PART

1COMPUTER

ARCHITETURE

ANDCOMPUTER

NETWORKCHAPTER

1COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION

AND

UNITS1.2

MICROPROCESSOR

AND

SYSTEM

BOARDKEYWORDSmicroprocessorchipsystem

boardcarrier

packagecartridgeslotcapacityword

sizes微處理器芯片系統(tǒng)板

承載插件盒（插）槽容量，能力

字長(zhǎng)，字尺寸bitbytemicrosecondnanosecondpicosecondcoreparallel

processingdie比特，二進(jìn)制位字節(jié)微秒毫微秒，納秒微微秒，皮秒核,核心，芯子并行處理電路小片，模片，餅圖DSP(Digital

Signal

Processing)

數(shù)字信號(hào)處理embeddedmotherboardintegrated

circuitdata

pathsocket嵌入式的

主板，母板集成電路數(shù)據(jù)通路（路徑）插座，套接字，

網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序接口MicroprocessorsIn

a

microcomputer

system,the

central

processing

unit(CPU)or

processor

is

contained

on

a

single

chip

called

themicroprocessor.The

microprocessor

is構(gòu)e成it并h列er句mounted

ontoa

carrier

package

that

plugs

into

the

system

board

or

contained

within

a

cartridge定t語(yǔ)ha從t句plugs

into

a

special

slot

onthe

system

board.(See

Figure1-6)The

microprocessor

isthe

“brains”of

the

computer

system.It

has

two

basiccomponents:the

control

unit

and

the

arithmetic-logic

unit.Functions

of

these

two

units

have

been

mentioned

in

sectionof

this

textbook.1.

微處理器在微型計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，中央處理器（CPU）或

稱處理器，包含在一個(gè)芯片上，又稱為微處理器。

微處理器既可以安裝在插入到系統(tǒng)板上的承載插件

上，也可以安裝在插入到系統(tǒng)板專用插槽上的盒上，如圖1-6所示。微處理器是計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的“大腦”。它有兩個(gè)基本部件：控制器和算術(shù)-邏輯部件。這兩個(gè)部件的功能已在本書的1.1節(jié)中介紹過(guò)。Figure

1-6 Microprocessor

carrier

package

and

cartridge2.

Microprocessor

chipsChip

capacities

are

often

expressed

in

word

sizes.

Aword

is

the

number

of

bits

(such

as

16,

32,

or

64)

that

can

beaccessed

at

one

time

by

the

CPU.

The

more

bits

in

a

word,the

more

powerful—and

the

faster—the

computer

is.

Asmentioned

previously,

eight

bits

group

together

to

form

abyte.

A

32-bit-word

computer

can

access

4

bytes

at

a

time.

A64-bit-word

computer

can

access

8

bytes

at

a

time.Therefore,

the

computer

designed

to

process

64-bit

words

isfaster.2．微處理器芯片芯片容量通常用字長(zhǎng)表示。字是CPU一次可以

訪問(wèn)的位數(shù)（如16、32或64），一個(gè)字的位數(shù)越多，計(jì)算機(jī)的功能就越強(qiáng)，速度就越快。正如前面所提

到的，8位組成一個(gè)字節(jié)。32位的計(jì)算機(jī)一次可以訪問(wèn)4個(gè)字節(jié)。64位的計(jì)算機(jī)一次可訪問(wèn)8個(gè)字節(jié)，因

而能處理64位字的計(jì)算機(jī)是更快的。Older

microcomputers

typically

process

data

andinstructions

in

millionths

of

a

second

or

microseconds.Newermicrocomputers

are

much

faster

and

process

dataand

instructions

in

billionths

of

a

second,

or

nanoseconds.Supercomputers,

by

contrast,

operate

at

speeds

measured

inpicoseconds—1000

times

as

fast

as

microcomputers.

(SeeFigure1-7)Figure

1-7 Processing

speeds早期的微機(jī)每秒鐘能處理幾百萬(wàn)個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)和指令，或稱微秒級(jí)。比較新的微機(jī)處理數(shù)據(jù)和指令更快，

為每秒幾十億個(gè)或稱毫微秒級(jí)。相比之下，超級(jí)計(jì)

算機(jī)運(yùn)算速度以微微秒度量，速度比微型機(jī)快千倍

以上，如圖1-7所示。The

two

most

significant

recent

developments

inmicroprocessors

are

the

64-bit

processor

and

the

dual-corechip.

Until

recently,

64-bit

processors

were

only

used

inlarge

mainframe

and

supercomputers.

All

of

that

is

changingas

64-bit

processors

are

becoming

commonplace

in

today’smore

powerful

microcomputers.微處理器兩個(gè)最新最重要的發(fā)展是64比特處理器和雙核芯片。直到最近，64比特處理器只用于大型和超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)中。而當(dāng)64比特處理器在當(dāng)今功能較強(qiáng)的微機(jī)中都在使用時(shí)，就表明一切都在變化之中。并列句子A

new

type

of

chip,

the

dual-core

chip,

can

provide

twoseparate

and

independent

CPUs.

These

chips

allow

a

singlecomputer

to

run

two

programs

at

the

same

time.Forexample,

access

could

be

searching

a

large

database

whilethe

end

user

is

creating

a

multimedia

presentation

withPowerPoint.

More

significantly,

however,

is

the

potentialfor

microcomputers

to

run

very

large

complex

programs

thatpreviously

were

run

only

on

mainframe

and

supercomputers.parts

that

each

CPU

could

processindependently.

Thisapproach

is

called

parallel

processing.This

requires

specifically

designed

programs引導(dǎo)th定a于t

從a句redivided

into引導(dǎo)定于從句這種新型雙核芯片有兩個(gè)分開(kāi)且獨(dú)立的CPU。這些芯片允許一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)在同一時(shí)間運(yùn)行兩道程序。例如，在端用戶用PowerPoint去制作多媒體演示文稿時(shí)，另一程序可同時(shí)搜索一個(gè)大型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。而更重

要的功能是以前只能在大型和超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)上運(yùn)行的

非常復(fù)雜的程序也可在微機(jī)上運(yùn)行。這要求把程序

專門設(shè)計(jì)成可以在每個(gè)CPU上單獨(dú)處理的兩部分。

這種方法稱為并行處理。3.

Multi-core

processorA

multi-core

processor

is

a

single

computingcomponent

with

two

or

more

independent

actual

centralprocessing

units

(called

“cores”).

Figure

1-8

shows

adiagram

of

a

generic

dual-core

processor.Figure

1-8

A

diagram

of

a

generic

dual-core

processor,

with

CPU-locallevel

1caches,

and

ashared,

on-die

level

2

cache3.

多核處理器多核處理器是有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)獨(dú)立的中央處理器（稱為“核”）的單個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)部件。 圖1-8為通用雙核處理器框圖。Manufacturers

typically

integrate

the

cores

onto

asingle

integrated

circuit

die

(known

as

a

chipmultiprocessor

or

CMP),

or

onto

multiple

dies

in

a

singlechip

package.Multicore

processors

may

have

two

cores

(dual-coreCPUs,

for

example

AMD

Phenom

II

X2

and

Intel

CoreDuo),

four

cores

(quad-core

CPUs,

for

example

Intel’s

i7processors),

six

cores,

eight

cores,

or

more

.制造廠商通常把幾個(gè)核集成在一個(gè)集成電路模片上（稱為單片多處理器-CMP），或集成在多個(gè)模片上，再封裝成一個(gè)芯片盒。多核處理器可以有2核（雙核CPUs，例如AMDPhenomⅡX2

and

Intel

Core

Duo）、4核（4核CPUs，例如Intel’s

i7

processors）、6核、8核或更多的核。Multi-core

processors

are

widely

used

across

manyapplication

domains

including

general-purpose,

embedded,network,

digital

signal

processing

(DSP),

and

graphics

.Commercially,

Adapteva

Epiphany,

a

many-coreprocessor

architecture

which

allows

up

to

4096

processorson-chip,

although

only

a

16

core

version

has

beencommercially

produced

.現(xiàn)代分詞作定語(yǔ)多核處理器廣泛用于多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括通用領(lǐng)域，嵌入式，網(wǎng)絡(luò)，數(shù)字信號(hào)處理以及圖形學(xué)領(lǐng)域。商業(yè)上，Adapteva公司的

Epiphany架構(gòu)，是一個(gè)多核處理器體系，可以在一個(gè)芯片上有多達(dá)4096個(gè)處理器，盡管推向市場(chǎng)的只是16核的版本。4.

System

boardThe

system

board

is

also

known

as

the

motherboard.The

system

board

is

the

communications

medium

for

theentire

computer

system.

Every

component

of

the

systemunit

connects

to

the

system

board.

It

acts

as

a

data

pathallowing

the

various

components

to

communicate

withone

another.

External

devices

such

as

the

keyboard,

mouse,and

monitor

could

not

communicate

with

the

system

unitwithout

the

system

board.4.

系統(tǒng)板系統(tǒng)板也叫母板（主板）。系統(tǒng)板是整個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的通信媒體。系統(tǒng)部件中的每個(gè)部件都連向系統(tǒng)板。它的作用就像數(shù)據(jù)通路一樣，允許各個(gè)部件之間相互通信。外部設(shè)備，如鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)和監(jiān)視器沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)板也不能與系統(tǒng)部件通信。On

a

desktop

computer,

the

system

board

is

locatedat

the

bottom

of

the

system

unit

or

along

one

side.

It

is

alarge

flat

circuit

board

covered

with

a

variety

of

differentelectronic

components

includingsockets,

slots,

and

buslines

(See

Figure

1-9).Figure

1-9 System

board臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)的系統(tǒng)板是在系統(tǒng)部件底部或在一側(cè)。它是一塊大的電路板，上面布滿各種電子部件，包括插座、插槽和總線，如圖1-9所示。(1)

Sockets

provide

a

connection

point

for

smallspecialized

electronic

parts

called

chips.Chips

consist

ofcalled

silicon. These

circuit

boards

can

be

smaller

thanthe

tip

of

your

finger.

A

chip

is

also

called

a

silicon

chip,semiconductor,

or

integrated

circuit.

Chips

are

mounted

oncarrier

packages.

(See

Figure

1-10.)

These

packages

eitherplug

directly

into

sockets

on

the

system

board

or

onto

cardsthat

are

then

plugged

into

slots

on

the

system

board.Sockets

are

used

to

connect

the

system

board

to

a

variety

ofdifferent

types

of

chips,

including

microprocessor

andmemory

chips.tiny

circuit

board過(guò)s去e分tc詞h作ed定語(yǔ)onto

squares

of

sandlike

material過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)（1）插座是稱為芯片的小型專用電子部件的連接點(diǎn)。芯片是由蝕刻在像砂子一樣稱為硅材料的方形薄片上的電路板組成的。這些電路可能比你的指尖還小。芯片也可稱為硅片、半導(dǎo)體器件或集成電路。芯片

安裝在承載插件內(nèi)（見(jiàn)圖1-10）。這些插件可以直

接插入系統(tǒng)板的插座上或放在卡上，然后再將這些

卡插到系統(tǒng)板的插槽上。插座用于將系統(tǒng)板與不同

類型的芯片，包括微處理器和存儲(chǔ)器芯片連接起來(lái)。Figure

1-10 Chips

mounted

onto

a

carrier

package(2)

Slots

provide

a

connection

point

for

specialized

cardsor

circuit

boards.

These

cards

provide

expansion

capabilityfor

a

computer

system.

For

example,

a

modem

card

plugsinto

a

slot

on

the

system

board

to

provide

a

connection

tothe

Internet.（2）插槽是專用卡或電路板的連接點(diǎn)。這些卡為計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)提供擴(kuò)展功能。例如調(diào)制解調(diào)器卡插入系統(tǒng)板的槽中，可以與因特網(wǎng)連接。(3)

connecting

lines

called

bus

lines

provide

pathways

thatsupport

communication

among

the

various

electronic引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句componen引ts導(dǎo)t定ha語(yǔ)t從a句re

either

located

on

the

system

board

orattached

to

the

system

board.Notebook,

tablet

PC,

and

handheld

system

boards

aresmaller

than

desktop

system

boards.

However,

theyperform

the

same

functions

as

desktop

system

boards.（3）連接線，又稱為總線，是連接各個(gè)電子部件之間的通信通路，這些電子部件安裝在系統(tǒng)板上或附著在系統(tǒng)板上。筆記本計(jì)算機(jī)、平板電腦和手持PC的系統(tǒng)板比臺(tái)式機(jī)的小，但它們實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能和臺(tái)式機(jī)系統(tǒng)板一樣。EXERCISESMultiple

ChoicesMicroprocessor

a,b,c,d

.is

the

“brains”

of

the

computer

systemis

mounted

onto

a

carries

packageis

contained

within

a

cartridgehas

two

basic

components:

the

control

unit

andarithmetic-logic

unit2.

We

often

express

chip

capacities

in

word

size,

wordsizecanbe

a,b,d

.a.

one

byte b.

two

bytes c.

three

bytes d.

four

bytesa.

thousandth

of

a

secondc.

billionth

of

a

secondb.

millionth

of

a

secondd.

trillionth

of

a

secondEXERCISESMultiple

Choices3.

We

usually

measure

the

processing

speed

in

today’scomputer

according

to

the

b,c,d

.The

64-bit

processor

can

be

used

in

a,c,d

.large

mainframe

computersolder

microcomputerssupercomputersmore

powerful

microcomputers.EXERCISESMultiple

ChoicesWith

dual-core

chip

a

microcomputer

canrun

two

programs

at

the

same

timerun

very

large

complex

programstake

parallel

processinga,b,c,dd.

be

used

to

access

a

large

database

while

creating

amultimedia

presentation

withPowerPoint6.

Multicore

processor

may

have

b,c,d

cores.a.

one b.

two c.

four d.

sixteena.

one

CPU

corec.

one-level

cacheb.

two

CPU

cored.

two-level

cacheEXERCISESMultiple

Choices7.

Dual-core

processor

has

b,d

.8.

Multicore

processors

can

be

used

for

a,b,c,d

applications.a.

network b.

DSP c.

graphics d.

embeddedEXERCISESMultiple

ChoicesSystemboardis

b,c,d

.used

f