高考必考語(yǔ)法精講精練：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是高考必考考點(diǎn)。時(shí)態(tài)（tense）是一種動(dòng)詞形式，同一動(dòng)詞的不同變化形式表達(dá)不同的時(shí)態(tài)，英語(yǔ)中有16種時(shí)態(tài)?！?017年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》附錄語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表中對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)列了十項(xiàng)：（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)（3）一般將來(lái)時(shí)（4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（5）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（6）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)（7）將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)（8）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（9）過(guò)去完成時(shí)（10）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；此外還列了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，并將其作為單獨(dú)一項(xiàng)。2015年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ第61題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查了動(dòng)詞arrive的一般過(guò)去時(shí)arrived；第71題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了think變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)thought；第75題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，刪掉been；第79題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了將動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)的found變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在時(shí)的find。2016年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ第62題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查了allow的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)wasallowed；第74題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了將過(guò)去時(shí)had變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在時(shí)的have；77題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了將using變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)used。2017年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ第64題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查了remove的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)areremoved；第74題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了將動(dòng)詞goes變成一般過(guò)去時(shí)went。一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：動(dòng)詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù)1．構(gòu)成：使用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes（2）以輔音加“y”結(jié)尾，變“y”為“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries（3）以“o,s,x,ch,sh”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes2．功能：（1）表現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)、狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。例如：①I

have

adream.②She

loves

music.③Mary'sparents

getup

veryearly.（2）表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或職業(yè)，常與often，sometimes，usually，always，everyweek，occasionally，frequently，seldom等時(shí)間副詞連用。例如：①Ialways

takeawalk

aftersupper.②She

writes

tomeveryoften.③She

is

anEnglishteacher.（3）表客觀真理，格言警句或事實(shí)。例如：①Theearth

moves

aroundthesun.②Thesun

rises

intheeastand

sets

inthewest.③Twoandtwo

makes

four.④Nomanbut

errs.（4）表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：A．在由when，after,before，as，assoonas，although，because，if，evenif，incase，till，until，unless，aslongas，where，whatever，wherever等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：①I'lltellherwhenshe

comes

tomorrow.②Evenifit

rains

thisafternoon,I'llmeetyou.③Whatever

happens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.④I'llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryou

go.B．按時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)概念。例如：①Theplay

begins

at6:30thisevening.②When

does

theplanetakeoff?③He

leaves

forthatcitynextweek.④Accordingtothetimetable,thetrain

starts

at9o’clock.二．一般過(guò)去時(shí)：動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式1．表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。例如：①We

visited

theschoollastspring.②I

wentto

schoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.③China

wasfounded

in1949.2．在表示時(shí)間或條件等的狀語(yǔ)從句中代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：①Shetoldmeshewould’tgowithusifit

rained

thenextday.②Theywouldnotleaveuntilshe

cameback.③Hisgirlfriendpromisedtomarryhimoncehe

bought

herabighouse.三．一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形1．表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：①He

willgraduate

fromthecollegenextyear.②We

shallfinish

ourworkasquicklyaspossible.2．將來(lái)時(shí)的其它結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：I.is/am/aregoingtodosth.（美國(guó)口語(yǔ)中常讀作begonna）①I'mgoingtobuy

anewcarthisfall.②He

isgoingtosell

hishouse.注意：begoingto與will的對(duì)比：下列情況須用will①I

willbe

sixteenyearsoldnextyear.②It

willbe

the20thofAugusttomorrow.③Whenhecomes,I

willgive

himyourmessage.II.is/am/are+todosth.表示計(jì)劃安排做某事或征求意見(jiàn)。例如：①Am

Itotake

overhiswork?②We

aretomeet

atthegate.III.is/am/areabouttodosth.

即將做某事。例如：①Thetalk

isabouttobegin.四．一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：would+動(dòng)詞原形1.表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之后將出現(xiàn)的情況，通常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如：①Hesaidthatthey

wouldmeet

meatthestation.②Shetoldmethatshe

wouldcome

toseeme.2.表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作（不管什么人稱都用would）。例如：①Wheneverhehadtime,Tom

wouldgo

toseehisgrandma.②Theoldcouple

wouldgo

forawalkaftersupper.注意句型：was/wereabouttodosth.when……正要做某事,這時(shí)……=was/wereonthepointofdoingsth.when……（when引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）例如：①He

wasabouttogooutwhen

thetelephonerang.②I

wasabouttogoshoppingwhen

itrained.③She

wasonthepointofhaving

supperwhenthelightwentoff.五．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：is/am/are+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①Thewater

isboiling.ShallImaketea?②Theworkers

arebuilding

anewbridgeacrosstheriver.2．表現(xiàn)階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①He

istaking

physicsthissemester.②We

arepreparing

forourfinalexaminationthisweek.③Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingon

weight.3．go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)表示即將開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作。例如：①Look!Thebus

iscoming.②Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andhe

isdying.③Alice

isleavingfor

Shanghaiwithhermother.4．與always,forever,continually,constantly等副詞連用，表示說(shuō)話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞或厭惡。例如：①He

isalwaysthinkingof

others.②Theboy

iscontinuallymaking

noises.③Theteacher

isconstantlycriticizing

herforbeinglate.六．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：①I

wasplaying

chessat8yesterdayevening.②WhenIarrived,they

werewatching

TV.③They

weredoing

houseworkthistimelastweek.2．用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①Shetoldmetowakehimupifshe

wassleeping.②IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasI

wasdriving

toofast.3．過(guò)去某時(shí)將發(fā)生的事。例如：①Theytoldmethatthey

wereleavingfor

NewYork.②He

wasgoingout

whenIarrived.七．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall/willbe+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①What

will

you

bedoing

thistimetomorrow?②I

willbehaving

dinnerthistimetomorrow.2．用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)詢問(wèn)別人的計(jì)劃、打算比用一般將來(lái)時(shí)更顯禮貌。例如：①Will

you

behaving

supperwithusthisevening?②Will

you

becoming

toseeustomorrow?3．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示對(duì)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)。例如：①She

willbearriving

atShanghaitomorrowmorning.②Thecar

willbegoing

atthespeedof100milesanhour.八．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has+過(guò)去分詞1．表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表時(shí)間的副詞搭配使用。例如：①He

hasn'tseen

herlately.②I

haven'tfinished

thebookyet.2．表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：sofar（迄今為止），uptillnow（直到現(xiàn)在），foralongtime（很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間），，inthepast/inthelastfewyears（在過(guò)去的幾年里），thesedays（這些日子）。例如：①He

hasworked

herefor15years.②I

havestudied

EnglishsinceIcamehere.③Theforeigner

hasbeenaway

fromChinaforalongtime.④Sofar,I

haven'treceived

asingleletterfrommybrother.3．某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（即：動(dòng)作開(kāi)始便終止的動(dòng)詞），在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)搭配。I．常見(jiàn)的非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞：die,arrive，join，leave，go,refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake，buy，borrow，lend等。II．這類動(dòng)詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而是不能接常由for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。III．但若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：①Shehas

gone

awayforamonth.（誤）②Shehas

beenaway

foramonth（正）①Themanhas

died

fortwoyears.（誤）②Themanhas

beendead

fortwoyears.（正）①Howlonghaveyou

bought

thebook?（誤）②Howlonghaveyou

had

thebook.（正）4．幾組對(duì)比：①He

hasgoneto

Shanghai.他去上海了。②He

hasbeento

Shanghai.他去過(guò)上海。①She

hasgone.她已走了。②She

isgone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）①Thedoor

hasbeenclosed.門關(guān)上了。（動(dòng)作）②Thedoor

isclosed.門是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）九．過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had+過(guò)去分詞1．表示過(guò)去某個(gè)動(dòng)作或某個(gè)具體時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。例如：①They

hadgot

everythingreadybeforeIcame.②Theplay

hadbegun

beforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.2．過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than（“一……就”）等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：①She

hadhardly/scarcelygone

tobedwhenthebellrang.=Hardly/Scarcelyhadshegonetobedwhenthebellrang.②He

hadnosoonerarrivedat

therailwaystationthanhemetherparents.=Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.注意：hardly/scarcely/nosooner在句首時(shí)要用部分倒裝。3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（計(jì)劃）hope（希望），want（想要）等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示“本打算/本計(jì)劃/本希望/本想要做而沒(méi)有”做的事。例如：①I

hadintended

tocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.②They

hadplanned

toholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecauseofthebadweather.十．將來(lái)完成時(shí)：shall/willhave+過(guò)去分詞。表示將來(lái)某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：①They

willhavebeen

herefor5yearsnextFriday.②Bytheendofthismonth,he

willhavefinished

thebook.十一．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。例如：①I

havebeenwaiting

foranhourbutshehasn'tcome.②He

hasbeenrunning

afterherfor8years.③I

havebeenlearning

Englishsincesixyearsago.2．表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi)，重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng)，例如：①She

hasbeenplaying

tennissinceshewaseight.3.表某種感情色彩。例如：①I'vebeenwanting

toseeyouforsomanyyears.②Who'sbeentelling

yousuchnonsense.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)對(duì)比：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“動(dòng)作的延續(xù)”。例如：①I

havethoughtof

it.（我已想到了這一點(diǎn)。）②I

havebeenthinkingof

it.（我一直在想這一點(diǎn)。）①Jim

haspainted

thedoor.（杰姆已將門油漆過(guò)了。）②Jim

hasbeenpainting

thedoor.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）注意：表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如，我們可以說(shuō)：Ihaveknownhimforyears.但是不能說(shuō)：Ihavebeenknowinghimforyears.這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還有：love，like，hate等等。十二．過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：hadbeen+現(xiàn)在分詞表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①Shesaidthatshe

hadbeentyping

apaperbeforeIcamein.②I

hadbeenwaiting

forhimbeforehearrived.十三．過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：wouldbe+現(xiàn)在分詞表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)侯正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①HeaskedmewhatI

wouldbedoing

whenhecamethenextday.②Hesaidthathe

wouldbereading

thebookallmorningtomorrow.十四．過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：wouldhave+過(guò)去分詞表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將來(lái)某時(shí)之前動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。例如：①Hesaidthatthey

wouldhavearrived

byseveno'clock.②Ithoughtshe

wouldhavetold

yousomethingbythen.十五．將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall/willhavebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞表示某一動(dòng)作從某時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間，是否繼續(xù)下去由上下文決定。例如：①Bytheendofnextyear，we

willhavebeendoing

businesswitheachotherfor20years.②We

shallhavebeenstaying

hereforfourweekswhenTomarrives.③It

willhavebeenraining

foraweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.十六.過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：wouldhavebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞表示從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去將來(lái)的某一時(shí)間。動(dòng)作是否繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，由上下文決定。例如：①Hesaidthatbytheendofthespringtermhe

wouldhavebeenstudying

Englishforthreeyears.②Shetoldmethatshe

wouldhavebeenteaching

inthatuniversityfor10yearsbythatsummer.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be動(dòng)詞+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中be動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有意義，但有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)以及時(shí)態(tài)的變化。(不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))常見(jiàn)各種時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：（以do為例）二.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

must/can/could/may/might/should/would+bedone構(gòu)成。例如：①Thetask

mustbefinished

beforethisweekend.②He

shouldbepunished

becausehetoldlies.③Thebook

maybetakenaway

bysomeone.三.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：1.不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或沒(méi)有必要指明誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的介詞短語(yǔ)bysb.通常省略。例如：①Thestreets

areswept

everyday.②Hiscar

hasbeenstolen.③Rice

isgrown

inmanycountries.④Thiskindofadvertisement

canbeseen

everywhere.2.帶雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種變法，指人的間接賓語(yǔ)用作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)更常見(jiàn)。例如：①Hegaveherabeautifulgiftyesterday.→Abeautifulgift

wasgivento

her(byhim).或者→She

wasgiven

abeautifulgift(byhim).3.get+過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)，表示一種結(jié)果或狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)有：get

killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：①He

gotkilled

inthetrafficaccidentlastweek.②Don’t

getcheated

byherbeauty.③He

gotcaught

bythepolicebecauseheexceededthespeedlimit.4.havesthdone以及getsthdone（主要用于口語(yǔ)中）常常表示安排別人把事情做好或談?wù)撘馔獾?、不好的事情。例如：①Ineedto

havemyhaircut.②Yourwatchisbroken,you’dbetter

getitrepaired.③Ifyoudon’tgetoutofmyhouse,Iwill

haveyouarrested

.④We

hadourmoneystolen

whenwewereonholiday.⑤Joe

hadhislegbroken

inafight.5.havesthtobedone表示主動(dòng)提出請(qǐng)求幫助別人做某事。例如：①Iamgoingshopping,doyouhaveanything

tobebought?②Iintendtospendmyholidayinourhometown,doyouhaveanything

tobetaken

toyourparents?③Doyouhaveanything

tobetyped,sir?四．主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義：1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系動(dòng)詞+形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：①Theicefeelscold.②Hisplanprovedpractical.2.表示開(kāi)始、結(jié)果、運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。例如：①Workbeganat7'clockthismorning.②Theshopclosesat6p.meveryday.3.形容詞easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等后面接動(dòng)詞不定式，且不定式和句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：①Thiskindofwaterisfittodrink.②Thetextiseasytounderstand.4.某些動(dòng)詞如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主語(yǔ)的某種性質(zhì)時(shí)，常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。例如：①Theclotheswasheswell.②Yourpenwritessmoothly.5.其他的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況。例如：①Thebookisworthreading.②Mybikeneeds/wants/requiresrepairing.=Mybikeneeds/wants/requirestoberepaired.③Whoistoblame?高考英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)及語(yǔ)法填空分析與訓(xùn)練·時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)規(guī)律分析:動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)主要涉及一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過(guò)去的區(qū)別，其命題方式通常是在一個(gè)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的背景下誤用某個(gè)一般過(guò)去時(shí)；或者反過(guò)來(lái)，在一個(gè)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的背景下誤用某個(gè)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。從所涉及的動(dòng)詞來(lái)看，主要涉及be和have兩個(gè)常用動(dòng)詞。有時(shí)也涉及其他時(shí)態(tài)，如一般將來(lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)等，但很少見(jiàn)。語(yǔ)法填空主要涉及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)單句改錯(cuò)之真題訓(xùn)練：1.Weweredrivingalonganarrowroadwhenthecarstop…2.…andhadreturnedtothecar!Billisstandingatthesideofthecar.3.TwomonthsagotheywerebackinAmerica.LastSunday,policecarshurrytothe…4.Today,itismucheasiertobehealthythanitisinthepast.5.Also,scientistsanddoctorshadlearnedhowtodealwithmanydiseases.6.Anyonemayborrowbooks,anditcostnothingtoborrowthem.7.Ifthebookyouwillwantisout,youmayaskforittobecalledbackforyou.8.Ihadalwayswantedtoreturntothevillageaftermovingawayanditisreallygreattoseemostofmyoldfriendsagain.9.Theyofferedmecoffeeandotherdrinks.Wehaveagoodtimetalkingandlaughingtogether.10.IlearnaboutyoufrommyEnglishteacher,MissFang.11.Myfavouritesportisfootball.Iwasamemberofourschoolfootballteam.12.Iamhappywithanyprogrammebuttheothersspentalotoftimearguingandtherewasnowayofsettlingthematterexceptbysellingtheset.13.I’dlikeverymuchtocomebutIhadanexaminationonMondaymorning.Itisavery…14.Irememberedherwordsandcalmdown.15.Theydidnotwantmetodoanyworkathome;theywantmetodevoteallmytimeto…16.Hesaidheisbusy.17.OnthewayupIwasbusytakingpicturessincethescenerywassobeautiful.Thetimepassesquickly.18.Buthisparentsthinkgoingtocollegeismoreimportantthanplayingsportsandcollegewastheonlyplaceforasmartboylikehisson.19.AtonceIapologizeandcontrolledmyselfatmybesttillthedinnerstarted.20.Sometimes,wetalkedtoeachotherverywellinclass,butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.21.Shestoppedtolookoutofthewindowandfindacloudofsmokecomingoutofherneighbor’shouse.22.Wewerelivinginabigfamily.Wetreateachotherasbrothersandsisters.23.IamalwaysyoungwhenIwasstayingwiththem.24.Everydayhemakessurethatfreshvegetablesandhighqualityoilareusingforcooking.25（2017·全國(guó)Ⅰ，73）....butonceIstartedthecar,mymindgoesblank.時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)單句改錯(cuò)之模擬訓(xùn)練：1.JustnowJimtellsmehismotherwasill.2.Iphonetheotherstudentsamomentago.3.Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwearechildren.4.WhatareyoudoingwhenIcalledyou?5.Iseeyouinthepark.Youweretalkingtoaprettygirl.6.Shedoesn’thearthedoorbell,forshewaswatchingTV.7.We’llstayathomeplayingcardsifitwillraintomorrow.8.Pleaseletmeknowifyouwillhaveanytrouble.9.Hehurthisbackwhenheisplayingfootballwithhisclassmates.10.I’llwritetohimwhenIfinishedthebook.11.Charlesworkedhardsinceleavingschool.12.Infact,IamverythinwhenIwasyoung.13.He’skindtome.Thoughheisverybusy,hestillcametoseeme.14.Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?Howdidyoulikeourcity?15.Asisknowntousall,theearthturnedaroundthesun.16.I’minterestedinEnglish,soIspokeitbetterthantheothersdo.17.Don’tworryaboutit.IpromiseyouIcometohelpyou.18.Noweverythingisdear.Evenasmallpieceofbreadcostoneyuan.19.Remembertoturnoffthelightsbeforeyouwillleave.20.Iforgettotellhimthenews.Shallwetelephonehimnow?時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)單句改錯(cuò)之提升訓(xùn)練：1.Hesaidthathewillseeyouoffattheairportthenextday.2.Whenhewillcomeback，I’llletyouknow.3.Hesaidthathehashadthebikefortwoyears.4.IworkonafarminNorthChinainthe1970s.5.Anewbridgewasbeingbuiltinourcityatpresent.6.IfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIleftschool.7.IfeelregretfulnowthatIdon’tstudyhardwhenIwasinmyhighschool.8.IfIamyou,Iwoulddoit.9.Shebuysabikeyesterday.10.Icomehereintwodays.11.Idon’tthinkwemetbefore.12.Hetaughtheresincehecametothistown.13.ShesaidshewouldcallmebutIdidn’theardfromhersofar.14.IamtiredbecauseIhadbeenworkingallday.15.Look!Herethebuscoming.16.Imeethiminothertime.17.Bythistimetomorrowwehavefinishedthework.18.SometimesIwillgetupateightinthemorning.19.Wehavetocancelthematchifitwillraintomorrow.20.Ididn’tseenmybestfriendfornearlytwoyears.時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)單句語(yǔ)法填空之真題訓(xùn)練：1.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ，62)I______________(allow)togetupclosetothesecuteanimalsatthe600-acrecentre.2.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅱ，43)Leavingthelessimportantthingsuntiltomorrow___________(be)oftenacceptable.3.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ，42)Sometimeschopsticksarequiteartistic.Trulyelegantchopsticksmight___________(make)ofgoldandsilverwithChinesecharacters.4.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ，49)Confuciusbelievedkniveswouldremindpeopleofkillingsand____________(be)tooviolentforuseatthetable.5.(2016·北京，21)Jack___________(work)inthelabwhenthepowercutoccurred.6.(2016·北京，25)I_____________(read)halfoftheEnglishnovel,andI’lltrytofinishitattheweekend.7.(2016·北京，30)Thestudentshavebeenworkinghardontheirlessonsandtheireffortswill_________(reward)successintheend.8.(2016·四川，閱讀D)Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepand___________(cause)themicetosleeplonger.9.(2016·四川，61)Thegiantpanda____________(love)bypeoplethroughouttheworld.10.(2016·浙江，14)Whenthetimecametomakethefinaldecisionforacourse,Idecidedtoapplyfortheonethat___________(reflect)myinterest.11.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅰ，64)Whenfatandsalt________________(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifismissingsomething.參考答案及解析時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)單句改錯(cuò)之真題訓(xùn)練：1.stop改為stopped2.is改為was3.hurry改為hurried4.第二個(gè)is改為was5.had改為have6.cost改為costs7.去掉will8.is改為was9.have改為had10.learn改為learned11.was改為is12.am改為was13.had改為have14.calm改為calmed15.did改為do16.is改為was17.passes改為passed18.was改為is19.apologize改為apologized20.talked改為talk21.find改為found22.treat改為treated23.am改為was24.using改為used[beusedfor“被用來(lái)做”，為固定短語(yǔ)。]25.goes改為went時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)單句改錯(cuò)之模擬訓(xùn)練：1.tell改為told，因句中有表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)justnow(剛剛)。2.phone改為phoned，因句中有表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)amomentago。3.are改為were，因主句謂語(yǔ)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。4.are改為were，因從句謂語(yǔ)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。5.see改為saw，因下文用了weretalking。6.doesn’t改為didn’t，因下文用了waswatching。7.去掉if從句中的will，因條件狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義。8.去掉will，因條件狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義。9.is改為was，因主句中的hurt為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。10.finished改為finish，或在finished前加have。即在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義，但這里也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示完成。11.worked前加has，句中的since表示“自從……以來(lái)一直……”，即表示從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。12.am改為was，根據(jù)從句中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)可知am應(yīng)改為was。13.came改為comes，根據(jù)前面的兩處一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可知。14.did改為do，根據(jù)前面的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可知“你”現(xiàn)在還在我們城市，故后面一句問(wèn)的是“你”現(xiàn)在對(duì)我們城市的看法。15.turned改為turns。本句敘述的是客觀真理，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。16.spoke改為speak。全句敘述的是現(xiàn)在的情況。17.come前加will，根據(jù)句意，此處應(yīng)是將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。18.cost改為costs，句子講述的是現(xiàn)在的一般情況。19.去掉will，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義。20.forget改為forgot，根據(jù)句意，此題的“忘記”應(yīng)是指過(guò)去忘記。時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)單句改錯(cuò)之提升訓(xùn)練：1.will改為would。賓語(yǔ)從句要用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。2.willcome改為comes。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。3.has改為had。賓語(yǔ)從句需用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。4.work改為worked。此句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。5.was改為is。從atpresent可知，此句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。6.finish前加had。離開(kāi)學(xué)校是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，在此之前完成就應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。7.don’t改為didn’t。定語(yǔ)從句表示的是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。此句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。8.am改為were。此句為虛擬語(yǔ)氣，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。9.buys改為bought。從yesterday可知，要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。10.come改為willcome。從inthetwodays可知，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。11.met前加have。Before是表示過(guò)去，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。12.taught改為hastaught。表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示。13.didn’t改為haven’t。sofar迄今為止，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。14.had改為have。從am可看出是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，其句中給出allday，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。15.coming改為comes。Here,there放在句首構(gòu)成倒裝時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。16.meet改為met。inothertimes從前，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。17.have前加shall。強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來(lái)某時(shí)刻為止時(shí)完成是某動(dòng)作，應(yīng)用將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)。18.去掉will。Sometimes有時(shí)，暗示句子要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。19.willrain改為rains。If引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。20.didn’t改為haven’t。Fornearlytwoyears暗示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)單句語(yǔ)法填空之真題訓(xùn)練：1．wasallowed[根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及allowsbtodosth這一固定句式可知，我應(yīng)該是被允許接近這些可愛(ài)的動(dòng)物。]2．is[考查主謂一致和時(shí)態(tài)。本句的主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)leavingtheless...，動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)第三人稱形式，且這里說(shuō)的是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，故要用is。]3．bemade[考查語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)句意筷子是被制造的。]4．were[考查時(shí)態(tài)。此處were是與wouldremind并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。]5．wasworking[考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：杰克正在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里工作這時(shí)突然停電了。此題考查到句型bedoing...when...結(jié)構(gòu)。由occurred可知停電是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某一具體時(shí)刻，故用wasworking。]6．haveread[考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：我已經(jīng)讀完這本英文小說(shuō)的一半了，我會(huì)爭(zhēng)取在周末讀完。前一分句表示到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。]7.berewarded[考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：學(xué)生們一直努力學(xué)習(xí)他們的功課，他們的努力終將得到成功的回報(bào)。由句意可知，reward這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在havebeenworking之后，故用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，reward和efforts之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]8．caused[考查時(shí)態(tài)，和前面的quickened并列關(guān)系。]9．isloved[全世界的人都喜歡大熊貓。這里用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)狀，panda與love之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。]10．reflected[考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：當(dāng)最后決定選一門課程時(shí)，我決定申請(qǐng)那個(gè)反映興趣的課程。主句用的一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句也如此。]11.areremoved[考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：當(dāng)脂肪和鹽從食物中被去掉。分析可知，fat、salt與remove之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，而且是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)]高考必考語(yǔ)法精講精練語(yǔ)法專題八：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是高考必考考點(diǎn)。時(shí)態(tài)（tense）是一種動(dòng)詞形式，同一動(dòng)詞的不同變化形式表達(dá)不同的時(shí)態(tài)，英語(yǔ)中有16種時(shí)態(tài)?！?017年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》附錄語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表中對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)列了十項(xiàng)：（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)（3）一般將來(lái)時(shí)（4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（5）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（6）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)（7）將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)（8）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（9）過(guò)去完成時(shí)（10）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；此外還列了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，并將其作為單獨(dú)一項(xiàng)。2015年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ第61題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查了動(dòng)詞arrive的一般過(guò)去時(shí)arrived；第71題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了think變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)thought；第75題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，刪掉been；第79題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了將動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)的found變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在時(shí)的find。2016年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ第62題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查了allow的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)wasallowed；第74題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了將過(guò)去時(shí)had變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在時(shí)的have；77題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了將using變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)used。2017年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ第64題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查了remove的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)areremoved；第74題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了將動(dòng)詞goes變成一般過(guò)去時(shí)went。各種時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成表：（以do為例）一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在do/doesis/am/aredoinghas/havedonehas/havebeendoing過(guò)去didwas/weredoinghaddonehadbeendoing將來(lái)shall/willdoshall/willbedoingshall/willhavedoneshall/willhavebeendoing過(guò)去將來(lái)woulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedonewouldhavebeendoing一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：動(dòng)詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù)1．構(gòu)成：使用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes（2）以輔音加“y”結(jié)尾，變“y”為“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries（3）以“o,s,x,ch,sh”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes2．功能：（1）表現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)、狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。例如：①I

have

adream.②She

loves

music.③Mary'sparents

getup

veryearly.（2）表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或職業(yè)，常與often，sometimes，usually，always，everyweek，occasionally，frequently，seldom等時(shí)間副詞連用。例如：①Ialways

takeawalk

aftersupper.②She

writes

tomeveryoften.③She

is

anEnglishteacher.（3）表客觀真理，格言警句或事實(shí)。例如：①Theearth

moves

aroundthesun.②Thesun

rises

intheeastand

sets

inthewest.③Twoandtwo

makes

four.④Nomanbut

errs.（4）表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：A．在由when，after,before，as，assoonas，although，because，if，evenif，incase，till，until，unless，aslongas，where，whatever，wherever等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：①I'lltellherwhenshe

comes

tomorrow.②Evenifit

rains

thisafternoon,I'llmeetyou.③Whatever

happens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.④I'llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryou

go.B．按時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)概念。例如：①Theplay

begins

at6:30thisevening.②When

does

theplanetakeoff?③He

leaves

forthatcitynextweek.④Accordingtothetimetable,thetrain

starts

at9o’clock.二．一般過(guò)去時(shí)：動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式1．表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。例如：①We

visited

theschoollastspring.②I

wentto

schoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.③China

wasfounded

in1949.2．在表示時(shí)間或條件等的狀語(yǔ)從句中代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：①Shetoldmeshewould’tgowithusifit

rained

thenextday.②Theywouldnotleaveuntilshe

cameback.③Hisgirlfriendpromisedtomarryhimoncehe

bought

herabighouse.三．一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形1．表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：①He

willgraduate

fromthecollegenextyear.②We

shallfinish

ourworkasquicklyaspossible.2．將來(lái)時(shí)的其它結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：I.is/am/aregoingtodosth.（美國(guó)口語(yǔ)中常讀作begonna）①I'mgoingtobuy

anewcarthisfall.②He

isgoingtosell

hishouse.注意：begoingto與will的對(duì)比：下列情況須用will①I

willbe

sixteenyearsoldnextyear.②It

willbe

the20thofAugusttomorrow.③Whenhecomes,I

willgive

himyourmessage.II.is/am/are+todosth.表示計(jì)劃安排做某事或征求意見(jiàn)。例如：①Am

Itotake

overhiswork?②We

aretomeet

atthegate.III.is/am/areabouttodosth.

即將做某事。例如：①Thetalk

isabouttobegin.四．一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：would+動(dòng)詞原形1.表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之后將出現(xiàn)的情況，通常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如：①Hesaidthatthey

wouldmeet

meatthestation.②Shetoldmethatshe

wouldcome

toseeme.2.表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作（不管什么人稱都用would）。例如：①Wheneverhehadtime,Tom

wouldgo

toseehisgrandma.②Theoldcouple

wouldgo

forawalkaftersupper.注意句型：was/wereabouttodosth.when……正要做某事,這時(shí)……=was/wereonthepointofdoingsth.when……（when引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）例如：①He

wasabouttogooutwhen

thetelephonerang.②I

wasabouttogoshoppingwhen

itrained.③She

wasonthepointofhaving

supperwhenthelightwentoff.五．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：is/am/are+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①Thewater

isboiling.ShallImaketea?②Theworkers

arebuilding

anewbridgeacrosstheriver.2．表現(xiàn)階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①He

istaking

physicsthissemester.②We

arepreparing

forourfinalexaminationthisweek.③Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingon

weight.3．go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)表示即將開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作。例如：①Look!Thebus

iscoming.②Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andhe

isdying.③Alice

isleavingfor

Shanghaiwithhermother.4．與always,forever,continually,constantly等副詞連用，表示說(shuō)話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞或厭惡。例如：①He

isalwaysthinkingof

others.②Theboy

iscontinuallymaking

noises.③Theteacher

isconstantlycriticizing

herforbeinglate.六．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：①I

wasplaying

chessat8yesterdayevening.②WhenIarrived,they

werewatching

TV.③They

weredoing

houseworkthistimelastweek.2．用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①Shetoldmetowakehimupifshe

wassleeping.②IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasI

wasdriving

toofast.3．過(guò)去某時(shí)將發(fā)生的事。例如：①Theytoldmethatthey

wereleavingfor

NewYork.②He

wasgoingout

whenIarrived.七．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall/willbe+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：①What

will

you

bedoing

thistimetomorrow?②I

willbehaving

dinnerthistimetomorrow.2．用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)詢問(wèn)別人的計(jì)劃、打算比用一般將來(lái)時(shí)更顯禮貌。例如：①Will

you

behaving

supperwithusthisevening?②Will

you

becoming

toseeustomorrow?3．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示對(duì)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)。例如：①She

willbearriving

atShanghaitomorrowmorning.②Thecar

willbegoing

atthespeedof100milesanhour.八．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has+過(guò)去分詞1．表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表時(shí)間的副詞搭配使用。例如：①He

hasn'tseen

herlately.②I

haven'tfinished

thebookyet.2．表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：sofar（迄今為止），uptillnow（直到現(xiàn)在），foralongtime（很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間），，inthepast/inthelastfewyears（在過(guò)去的幾年里），thesedays（這些日子）。例如：①He

hasworked

herefor15years.②I

havestudied

EnglishsinceIcamehere.③Theforeigner

hasbeenaway

fromChinaforalongtime.④Sofar,I

haven'treceived

asingleletterfrommybrother.3．某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（即：動(dòng)作開(kāi)始便終止的動(dòng)詞），在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)搭配。I．常見(jiàn)的非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞：die,arrive，join，leave，go,refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake，buy，borrow，lend等。II．這類動(dòng)詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而是不能接常由for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。III．但若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：①Shehas

gone

awayforamonth.（誤）②Shehas

beenaway

foramonth（正）①Themanhas

died

fortwoyears.（誤）②Themanhas

beendead

fortwoyears.（正）①Howlonghaveyou

bought

thebook?（誤）②Howlonghaveyou

had

thebook.（正）4．幾組對(duì)比：①He

hasgoneto

Shanghai.他去上海了。②He

hasbeento

Shanghai.他去過(guò)上海。①She

hasgone.她已走了。②She

isgone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）①Thedoor

hasbeenclosed.門關(guān)上了。（動(dòng)作）②Thedoor

isclosed.門是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）九．過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had+過(guò)去分詞1．表示過(guò)去某個(gè)動(dòng)作或某個(gè)具體時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。例如：①They

hadgot

everythingreadybeforeIcame.②Theplay

hadbegun

beforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.2．過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than（“一……就”）等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：①She

hadhardly/scarcelygone

tobedwhenthebellrang.=Hardly/Scarcelyhadshegonetobedwhenthebellrang.②He

hadnosoonerarrivedat

therailwaystationthanhemetherparents.=Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.注意：hardly/scarcely/nosooner在句首時(shí)要用部分倒裝。3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（計(jì)劃）hope（希望），want（想要）等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示“本打算/本計(jì)劃/本希望/本想要做而沒(méi)有”做的事。例如：①I

hadintended

tocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.②They

hadplanned

toholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecauseofthebadweather.十．將來(lái)完成時(shí)：shall/willhave+過(guò)去分詞。表示將來(lái)某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：①They

willhavebeen

herefor5yearsnextFriday.②Bytheendofthismonth,he

willhavefinished

thebook.十一．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。例如：①I

havebeenwaiting

foranhourbutshehasn'tcome.②He

hasbeenrunning

afterherfor8years.③I

havebeenlearning

Englishsincesixyearsago.2．表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi)，重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng)，例如：①She

hasbeenplaying

tennissinceshewaseight.3.表某種感情色彩。例如：①I'vebeenwanting

toseeyouforsomanyyears.②Who'sbeentelling

yousuchnonsense.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)對(duì)比：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“動(dòng)作的延續(xù)”。例如：①I

havethoughtof

it.（我已