Thoughhehadmadealotofpreparationfortheexam,hestillfeltsomewhatnervous.c.Sheisconsideredasomewhatfussygirlsinceshe’sseriousabouteverythingandmakesexaggeratingcomments.3.a.Thelittlegirlistooyoungtoconveyherideacoherently.b.ProfoundgratitudeandaffectiontowardhisfirstEnglishteacherwasconveyedinthespeaker’sspeech.c.Hersmilesexplicitlyconveyedhersatisfactionwithherdaughter’sperformance.4.a.Heclaimsthathecanoffermeajob,butIdon’tbelievehim.b.Nowsomeyoungpeopleclaimthatlifeisjustaboutenjoyingoneself.c.HitlerclaimedthathewouldrepresentthewillofGermanpeople.5.a.Thecustomercomplainedthatshehadhadaproblemwiththenewshoes.b.Theyhaveseriousproblemscommunicatingwitheachotherduetotheirdifferentfamilybackground.c.WithoutBraille,blindpeoplewouldhavegreatproblemsreadingandwriting.LanguageWork(D)Ifoneholdstheseconceptions,onewillverylikelybedisappointedwiththeresultofthelearningandmayeventuallygiveupthestudy.Ifoneisafraidoftakinglanguagelearningalifelongtask,onewillnotsucceed.Learningalanguagerequiresbothhardworkandperseverance.IfonethinksalltheEnglishwordsarecreatedbynativespeakers,oneunderestimatesthecomplexityoftheEnglishlanguageandwillnotbewellpreparedforthehardworkoflearningEnglishvocabulary.Ifonethinksso,onewouldfinditdifficulttounderstandcreativeuseoflanguageandconsequentlyfailtoappreciatemuchofthepleasurethatlanguageoffers.Ifadictionarybecomesthestraight-jacketofone’slanguageuse,figuresofspeech(suchassimileandmetaphor)willlargelydisappear.PartIIIExtendedActivitiesDictationReadMoreGrammarWorkTranslationCulturalInformationDictation

Alllanguageschangeconstantly.//Whenspeakersofasinglelanguagearedividedintodifferentgroupsbyregionorsocialstatus,//thedialectofeachgroupdevelopsintoitsownway.//Atsomepoint,thesegroupswillnolongerbeabletounderstandeachother.//Andonelanguagemaysplitintoseverallanguages//whicharedifferentbutclearlyrelated.//WehavehistoricalevidenceofsuchachangeinthecaseofLatin.//AfterthefalloftheRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyAD,//thevariousLatin-speakinggroupsinEuropelosttouchwitheachother,//andLatindevelopedintothe“romance”languages,//sonamedfortheirRomansource,//includingPortuguese,Spanish,French,ItalianandRomanian.//Today,thesearedistinctlanguages.//ARomanianspeakerwillnotunderstandaFrenchspeaker.//Butthehistoricalconnectionwillbeseenintheirvocabulary.//Forexample,theword“fish”looksquitesimilarinforminLatin,Italian,FrenchandRomanian.//MythsofGreeceandRomeMajorGodsandGoddessesSupremegodZeus

BrotherofZeus,GodoftheseaPoseidon

BrotherofZeus,GodoftheunderworldHadesGodoffireandmetalworkingHephaestusSonofZeusandLeto,Godoflight,prophecyandpoetryandmusicandhealingApolloWifeofZeus,principalgoddess,protectorofmarriageJunoHera

AresSonofZeusandHera,GodofWarMarsDaughterofZeusandLeto,twinsisterofApollo,GoddessofhuntingandtheMoonArtemisDianaAphroditeVenusAthenaGoddessofwisdomandskill,guardianofAthensMinervaHermesGodofcommerceandcunningandinventionandtheft,alsothemessengerofgodsMercuryDaughterofZeusandDione,GoddessofloveandbeautyExpressionsfromGreek&RomanMythology[1]Achilles’heel

—one’ssmallbutfatalweakness[2]aTrojanhorse

—sth.orsb.thatisdeceivingandattacksandweakenssthsecretlyfromwithin[3]narcissism—toogreatloveforone’sownabilityorphysicalappearance(fromNarcissus,abeautifulyoungmanwhofellinlovewithhisownreflection)[4]psyche—soul;spirit(fromPsyche,goddessofthesoul)[5]playCupidforsb—actasmatch-makerforsb[6]behitbyCupid’sarrows—fallinlovewithsb[7]anIliadofwoes—asuccessionofmiseriesIlliad-aGreekepicpoem(attributedtoHomer)describingthesiegeofTroy[8]siren—anapparatusformakingaloudandlongwarningsound:policesirens;firesirens,etc.(fromSirenswhosesweetsingingcharmedsailorsandcausedthewreckoftheirships)[9]Pandora’sbox—alargenumberofproblemsorevilsPandora-thefirstwoman;createdbyHephaestusonordersfromZeuswhopresentedhertoEpimetheus(brotherofPrometheus)alongwithaboxfilledwithevils[10]Oedipuscomplex

—(inFreudianpsychology)anunconscioussexualdesirebyayoungboyforhismothercombinedwithhatredofhisfatherGrammarWork1.Evenifitrainedintorrentstomorrow,Iwouldn’tstaytherealldaylong.2.Shewouldbepreparedtocomethepartyprovided/providingthatshecouldbringherdaughter.3.Iwon’ttellyourparentsaboutitonconditionthatyouapologizeforyourrudeness.4.Fredwillbeatschoolnextweekproviding/providedthathehasrecoveredfromhiscold.5.Ifwedon’twanttobelate,we’dbettercallataxinow.6.Detergentscan’tharmafabricprovided/providingthatitisproperlydissolved.7.Supposing/Supposeallthedoorswerelocked,howwouldyougetintothehouse?8.Supposing/Supposeyouwereleftonadesertedisland,whatwouldyoudofirstthen?IfConditionals(Unreal)SubordinateMainClauseContrarytoIfI,we,she,he…+did…/were…I,