2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)歷年高頻考題黑鉆摘選版附帶答案（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）答案解析附后第1卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.ShadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheAppoloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarsloomsashumanity’snextgreatterraincognita.Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakeleadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteoritefromMars.AmoreconclusiveansweraboutlifeonMars,pastorpresent,wouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.1.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplaceinthepastwas（

）.2.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis（

）.3.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?4.Bysaying“WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen”(linel,Para.4),theauthormeansthat（

）.5.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould（

）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.todisplaytheircountry’smilitarymightB.toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceC.tofindnewareasforcolonizationD.topursuecommercialandstateinterests問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.internationalcooperationB.nationalisticreasonsC.scientificresearchD.long-termprofits問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B.Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C.Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D.Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB.inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbyveryhighC.inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD.withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareissue問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB.confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteoriteC.revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginatesD.provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverse2.單選題Astrophysicistswrestlingwiththestudyofanewkindofstar,theflat,‘two-dimensional”configurationsknownasaccretiondiskshaverecentlygainednewinsightsintothebehaviorofthesestars.Accretiondisksexistinavarietyofsituationswheremattersswirlaroundacompactstarsuchasawhitedwarfstaroraneutronstar.Accretiondisksarealsosuspectedofplayingapartinmoreexoticsituations,inwhichthecentralobjectisimaginedtobeasupermassiveblackhole,theultimateformofcollapsedmatter,ratherthanacompactstar.Themodelingofaccretiondisksisstillinitsinfancy,asituationanalogoustothedayswhenordinarystarsweremodeledbyusingelementaryscalinglawswithoutbenefitofknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesthatpowerthestars.Similarly,thebasicphysicsofthepowerbywhichaccretiondisksradiate,thoughttooriginateinaformofturbulentfriction,isknownonlyatthecrudestlevel.AccretiondiskswerefirstdefinedinthecontextofCataclysmicvariables.Inthesesystems,matterfromtheouterlayersofanordinarystarisattractedbythegravitationalinfluenceofanearbyorbitingwhitedwarfstar,thematterlostfromtheordinarystarcannotstrikethesurfaceofthetinywhitedwarfdirectlybutsettlesintoanorbitaroundthestar.Theviscosityinthediskthusformedcausesheating,radiation,andaslowspiralingofdiskmatterontothesurfaceofthewhitedwarf.TherapidadvancesmadeinX-rayastronomyinthepastdecadehaveidentifiedasecondtypeofsysteminwhichaccretiondisksoccur.Insuchasystem,anaccretiondiskwhirlsaboutaneutronstatratherthanawhitedwarf.Theinnerreachesoftheaccretiondiskextenddeeplyintothegravitationalpotentialoftheneutronstarwhereveryrapidmotionistherule.Theenergyreleasedbyfrictionandtheactualrainingofthematerialfromthediskontothesurfaceoftheneutronstarissogreatthatradiationisgivenoffinapowerfulfloodofx-rays.Andinatleastonecase,X-rayastronomersbelievethattheobjectinthecenterofanaccretiondiskisablackhole,suggestingthatathirdsystemmayexist.Ithadbeenassumedthatportionsofaccretiondiskswouldbeunstableandthat,asaresult,clumpingoftheirmatterintoringswouldoccur.Thereisnoevidencefromobservation,however,thataccretiondisksdo,infact,sufferfromtheseinstabilities.Inrecentwork,AbramowiczhasshownthataddedgravitationaleffectsduetogeneralrelativitymayaltertheexpectedNewtoniangravitationalrelationshipsinsuchawaythatthediskremainsstable,indicatingthatitispossiblethatthesepredictedinstabilitiesdonotoccur.Furtherprogresstowardunderstandingaccretiondiskswillinvolvedefiningandproposingsolutionstorestrictedproblemsjustaswasdoneinthiscaseandwasdoneandcontinuestobedoneforordinarystars.Abramowicz’workisavaluableexampleofthecarethatmustbetakenbeforereachingconclusionsregardingaccretiondisks.1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcurrentscientificknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesofordinarystars?3.ThepassagesuggeststhatAbramowicz’workwasmotivatedbywhichofthefollowingassumptions?4.Accordingtothepassage,someaccretiondisksoriginatedin（

）.5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthesignificanceofAbramowicz'workisthatit（

）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.comparingAbramowicz’worktotheworkofearlierastrophysicistsB.DefiningtheconditionsunderwhichaccretiondiskscanbeobservedC.ProvidinginformationaboutaccretiondisksanddiscussingsignificantnewworkD.Exploringthequestionofwhetherablackholecaneverbethecentralobjectofanaccretiondisk問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.Itspatternofdevelopmenthasbeenanalogoustothatofdevelopmentsinx-rayastronomy.B.Ithascontributedtoamoreaccuratemodelingofordinarystars.C.Itsroleintheexplanationofturbulentfrictionhasbeensignificant.D.Itlagsbehindknowledgeofscalinglaws.問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.Thequantityofenergyreleasedbyaccretiondiskscanbeaslargeasitisonlyifthedisksarestable.B.ImprovedtechniquesinX-rayastronomywouldrevealanyinstabilitiesoccurringinaccretiondisks.C.Thelackofobservationalevidenceofinstabilitiesinaccretiondiskssuggeststhatpredictionsoftheiroccurrencemightbewrong.D.Knownmethodsofobservingaccretiondisksurroundingcompactstarsandblackholesdonotpermittheobservationofthematterinaccretiondisks.問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.anincreaseinheatandradiationaroundanordinarystarB.apowerfulfloodofx-raysemittedbyaneutronstarC.theturbulentfrictiononthesurfaceofacompactstarD.Theaccumulationofmatterremovedfromanordinarystar問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.suggestsaresolutionofadiscrepancybetweenatheoreticalpredictionandactualobservationB.opensanewareaforexplorationinthefieldofx-rayastronomyC.provesthatscalinglawscannotbeappliedtoaccretiondisksD.proposesanewsystemofclassificationofstars3.翻譯題Criticismisavaluablemeansofhelpingourselvesandothersachievepersonalgrowth.However,becauseitisoftendonecarelesslyorcruelly,criticismhasabadreputation.Herearesomeguidelinesforofferingcriticismconstructively.First,waituntilthepersonasksforfeedbackonhisorherperformanceoractions.Unasked-forcriticismisnotusuallyvaluable.Second,describetheperson’sbehaviorasspecificallyaspossiblebeforeyoucriticizeit.Insteadofjustsaying,“Youwereawful,”tellthepersonexactlywhatyouobserved.Andfinally,trytobalanceyourcriticismwithpositivestatements.Lookforsignificantpointsintheotherperson’sperformancethatyoucanhonestlypraise.4.單選題Itwasabrief,shiningmomentinEgypt’shistory—atimeofepochalchangepresidedoverbyaPharaohnamedAkhenatenandhisbeautifulwifeNefertiti.Duringhis17-yearreigntheoldgodswerecastaside,monotheismwasintroduced,andtheartsliberatedfromtheirstiflingrigidity.EvenEgypt’scapitalwasmovedtoanewcityalongtheNilecalledAkhetaten(modernAmarna).ButlikeCamelot,itwasshort-lived,anditslegacywasburiedinthedesertsands.NowAkhenaten’s3,400-year-oldworldhasbeenbrilliantlyrecalledinanexhibittitled“PharaohsoftheSun:Akhenaten,Nefertiti,Tutankhamen,”whichopensthisweekatBoston’sMuseumofFineArts.Partofthecity’seight-monthtributetoancientEgypt(operas,balletandanIMAXfilm),itisauniqueassemblageofmorethan250objectsfromEgypt’s18thdynasty,someofwhichhavelanguishedunseeninstoreroomsandprivatecollectionsfordecades.Theyrangefromlarger-than-lifestatuesofAkhenatentoexquisitelysculptedreliefsanddazzlingjewelrytosuchpoignantremindersofeverydaylifeasaperfectlypreservedchild’ssandal.TheexhibitilluminatesamurkyperiodinEgyptianhistorythatcuratorRitaFreeddescribesashaving“alltheelementsofasoapopera.”WhenAmenhotepIV,ashewasoriginallycalled,ascendedthethronein1353B.C.,Egyptwasaflourishingempire,atpeacewithitsneighbors.Yetthereweretroublingsigns.HisfatherAmenhotepIIIhadalreadychallengedthepowerfulpriesthoodbyproclaimingthesungodAtenasforemostamongEgyptiandeitiesandhimselfashislivingincarnation.Hissonshookthingsupevenmore,notonlychanginghisnametohonorthenewgod(Akhenatenmeans“onewhoservesAten”)butalsobanishingtheoldergods,especiallythepriestlyfavoriteAmen.SomescholarsbelieveAkhenaten’smonotheism,ahistoricfirst,inspiredtheHebrewprophets,butithadthemoreimmediateeffectoffreeingEgypt’sartists.TheycouldnowportraythePharaohandthevoluptuousNefertiti(whomayhavesharedthethronewithhim)inafarmorecasual,realisticway.Akhenaten’scone-shapedhead,elongatedface,fingersandtoes,potbellyandflaringhipshaveledsomescholarstosuggestthathehadhydrocephalusorMarfan’ssyndrome.Hewascertainlyarevolutionary,propelledeitherbymadnessorbygreatvision.Still,hischangesdidnotendure.Afterhisdeath,hisson-in-law(andperhapsson)TutankhamenmovedthepoliticalandreligiouscapitalsbacktoMemphisandThebesrespectivelyandreinstatedtheoldgods.Egyptianartreturnedtoitsclassic,ritualizedstyle.AndlikeCamelot,Akhenaten’soncebustlingcapitalbecameonlyamythicmemory.“PharaohsoftheSun”willremaininBostonuntilFebruary,thentraveltoLosAngeles,ChicagoandLeiden,theNetherlands.26.WhichofthefollowingeventdidnothappenduringAkhenaten’sreignoverEgypt?27.WecanlearnfromthetextthatinBoston,manyactivitiesareheldastributetoancientEgyptexcept______.28.TheviewsofAkhenatenandhisfatheronthesungodAtenare______.29.Tutankhamen,accordingtothetext,probably______.30.WhatcanwelearnabouttheexhibitonancientEgypt’s18thdynasty?問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.Hebanishedtheoldergods.B.Peoplehadtoworshiponegod—thesungodAten.C.Egyptianartistssufferedfromamorecasual,realisticwayofportraying.D.HebuiltanewcapitalalongtheNile.問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.pageantB.balletC.operasD.movie問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.oppositeB.controversialC.complementaryD.similar問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.movedthepoliticalcapitalbacktoThebesB.gavetheoldergodsbacktheirpreviouspositionC.mighthadgotsomediseasethatmadehisfacelongerthanthehealthypeopleD.movedthereligiouscapitalbacktoMemphis問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.Itmainlyconsistsofstatuesofthepharaohsofthattime.B.ItwilllastforeightmonthsinBoston.C.Itisveryenlighteningforpeopletoknowthatperiod.D.Theobjectsontheexhibitusedtobestoredinprivatecollection.5.翻譯題Thefactthatourcomputernetworkissoadvancedwillalsosoongiveustheopportunitytoshareourteachingexpertisewithlocalcompaniesandevenotheruniversities;adedicatedcenterfordistancelearningisalreadyunderdiscussion.Wewillincreasinglyuseinternet-basedcomputercourses,toenhanceourownteachingandalsotoreachstudentsoutsidetheuniversity.Thatdoesn’tmeancomputerterminalswilldisplacepeople;studentsarealwaysgoingtoneedadviceandhigh-qualitytuitiononthespot.Butitdoesmeanwecanrefineourteachingcoursesovertimeandmakethemavailableinthemanneroftextbooks.Inaddition,withintheuniversityitself,accessisgoingtoremainourkeypriority.6.翻譯題Whatisthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressure?Takeyourpick,asthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressureseemstobevirtuallyanyexercise,likewalkingorcyclingorlightweighttraining,especiallyifyourworkoutsarespreadthroughouttheday.“Evenstandingmightwork,”saysGlennGaesser,thedirectoroftheHealthyLifestylesResearchCenteratArizonaStateUniversityandanexpertonexerciseandhypertension.Exerciselowersbloodpressureinlargepartbyalteringbloodvesselstiffnesssobloodflowsmorefreely.Thiseffectoccursduringandimmediatelyafteraworkout,sotheblood-pressurebenefitsfromexercisearemostpronouncedrightafter,youworkout.Asaresult,thebestwaytofighthypertensionmaybetodivvyupyourworkoutintobite-sizepieces.Ina2012studybyDr.Gaesser,three10-minutewalksspreadthroughoutthedaywerebetteratpreventingsubsequentspikesinbloodpressure—whichcanindicateworseningbloodpressurecontrol—thanone30-minutewalk.Andifevena10-minutewalksoundsdaunting,trystandingmoreoften.InanotherstudyledbyDr.GaesserandpublishedinAugust,overweightvolunteerswithbloodpressureproblemswereaskedtositcontinuouslyduringaneight-hourworkdaywhiletheirbloodpressurewasmonitored.Thereadingswere,asexpected,unhealthy.Butwhen,duringanotherworkday,thosevolunteersstoodupeveryhourforatleast10minutes,theirbloodpressurereadingsimprovedsubstantially.Thereadingswereevenbetterwhen,onadditionalworkdays,thevolunteersstrolledatapokey1-mile-per-hourpaceattreadmilldesksforatleast10minuteseveryhourorpedaledunder-deskexercisebikesforthesamenumberofminuteseveryhour.“Exerciseintensitydoesnotappeartoplayanysignificantrole”inhelpingpeoplecontrolbloodpressure,Dr.Gaessersays.Movementiswhatmatters.Sogoforastrollafewtimesduringthedayorsimplystandupmoreoftentodevelophealthierbloodpressure.7.翻譯題過(guò)去十年間，中國(guó)手機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展可謂有目共睹，幾乎每年都會(huì)新增約八千萬(wàn)用戶，但據(jù)英國(guó)廣播公司報(bào)道，在某種程度上，真正的通訊革命才剛剛開(kāi)始。今年，中國(guó)將取代美國(guó)成為世界最大的智能手機(jī)市場(chǎng)。對(duì)很多中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，智能手機(jī)使他們第一次擁有了通向互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的私人路徑。這對(duì)于信息技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)商、尤其是移動(dòng)手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)商來(lái)說(shuō)是非比尋常的機(jī)遇。那么，應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)商是怎么在中國(guó)賺到錢的呢？一種方法就是嘗試“應(yīng)用內(nèi)銷售”一一他們推出免費(fèi)的應(yīng)用程序，一旦用戶被吸引，再以較低的價(jià)格賣給他們體驗(yàn)增強(qiáng)版。雖然中國(guó)的用戶只愿意出幾分錢來(lái)購(gòu)買升級(jí)服務(wù)，但只要想想用戶多達(dá)數(shù)百萬(wàn)，加在一起很快就是一大筆錢。不過(guò)，對(duì)于非游戲類應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)商來(lái)說(shuō)，要發(fā)展就得依靠廣告收益。8.單選題Whatdoesthefutureholdfortheproblemofhousing?Agooddealdepends,ofcourse,onthemeaningof"futureIfoneisthinkingintermsofsciencefictionandthespaceage,itisatleastpossibletoassumethatmanwillhavesolvedsuchtrivialandearthlyproblemsashousing.Writersofsciencefiction,fromH.GWellsonwards,havehadlittletosayonthesubject.Theyhaveconveyedthesuggestionthatmenwillliveingreatcomfort,witheveryconceivableapparatustomakelifesmooth,healthyandeasy,ifnothappy.Buttheyhavenotsaidwhathishousewillbemadeof.Perhapssomenewbuildingmaterial,asyetunimagined,willhavebeendiscoveredorinventedatleast.Onemaybecertainthatbricksandmortarwilllonghavegoneoutoffashion.Buttheproblemsofthenextgenerationortwocanmorereadilybeimagined.Scientistshavealreadypointedoutthatunlesssomethingisdoneeithertorestricttheworld’srapidgrowthinpopulationortodiscoveranddevelopnewsourcesoffood(orboth),millionsofpeoplewillbedyingofstarvationoratthebestsufferingfromunderfeedingbeforethiscentur3tisout.Butnobodyhasyetworkedoutanyplanforhousingthesegrowingpopulations.Admittedlytheworstsituationswilloccurinthehottestpartsoftheworld,wherehousingcanbelightstructureorinbackwardsareaswherestandardsaretraditionallylow.Buteventheminimumshelterrequiresmaterialsofsomekindandintheteeming,bulgingtownsthelow-standard"housing1'offlattenedpetrolcansanddittycanvasisfarmorewastefulofgroundspacethancanbetolerated.Sincethewar,HongKonghassufferedthekindofcrisiswhichislikelytoariseinmanyotherplacesduringthenextgeneration.Literallymillionsofrefugeesarrivedtoswellthealreadygrowingpopulationandemergencystepshadtobetakenrapidlytopreventsqualoranddiseaseandthespreadcrime.Thecityistacklingthesituationenergeticallyandenormousblocksoftenementsarerisingatanastonishingspeed.ButHongKongisonlyonesmallpartofwhatwillcertainlybecomeavastproblemandnotmerelyahousingproblem,becausewhenpopulationgrowsatthisratethereareaccompanyingproblemsofeducation,transport,hospitalservicesdrainage,watersupplyandsoon.NoteveryareamaygivethesameresourcesasHongKongtodrawuponandthesearchforquickerandcheapermethodsofconstructionmustnevercease.1.Whatistheauthor’sopinionofhousingproblemsinthefirstparagraph?2.Thewriterbelievesthatinthedistantfuture（

）.3.Thewriterbelievesthatthebiggestproblemslikelytoconfronttheworldbeforetheendofthecentury（

）.4.Whenthewritersaysthattheworstsituationwilloccurinthehottestpartsoftheworldorinbackwardareas,heisreferringtothefactthatintheseparts（

）.5.WhichofthefollowingsentencesbestsummarizesParagraph3?問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.TheymaybecompletelysolvedatsometimeinthefutureB.TheyareunimportantandeasilydealtwithC.TheywillnotbesolveduntilanewbuildingmaterialhasbeendiscoveredD.Theyhavebeendealtwithinspecificdetailinbooksdescribingthefuture問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.bricksandmortarwillbereplacedbysomeotherbuildingmaterialB.anewbuildingmaterialwillhavebeeninventedC.bricksandmortarwillnotbeusedbypeoplewhowanttheirhousetobefashionableD.anewwayofusingbricksandmortarwillhavebeendiscovered問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.isdifficulttoforeseeB.willbehowtofeedtheevergrowingpopulationC.willbehowtoprovideenoughhousesinthehottestpartsoftheworldD.isthequestionoffindingenoughgroundspace問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.standardsofbuildingarelowB.onlyminimumshelterwillbepossibleC.thereisnotenoughgroundspaceD.thepopulationgrowthwillbethegreatest問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.HongKonghasfacedaseriouscrisiscausedbymillionsofrefugeesB.HongKonghassuccessfullydealtwiththeemergencycausedbymillionsofrefugeesC.HongKong’scrisiswasnotonlyamatterofhousingbutincludedanumberofotherproblemsofpopulationgrowth.D.ManypartsoftheworldmayhavetofacethekindofproblemsencounteredbyHongKongandmanyfinditmuchhardertodealwiththem9.翻譯題China'sprolongedsilenceaboutitsdestructionoftheFengYun1-Csatellite,whichitlaunchedin1999,hasbeenalmostasunnervingtoitspotentialenemies(American,JapanandTaiwanespecially)astheexperimentitself.Itwasonlythisweek12daysaftertheeventthatChinagrudginglyadmittedthatithadtestedsomethinginspace.ThishasledtospeculationthatChinawillnotdescribeopenlywhatactuallyhappened.Aforeign-ministryspokesmaninsistedthatChinawouldnotengageinanarmsraceinspace.YetitishardtoseethetestotherthanasadisplayofChina’sabilitytochallengeAmericanspacepower.IthastriggeredachorusofcomplaintfromWesternpowers,aswellasfromneighboringJapanandTaiwan.ChinasaysitdidbriefAmericanandJapaneseofficials,amongothers,onwhathappenedbutnot,itappears,untiljustbeforeitconfirmedthetesttothepress.ChinawilldoubtlessinsistthattheAmericanscanhardlycomplain,AmericanandtheformerSovietUniontestedanti-satelliteweapons,albeitmorethan20yearsago.GeorgeBushhasrefusedtotalktoChinaaboutaproposalitraisedin2002,withRussia'sbacking,foratreatyoutlawingthe"weaponisation"ofspace.Mr.BushauthorizedanewnationalspacepolicyinAugustlastyearsthatirkedtheChinese.ItdefendedAmerican'srighttousespacefordefenseandintelligencegatheringpurposesaswellastostop"adversaries"fromusingspaceinwaysthatthreatenAmerican"nationalinterests".10.翻譯題Ithinkthat,fromabiologicalstandpoint,humanlifealmostreadslikeapoem.Ithasitsownrhythmandbeat,itsinternalcyclesofgrowthanddecay.Itbeginswithinnocentchildhood,followedbyawkwardadolescencetryingawkwardlytoadaptitselftomaturesociety,withitsyoungpassionsandfollies,itsidealsandambitions;thenitreachesamanhoodofintenseactivities,profitingfromexperienceandlearningmoreaboutsocietyandhumannature;atmiddleage,thereisaslighteasingoftension,amellowingofcharacterliketheripeningoffruitorthemellowingofgoodwine,andthegradualacquiringofamoretolerant,morecynicalandatthesametimeakindlierviewoflife;theninthesunsetofourlife,theendocrineglandsdecreasetheiractivity,andifwehaveatruephilosophyofoldageandhaveorderedourlifepatternaccordingtoit,itisforustheageofpeaceandsecurityandleisureandcontentment;finally,lifeflickersoutandonegoesintoeternalsleepnevertowakeupagain.Oneshouldbeabletosetthebeautyofthisrhythmoflife,toappreciate,aswedoingrandsymphonies,itsmaintheme,itsstrainsofconflictandthefinalresolution.Themovementsofthesecyclesareverymuchthesameinanormallife,buttherelicmustbeprovidedbytheindividualhimself.11.單選題Australianresearchershavediscoveredelectroreceptors(sensoryorgansdesignedtorespondtoelectricalfields)clusteredatthetipofthespinyanteater’ssnout.Theresearchersmadethisdiscoverybyexposingsmallareasofthesnouttoextremelyweakelectricalfieldsandrecordingthetransmissionofresultingnervousactivitytothebrain.Whileitistruethattactilereceptors,anotherkindofsensoryorganontheanteater’ssnout,canalsorespondtoelectricalstimuli,suchreceptorsdosoonlyinresponsetoelectricalfieldstrengthsabout1,000timesgreaterthanthoseknowntoexciteelectroreceptors.Havingdiscoveredtheelectroreceptor,researchersarenowinvestigatinghowanteatersutilizesuchasophisticatedsensorysystem.Inonebehavioralexperiment,researcherssuccessfullytrainedananteatertodistinguishbetweentwotroughsofwater,onewithaweakelectricalfieldandtheotherwithnone.Suchevidenceisconsistentwithresearcher’shypothesisthatanteatersuseelectroreceptortodetectelectricalsignalsgivenoffbyprey;however,researchersasyethavebeenunabletodetectelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemounds,wherethefavoritefoodofanteaterslive.Still,researchershaveobservedanteatersbreakingintoanestofantsatanobliqueangleandquicklylocatingnestingchambers.Thisabilityquicklytolocateunseenpreysuggests,accordingtotheresearchers,thattheanteaterswereusingtheirelectroreceptortolocatethenestingchambers.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicthatdistinguisheselectroreceptorsfromtactilereceptors?2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheexperimentdescribedinthefirstparagraph?3.Theauthorofthepassagemostprobablydiscussesthefunctionoftatilereceptors(lines6—9)inorderto（

）.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutanteatersfromthebehavioralexperimentmentionedinthesecondparagraph?5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheresearchersmentionedinthesecondparagraphwhoobservedanteatersbreakintoanestofantswouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?6.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthenthehypothesismentionedinlines15—16?問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.Themannerinwhichelectroreceptorsrespondtoelectricalstimuli.B.Thetendencyofelectroreceptorstobefoundinclusters.C.Theunusuallocationsinwhichelectroreceptorsarefoundinmostspecies.D.Theamountofelectricalstimulationrequiredtoexciteelectroreceptors.問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.Researchershaddifficultyverifyingtheexistenceofelectroreceptorsintheanteaterbecauseelectroreceptorsrespondtosuchanarrowrangeofelectricalfieldstrengths.B.Researchersfoundthatthelevelofnervousactivityintheanteater9sbrainincreaseddramaticallyasthestrengthoftheelectricalstimuluswasincreased.C.Researchersfoundthatsomeareasoftheanteater’ssnoutwerenotsensitivetoaweakelectricalstimulus.D.Researchersfoundthattheanteater’stactilereceptorsweremoreeasilyexcitedbyastrongelectricalstimulusthanweretheelectroreceptors.問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.eliminateandalternativeexplanationofanteaters’responsetoelectricalstimuliB.highlight