Voice&Auxiliaryverb

語態(tài)與助動(dòng)詞VOICE語態(tài)定義：語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用于說明主語和謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系語態(tài)分類TypesofvoiceinEnglishlanguage1.Activevoice主動(dòng)語態(tài)2.Passivevoice被動(dòng)語態(tài)Passivevoice被動(dòng)語態(tài)1.基本形式Basicstructureofpassivevoicebe+p.p(transitiveverb)2.涉及被動(dòng)的八種時(shí)態(tài)8tensesinvolvingpassivevoice:Present:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（presentindefinitetense）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（presentperfecttense）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（presentcontinuoustense）Past:一般過去時(shí)（pastindefinitetense）過去完成時(shí)（pastperfecttense）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)（pastcontinuoustense）Future：一般將來時(shí)（futureindefinitetense）Past-future：一般過去將來時(shí)（future-in-the-pastindefinitetense）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般疑問和否定結(jié)構(gòu)Passivevoiceingeneralquestionandnegativestructureforgeneralquestion:將第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞移至主語之前eg:Itiswritten—→Isitwritten？2.fornegativestructure：助動(dòng)詞后加noteg：Itisnotwritten主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義1.常見涉及的動(dòng)詞：look,taste,sound,prove,feel,write,read,wash,sell,lock,shut,close,openeg:Hepenwritessmoothly.(筆是被使用）Thewindowwon’tshut.（窗戶是被關(guān)上）2.need,want,require,deserve+V-ing的主動(dòng)形式eg：Thismachineneedsfixing這個(gè)機(jī)器需要修理（被修理）Thisworkrequiresfinishing這項(xiàng)工作需要完成（被完成）3.beworth+V-ingThisplaceisworthvisiting這個(gè)地方值得參觀（被參觀）4.有些形容詞后接不定式作狀語時(shí)，常用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義：easy,hard,difficult,cheap,expensive,fit,nice,good,funny,exciting,light,heavy,dangerous,comfortable,deliciouseg：Hisbookisdifficult

tounderstand.他的書很難理解（被理解）Thedetailsofthiscaseisdangeroustoknow.這個(gè)案件的細(xì)節(jié)了解起來很危險(xiǎn)（被了解）5.在therebe句型中，可以用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義

Isthereanythingtoread?有什么（書）可以讀的嗎？（被讀）Thereisnothingtoworryabout.沒什么事好擔(dān)心（被擔(dān)心）

各時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)passivevoiceindifferenttenses

主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)1.找賓語----即動(dòng)作的承受者2.判斷賓語的單復(fù)數(shù)----即be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù).3.判斷動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)----即be動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài).4.修改謂語的時(shí)態(tài)----即原句動(dòng)詞改為過去分詞5.修改原句的主語----即by+主語/賓語.eg:They

make

shoesinthatfactory

Shoesaremadeinthatfactory被動(dòng)語態(tài)功能用法1）動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不明或動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者沒有必要提及PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.(動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不明）Humanrightswereignoredinthiscountry.（動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不必提及，可能涉及多方面的忽視）2）同時(shí)重視動(dòng)作承受者以及動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者。涉及by的使用。AlotoftownsinNewzealandweredestroyedbytheearthquake.Iwasshockedbyherbehavior.短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞+介詞：lookat,dependon,callon,laughat,sendfor,listento,etc.eg:Wehavesentfor

thedoctor.Thedoctorhasbeensentfor.theylaughedatthelittlegirl.Thelittlegirlwaslaughedatbythem.2.動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞:takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,etc.eg:Itakescareofmysister.Mysisteristakencareofbyme.3.動(dòng)詞+副詞：carryout,lookup,handdown,takeoff,puton,giveup,etc.eg：Theyhavesuccessfullycarriedoutthepolicy.Thepolicyhasbeensuccessfullycarriedout.4.動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞：putupwith,doawaywith,lookdownupon,etc.eg:Theyclasslookeddownuponthenewstudentatthebeginning.Thenewstudentwaslookeddownuponbytheclassatthebeginning.含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)passivevoicestructureswithmodalverbmodalverb+be+P.Peg:Wemusthandlethisworkwithcare.Thisworkmustbehandledwithcare.(byus)Wehavetofinishtheassignment.Theassignmenthavetobefinishedbyus.雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)Hegavemeabook.(變被動(dòng)）主

謂間賓

直賓Iwasgivenabookbyhim.(間賓作主）Abookwasgiven

tomebyhim.(直賓作主）即：變被動(dòng)時(shí)間接賓語做主語，則直接賓語還是賓語

變被動(dòng)時(shí)直接賓語要做主語，間接賓語前要加to或for主動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中如有復(fù)合賓語，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)時(shí)謹(jǐn)記一個(gè)原則：只將復(fù)合賓語中的邏輯主語變?yōu)橹髡Z，其余不作變動(dòng)。Wefound

himworkinginthefields.（復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)）

邏輯主語為himHewasfoundworkinginthefields（byus）被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別？被動(dòng)語態(tài)：表動(dòng)作；句子主語為動(dòng)作對象。過去分詞必須是及物動(dòng)詞。故被動(dòng)語態(tài)be動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)之分。Theplaywaswrittenwithgreatcare.Theplayhasbeenwrittenwithgreatcare.Theplayisbeingwrittenwithgreatcare.系表結(jié)構(gòu)表性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)；過去分詞作為形容詞使用，其系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)態(tài)只涉及一般時(shí)/完成時(shí)；有well,very,quite等副詞修飾；過去分詞可以是gone,fallen,risen等不及動(dòng)詞bebroken，beexcited，bewelleducated，beconnectedwith，beseparatedfrom，besurprisedat，beconcernedaboutAuxiliaryverb助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞be的用法1.be+現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)Wearepreparingthedinner.Shecameinwhenwewerediscussingabouthernewboyfriend.2.be+過去分詞done構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)Iwasstoppedbytheparade.Theyareshockedbytheterriblenews.3.be+不定式todo1)未來安排計(jì)劃TheconsultinggroupistoleaveAfricanextMonday.2)必要，命令或詢問對方意志Youaretositthereduringinterrogation.（命令）Whatitistobedone?（詢問）3)表可能性Iamnotsurewhetherheistoshowuptonight.=Iamnotsurewhetherhemayshowuptonight.4)be+about+動(dòng)詞不定式todo表計(jì)劃即將Themeetingisabouttobegin.have的用法構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)do(did)的用法一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)中的疑問句和否定句Doyouunderstand?Didyouknowthetruthbythen?Idonotwanttohelpanungratefulperson.shedidnotsaythat！2.否定祈使句Don’tbesuchacoward.Don’thesitatetoaskmeforanyhelpifneeded.Youdonotbumpintopeopleonthesidewalklikethat!3.加強(qiáng)語氣Idohavethefeelingthatshewillcome.Dosend