近5年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法填空詞性轉(zhuǎn)換真題詳解含答案▲2019年2019全國(guó)I卷Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen

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(poor)studied.InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa

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(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.2019全國(guó)II卷Heryearsofhardworkhave

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(final)beenacknowledgedafteracustomernominated(提名)hertobeCheshire’sWomanOfTheYear.Wearesoproudofher.It’s

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(wonder).2019全國(guó)III卷Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting

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(compete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.Theyalsosharedwithusmany

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(tradition)storiesaboutHawaiithatwere

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(huge)popularwithtourists.2019浙江Whenthechildrenarewalkingorcyclingtoschoolondarkmornings,cardriverscan

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(easy)seethem.OtherAmericanstudiesshowedno

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(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.Schooluniformsare

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(tradition)inBritain,butsomeschoolsarestartingtogetridofthem.2019北京Studentsshouldhaveaproperattitudetowardscollegebeforethinkingaboutwhichcollegetoattend,andit’snevertooearlytomakenecessarypreparationsforahealthyand

10

(meaning)collegeexperience.▲2018年2018全國(guó)I卷Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto

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(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.Runningischeap,easyandit’salways

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(energy).2018全國(guó)II卷Atasteformeatis

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(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.Thisswitchhasdecreased

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(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.AccordingtotheWorldBank,Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal

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(globe)fertilizerconsumption.2018全國(guó)III卷MynameisMireyaMayor.I’ma

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(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.2018浙江卷Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe

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(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein

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(weigh)problems.▲2017年2017全國(guó)I卷Havingenoughfatandsaltinyourmealswillreducetheurgetosnack(吃點(diǎn)心)betweenmealsandwillimprovethetasteofyourfood.However,be

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(care)nottogotoextremes.2017全國(guó)II卷Steamengineswereusedtopullthecarriagesanditmusthavebeen

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(fair)unpleasantforthepassengers,withallthesmokeandnoise.Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe

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(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.ThecentralLondonRailwaywasoneofthemost

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(success)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.2017全國(guó)III卷Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher

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(educate).Idon’twanttogettooabsorbedinmodeling.Itis

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(certain)funbutthelifestyleisalittleunreal.2017浙江卷Butsomethingmadeherlookcloser,andshenoticeda

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(shine)object.▲2016年2016全國(guó)I卷Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia’sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop

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(attract).Thetitlewillbe

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(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.2016全國(guó)II卷Ifyoufeelstressedbyresponsibilitiesatwork,youshouldtakeastepbackandidentify(識(shí)別)thoseofgreaterandlessimportance.Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof

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(achieve).Recentstudiesshowthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks

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(regular).2016全國(guó)III卷Foodinsmallpiecescouldbeeateneasilywithtwigswhich

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(gradual)turnedintochopsticks.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B.C.influencedthe

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(develop)ofchopsticks.▲2015年2015全國(guó)I卷Abercrombie&Kent,atravelcompanyinHongKong,saysit

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(regular)arrangesquickgetawayshereforpeoplelivinginShanghaiandHongKong.2015全國(guó)II卷Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir

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(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.Wallsmadeofadobetakeintheheatfromthesunonhotdaysandgiveoutthatheat

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(slow)duringcoolnights.As

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(nature)architects,thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.答案▲2019年2019全國(guó)I卷62.poorly66.belief2019全國(guó)II卷63.finally70.wonderful2019全國(guó)III卷66.competition67.traditional68.hugely2019浙江60.easily64.connection/connections65.traditional2019北京10.meaningful▲2018年2018全國(guó)I卷68.strengthen69.energetic2018全國(guó)II卷63.actually66.pollution67.global2018全國(guó)III卷66.scientist2018浙江卷62.affordable64.weight▲2017年2017全國(guó)I卷69.careful2017全國(guó)II卷66.fairly69.introduction70.successful2017全國(guó)III卷66.education70.certainly2017浙江卷57.shiny/shining▲2016年2016全國(guó)I卷61.attraction63.officially2016全國(guó)II卷42.achievement47.regularly2016全國(guó)III卷46.gradually48.development▲2015年2015全國(guó)I卷69.regularly2015全國(guó)II卷63.ability65.slowly69.natural二、近五年考點(diǎn)分類總結(jié)1.形容詞→副詞poor—poorly；final—finally；huge—hugely；easy—easily；actual—actually；fair—fairly；certain—certainly；official—officially；regular—regularly；gradual—gradually；slow—slowly2.動(dòng)詞→名詞believe—belief；compete—competition；connect—connection；pollute—pollution；weigh—weight；introduce—introduction；educate—education；attract—attraction；achieve—achievement；develop—development3.名詞→形容詞wonder—wonderful；tradition—traditional；meaning—meaningful；globe—global；success—successful；care—careful；nature—natural；energy—energetic4.動(dòng)詞→形容詞afford—affordableshine—shiny/shining；5.形容詞→名詞able—ability6.名詞→動(dòng)詞strength—strengthen7.名詞→名詞（人）science—scientist三、常見(jiàn)前綴后綴盤點(diǎn)前綴一般改變?cè)~義而不改變?cè)~性；后綴一般改變?cè)~性而不改變?cè)~義。01后綴副詞后綴副詞后綴-ly：absolutely,completely,exactly,extremely,frequently,obviously,particularly,similarly,suddenly形容詞后綴-able/-ible：reasonable,flexible,reliable,valuable,accessible,considerable-ive：effective,sensitive,attractive,impressive-al/-ial：practical,beneficial,financial,facial,mental,personal-ate：considerate,fortunate-ful：powerful,successful,wonderful,fearful,respectful,skillful,thoughtful,shameful-ly：likely,lively,lonely,deadly,elderly,hourly,yearly,daily-ent：confident,convenient,independent,different,violent-less:countless,homeless,useless,breathless,effortless,selfless-y:guilty,healthy,hungry,sleepy,tasty,thirsty,wealthy,worthy,dusty-ic：energetic,scientific,fantastic-ary/-ory：contradictory,documentary,imaginary-ous：obvious,various,adventurous,ambitious,courageous,disastrous,mountainous名詞后綴-ity/-ty/-y：curiosity,responsibility,safety,security,similarity,necessity-ance/-ence：appearance,performance,acceptance,confidence,preference,significance-sion/-tion：contribution,decision,impression,admission,concentration,discussion,donation-th：strength,depth,growth,length,warmth,width-ment：achievement,treatment,amusement,arrangement,excitement,improvement-ure/-ture/-ature：failure,pressure,exposure,mixture,signature-ing：building,suffering,understanding,warning-al：approval,arrival,survival-cy：accuracy,fluency,frequency,privacy-ness：awareness,coldness,weakness動(dòng)詞后綴-ate:concentrate,accelerate,advocate,regulate-(e)n:broaden,fasten,frighten,sharpen,strengthen,darken,deepen,harden,lengthen-(i)fy：satisfy,clarify,classify,identify,qualify,simplify,terrify-ize/-ise:apologize,organize,realize,recognize名詞后綴（人）-ar/-er/-or：conductor,director,engineer,beggar,employer,instructor,interviewer,lawyer,liar-ist：artist,novelist,specialist,tourist,pianist,scientist,violinist-ant

：accountant,assistant,servant02前綴anti-

反對(duì)，對(duì)抗；相反；防(止)：anti-aging,anti-anxiety,anti-virus,antifreezedis-

不，否定，相反：disadvantage,discourage,dishonest,dislike,disorderil-/im-/in-/ir-

不，非，無(wú)：illegal,impatient,impossible,inexpensive,immoral,inconvenient,irregularmis-

錯(cuò)誤的；壞的；不，相反：misfortune,misunderstand,mislead,mistrustnon-

無(wú)，不，非：nonprofit,nonsense,nonsmoking,nonstop,non-recyclingun-

不；表示相反的動(dòng)作：unable,unexpected,unfortunate,unusual,unfair,unforgettable,unnecessaryco-

和……一起，共同：cooperate,co-discover,co-renter,co-workeren-

使處于……狀態(tài)，使具有……特性；圍?。篹nable,encourage,enjoy,endanger,enlarge,enrich,ensureextra-

在……之外，超出；非常，格外：extraordinary,extra-large,extra-stronginter-

在……之間，相互：interrupt,interview,

interaction,international,Internet,intervalmicro-

極小的，微小的：microbiology,microphone,microscope,microwavemini-

(同類中)特小的，微型的：minibus,minicomputer,miniskirtmulti-

多于一的，多的：multimedia,multinational,multitaskpre-

在……之前，預(yù)先：predict,prejudice,prepaid,previewre-

再，重新：remind,remove,replace,return,review,react,reactiontele-

遠(yuǎn)(距離)的；電視的；使用電話的：telephone,telescope,television,telesalestrans-

橫穿，橫貫；表示變化：transform,translate,transport,transportation,transplant附贈(zèng)-16個(gè)傳統(tǒng)文化考點(diǎn)素材1一.長(zhǎng)城（TheGreatWall）TheGreatWallisoneofthewondersoftheworldthatcreatedbyhumanbeings!IfyoucometoChinawithoutclimbingtheGreatWall,it'sjustlikegoingPariswithoutvisitingtheEiffelTower;orgoingtoEgyptwithoutvisitingthePyramids!Menoftensay,"HewhodoestnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman."Infact,itbeganasindependentwallsfordifferentstateswhenitwasfirstbuilt,anddidnotbecomethe"GreatWall"untiltheQinDynasty.However,thewallweseetoday,startingfromShanhaiguanPassintheeasttoJiayunguanPassinthewest,wasmostlybuiltduringtheMingDynasty.長(zhǎng)城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，就想到了巴黎沒(méi)有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒(méi)有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說(shuō)：“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。”實(shí)際上，長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國(guó)后才將其連城長(zhǎng)城。然而，今天我們看到的長(zhǎng)城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。2二.餃子（Dumplings）DumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople’sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaint---ZhangZhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There’sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings”.DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括：1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個(gè)步驟。其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親待客、逢年過(guò)節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。3三.筷子（ChineseChopsticks）TheChinesewayofeatingwithchopsticksisuniqueintheworld.Therecordedhistoryofchopsticksstartedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.ChopstickswerenamedzhuinancientChinese.Theylookdeceptivelysimpletouse,butpossessmulti-variousfunctions,suchasclamping,turningover,liftingup,raking,stirring,scooping,poking,tearing,andsoon.ChopsticksweretakenasanauspiciousmascotbyordinarypeopleinancientChina.Forexample,thepartialtoneofchopsticksisoftenusedbypeopleasametaphoratweddingstoindicateablessingorbenedictionforthecoupletohaveababysoon.Unlikeusingaknifeandforkorone’sownhands,apairofchopsticksalsoimpliesthemeaningof“Harmonyiswhatmatters”.ChopsticksarehighlypraisedbyWesternersasahallmarkofancientorientalcivilization.中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年?？曜庸艜r(shí)稱為箸，它看似簡(jiǎn)單，但卻同時(shí)具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊(yùn)。西方人贊譽(yù)筷子是古老的東方文明。4四.中國(guó)功夫（Chinesekungfu）Chinesekungfu,orChinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.ItisatraditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenceincombatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekingfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony”and“cultivatingqi”(otherwiseknownasnourishingone’sspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmulti-varioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainstheancientgreatthinkers’ponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsinwieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbare-handedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandwillboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,two-edgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongsandsoon.中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目，承載著豐富的中國(guó)民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō)，同時(shí)兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵?jì)、內(nèi)外兼修，蘊(yùn)含著先哲們對(duì)生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。5五.漢字（Chinesecharacters）Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsonbonesandtortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare“---“(thehorizontalstroke)“│”(theverticalstroke),“／”(theleft-fallingstroke),“＼”(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙”(theturningstroke).漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨(dú)特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國(guó)古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方“，源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。6六.秧歌舞（Yangko）YangkoisoneoftraditionfolkdanceofHaninChina.Itisusuallyperformedinnorthernprovinces.Thedancersusuallywearcolorfulandlightcostumes,andtheperformanceispowerfulandrapid.DuringsomefestivalssuchasSpringFestival,LanteinFestival,ifpeoplehearthesoundofdrumandgong,nomatterhowcoldtheweatheris,theywillcometostreetandappreciatetheYangko.Recentyears,theoldpeopleincityofeast-northernofChinaorganizedtheteamofYangkobythemselves,theteamerskeeptheirhealthbydancingYangkothewholeyear.秧歌舞是中國(guó)漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動(dòng)作有力迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽(tīng)到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來(lái)，中國(guó)東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì)，隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌舞來(lái)保持健康，同事他們也樂(lè)在其中。7七.針灸（Acupuncture）AcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels”theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupunctureistodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebody’syinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy”.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepatient’sbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatient’sacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtraditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.”針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來(lái)達(dá)到陰陽(yáng)歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ?，以達(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中國(guó)的“新四大國(guó)粹”。8八.中國(guó)龍（ChineseDragon）DragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000years.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orloong)afetishthatcombinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwithcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.對(duì)龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動(dòng)物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。在中國(guó)人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神。9九.中國(guó)印章（ChineseSeal）Asealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynastieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptandsoon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybecomingoneofChina’suniqueartworks.印章就是圖章。中國(guó)歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時(shí)稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色鈐蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識(shí)，逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。10十.京?。–hineseBeijingOpera）Praisedas“OrientalOpera”,BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts---song,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).京劇被譽(yù)為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀(jì)末，京劇形成并成為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過(guò)程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當(dāng)。11十一.中國(guó)成語(yǔ)（ChineseIdioms）Chineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successcomeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextratedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)。“成語(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語(yǔ)是比詞大而語(yǔ)法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語(yǔ)言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要從民間諺語(yǔ)、古代文學(xué)作品、詩(shī)歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。12十二.絲綢（Silk）Chinaisthehomeofsilk.Mulberryplanting,sericulture,silkreelingandthickeningareallgreatinventionsoftheancientChinese.AsearlyastheShangandZhouDynasties(1600BC-256BC),theChinesepeople’ssilk-weavingtechniqueshadreachedanextremelyhighlevel.DuringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-25AD),ZhangQian,anoutstandingdiplomat,travelledaroundcentralAsiaandconnectedChinawiththePersianGulfandtheMediterranean,openingupaneweraofSino-foreigntrade,exchangeandcommunication.Fromthenon,China’ssilkbecamewellknownforitsextraordinaryquality,exquisitedesignandcolor,andabundantcultureconnotations.Hitherto,ChinesesilkhasbeenacceptedasasymbolofChinesecultureandtheemissaryoforientalcivilization.中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國(guó)古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時(shí)期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已發(fā)展到相當(dāng)高的水平。西漢時(shí)張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)，開辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國(guó)的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國(guó)文化的象征。東方文明的使者。13十三.中國(guó)園林（ChineseClassicalGarden）TheChineseclassicalgardenisaprecioustreasureofourancientChinesearchitecture.Itisakindofenvironmentart,whichsystematicallycombinesartificialmountainsandrivers,plantsandbuildingswiththenaturallandscape.TheconstructionstandardofaChineseclassicalgardenis“artificialasitis,thegardenmustlookingeniousandnatural.”WhenyougosightseeinginaChineseclassicalgarden,youshouldbeabletoappreciateitsartisticconceptwhich“makesuseofthenaturallandscapetocreatetherealfunofmountainsandriversforviewers.”O(jiān)ftheworld’sthreemajorgardensystems,theChineseclassicalgardenishailedasoneoftheoriginsoftheworld’sgardenduetoitslonghistoryandabundantconnotations.中國(guó)園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機(jī)結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開”。游賞中國(guó)古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國(guó)園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽(yù)為世界造園史上的淵源之一。14十四.文房四寶（TheFourTreasuresoftheStudy）Thewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstone,andpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy.”ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC---206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSo