ChapterIITheOriginsofaNation(5000BC-1066AD)

I.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts（5000BC-55BC）

1.Iberians(thefirstknownsettlers)Atabout3000BCIberianscametoBritain,probablyfromtheIberianPeninsula,nowSpain

StonehengeinWiltshireismoredramaticmonuments,whichmayhavereligiousandpoliticalmeans.

2.BeakerFolk(青銅器時代的寬口陶器人)Atabout2000BCtheycomefromtheareasnowknownasHollandandtheRhineland.3.CeltsComefromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany

ReligionwasDruidism(德魯伊教).ritesinwoodsbythelightofthemoon.HumansacrificestotheirgodsTheCeltictribesareancestorsofHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelshThreemainwaves:

ThefirstwavewastheGaels(蓋爾人)About600BC.(Gaelic蓋爾語)Threemainwaves:

ThesecondwavewastheBrythons(布列吞人)About400BC.Threemainwaves:

ThethirdwavewastheBelgae(比利其人)About150BC.CeltsCeltsintheModernWorldCelticReligionCelticWarriorTheCelticSocietyCeltsSoldiersTheCeltssoldiersdecoratetheface.

TheCelticChildrenCelticArtKnotIIRomanBritainJuliusCaesar’sInvasion(58-50B.C.)EmperorClaudius(A.D.41-54)QueenBoudicca’sRevolt(A.D.60)Romanconquest:Between55and54B.C.,JuliusCaesar,thegreatRomangeneral,invadedBritaintwice.Therealconquestbeganin43A.D.EnglandbecameaRomanProvinceinname.HewasbornonJuly13,100B.C.inRome.HisfullnamewasGaiusJuliusCaesar.Hebecamethedictatorfrom46-44B.C.Hewasassassinatedbyagroupofnobles,ashewasonhiswaytoPompey’sTheatre.ClaudiusHewasbornin10B.C.astheyoungestsunofNeroDrusus.HebecamethefourthRomanEmperorinA.D.41HeundertooktheconquestofBritaininA.D.43.HewaspoisonedbyhiswifeAgrippinainA.D.54.Hadrian’sWall:ThePictsandScotsinScotlandfrequentlyrevoltedagainsttheRomans.About122AD,inordertokeepbackthePictsandScots,theRomansbuiltawall,calledHadrian’sWall.ContrastinattitudesA.lowlandBritons-acceptB.InhabitantsofWalesandScotland-revoltTribe-headCaratacusQueenBoudicca

QueenBoudiccaledarevoltagainsttheRomanConquerorsinA.D.60GovernorJuliusAgricolaHeservedasgovernorofRomanBritainfrom78-85.HecompletedtheconquestofWalesandextendedRomandominationnorthwardtotheFirthofForthandtheFirthofClydeinsouthernCaledonia(ModernScotland).

HadrianHewasborninSpainofprovincialRomanstockinA.D.76.HebecameRomanEmperorinA.D.117.HebuiltuptheHadrianWall.AntoniusHewasborninA.D.86.HebecametheEmperorinA.D.138.HebuiltuptheAntonineWallwhichwaslocatedfurtherintoScotland.RomanBuildings11Reasonsforuntotaloccupation:SomepartsofthecountryresistRomantroopswereoftenwithdrawnfromBritaintofightinotherpartsofRomanEmpirePictsinScotland(paintedfaces)stillattackedthemperiodically

RomanCivilizationtoBritain:Architecture:Formilitarypurpose,theybuiltroads,castlesandwalls—theHadrian’swall.Theyalsobuilttheatres,templesandotherfinebuildings.B.

Classformed:TheslavesocietywasintroducedintoEngland.Thelandlords,officials,madeupoftherulingclass.Somenativepeople,Celtsbecameslaves.C.Religion:TheRomansbroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.

RomanSettlementsTownsandOtherCenters(CasterandChestermeanscamp)London(Londinium)RomanRoads15Reasonsforwithdrawin410AD1.BarbariansfromEasternEuropeatthegatesofRome2.RepeatedattacksfromPictsandScots3.NeedingtosetupanewmilitaryfrontontheeastcoasttoholdofftheGermanicSaxontribesinvadingfromEuropeWhywastheRomaninfluenceonBritainsolimited?1.TheRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.2.Neverduringthe4centuriesdidtheRomansandBritonsintermarry.3.EmperorClaudiusestablishedtheRomandominationoversouthernBritain.4.TheRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.TheMiddleAgesdestructionoftheRomanEmpireintheWestin375,thelastoftheRomanEmperorsoftheWest,in476.

ThecloseoftheMiddleAges:riseofHumanismandtheRenaissance,thefourteenthcentury;withtheFallofConstantinople,in1453;withthediscoveryofAmericabyColumbusin149