商務(wù)英語閱讀（下冊）（第二版）unit16可持續(xù)發(fā)展幽默來自智慧，惡語來自無能商務(wù)英語閱讀（下冊）（第二版）unit16可持續(xù)發(fā)展商務(wù)英語閱讀（下冊）（第二版）unit16可持續(xù)發(fā)展幽默來自智慧，惡語來自無能UnitSixteenTeachingObjectives了解什么是可持續(xù)發(fā)展可持續(xù)發(fā)展包括哪些內(nèi)容人口增長、社會發(fā)展與可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)系誰應(yīng)對可持續(xù)發(fā)展負(fù)責(zé)人是維持可持續(xù)發(fā)展的根本因素TEXTCanSino-USTradeFrictionBeSolvedbyAppreciationofRMB?

Pre-readingquestions1.Haveyoueverheardsustainabledevelopmentbefore?2.Whatwouldyouconnectwithsustainabledevelopment?Nameoneortwo.3.Doyouthinksustainabledevelopmentimportant?Whyorwhynot?UPPREV.NEXT

Nowadays,withtherapideconomicgrowth,peoplearepayingmuchinterestinsustainabledevelopment,theyareworryingaboutthedeteriorationoftheenvironmenttheyarelivingin,whiletheyareenjoyingtheimprovementoflifequality. Theterm"sustainabledevelopment"wasfirstpopularizedin1987bytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment.Inessence,itisconcernedwithmeetingtheneedsofpeopletodaywithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds. Peopleoftenmisinterpretsustainabledevelopmentasfocusingsolelyonenvironmentalissues.Inreality,sustainabledevelopmentisamuchbroaderconceptwhichemphasizesthebalanceandintegrationofthethreesustainabilitypillarsofeconomicdevelopment,socialharmonyandenvironmentalprotection.

Humanbeingsshouldsustaintheearthresourceswhileseekingdevelopment.HumanconsumptionshouldbeoccurringataratewithinEarth'scapacitytosupportit.Peopleshouldcarethehabitatsanddevelopmentofthefuturegenerationsbesidestheinterestsandrightsoftheirstoday. Populationgrowthandthedevelopmentalpressuresspawnedbyanunequaldistributionofwealtharetwomajordrivingforcesthatarealteringtheearthinwaysthatthreatenthelong-termhealthofhumansandotherspeciesontheplanet.Humanhealthisdependentonthehealthyfunctioningoftheearth'secosystem.Thesesystemswouldbeoverwhelmedifalloftheearth'sinhabitantsweretomatchtheconsumptionpatternsofwealthiernations.

Let’s

takethedevelopmentoftheAsiaandPacificregion

forexample.Overthepast40yearseconomicgrowthinthisregionhasbeen

impressiveandhasresulted

indramaticpovertyreduction.However,rapideconomicexpansionhasalsohadenvironmentalandsocialcosts.Growthhasgeneratedhighlevelsofresourceconsumption,pollutionandwaste,withthecostsofenvironmentaldegradationestimatedat4-8%ofGDPinmanycountries.Asiancitiesareplaguedbydirtyair,lowlevelsofsanitation,andscarcewatersupplies.Inruralareas,ecosystemsarestrainedbytheunsustainableexploitationofnaturalresources. Sustainabledevelopmentrequiresalterationsinthelifestyleofthewealthytolivewithinthecarryingcapacityoftheenvironment.Itseekstodevelopmeansofsupportingeconomicgrowthwhilesupportingbiodiversity,relievingpovertyandwithoutusingupnaturalcapitalintheshorttermattheexpenseof

longtermdevelopment.

Yettokeepsustainabilityisnotjusttheresponsibilityofenvironmentalspecialistsorcommunicationsprofessionals.Itrequirescontributionsfrompeopleacrossallfunctionsoftheworld. Governmentsshouldbegettingseriousaboutsustainabledevelopment,createaconducive

politicalclimate,takestepstoprovideaccesstosustainablelivelihoods,educationandhealthcareforalargershareofthepopulation，andtoprovideincentivesandassistancetofosterbroadercivilsocietyparticipationthroughstrengtheningcapacityandotherformsofsupport.Somecountries(suchasJapan,Korea,Mongolia,thePhilippines,andThailand)haveestablishedNationalSustainableDevelopmentCouncils,whichareeffectivevehiclesforinvolvingarangeofstakeholders

intheplanning,formulationandimplementationofnationalsustainabledevelopmentstrategies. Firmscancontributeknow-how,technologiesandfinancialresources.Proceduresforaccreditationandrecognitionofstakeholdergroupsareneededtoensureappropriatelevelsofresponsibilityandaccountabilityinfulfillingtheirroles. ThedevelopmentandimplementationofsustainabilitystrategiesshouldalsoinvolvegroupssuchasenvironmentanddevelopmentNGOs,unions,farmers,youth,womenandindigenous

people.Thesegroupsshouldalsoseektoestablishinteractivenetworkingamongthemselvestoensuremoreeffectiverepresentationandparticipationwithgovernments. Sustainabledevelopmentispartofthebroadergovernancechallengefacingmanycountries.Continuingeconomicgrowthwillprovidethefoundationforaddressing

povertyandecologicalissues.The“grownow,cleanuplater”approachmustbeabandoned.Findingtherightbalancebetweeneconomicgrowth,environmentalsafeguards,andimprovedqualityoflifeforallisthechallengetobeaddressedthroughmoreintegratedsustainabledevelopmentapproaches.

Developmentplanningneedstolinkeconomic,environmentalandsocialconcerns.TheWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)

aregivinggreateremphasistotheintegrationofenvironmentalfactorsinPovertyReductionStrategies(PRS).Aconcertedeffortisneededatnationalandinternationallevelstointegrateenvironmentalandsocialsafeguardswiththeeconomicdevelopment.

Languagepoints

sustainabledevelopment

可持續(xù)發(fā)展，是二十世紀(jì)八十年代提出的一個新概念。1987年世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會在《我們共同的未來》報告中第一次闡述了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念，得到了國際社會的廣泛共識?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展是指經(jīng)濟、社會、資源和環(huán)境保護協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，既要達到發(fā)展經(jīng)濟的目的，又要保護好人類賴以生存的大氣、淡水、海洋、土地和森林等自然資源和環(huán)境，使子孫后代能夠永續(xù)發(fā)展和安居樂業(yè)。

sustainabledevelopmentstrategies可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

theWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment 世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會，通稱聯(lián)合國環(huán)境特別委員會或布倫特蘭委員會（BrundtlandCommission）。1982年在內(nèi)羅畢召開的聯(lián)合國環(huán)境管理理事會議上，前日本環(huán)境廳長代表日本政府建立這種機構(gòu)，受到代表們的支持。1983年第38屆聯(lián)合國大會通過成立這個獨立機構(gòu)的決議。由聯(lián)合國秘書長提名挪威工黨當(dāng)時領(lǐng)袖布倫特蘭夫人（Brundtland）任委員會主席，蘇丹前外交部長卡利德(Khalid)任副主席。1984年5月本機構(gòu)正式成立。委員會由主任、委員等22名世界著名學(xué)者、政治活動家組成。委員會的主要任務(wù)是：審查世界環(huán)境和發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵問題，創(chuàng)造性地提出解決這些問題的現(xiàn)實行動建議，提高個人、團體、企業(yè)界、研究機構(gòu)和各國政府對環(huán)境與發(fā)展的認(rèn)識水平。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

deteriorationdeteriorate-----v.tobecomeworse變壞，惡化e.g.Thepoliticalsituationintheregionhasdeterioratedrapidly.deterioration-----n.e.g.We'veseenacontinuingdeteriorationinrelationsbetweenthetwocountries.

UPPREV.NEXT

Languagepoints

integration

-----n.thecombiningoftwoormorethingssothattheyworktogethereffectivelye.g.

theintegrationofEuropeaneconomiesUPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

spawn-----v.tocausesomethingnew,ormanynewthings,togroworstartsuddenly產(chǎn)生，引起e.g.Theneweconomicfreedomhasspawnedhundredsofnewsmallbusinesses.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

ecosystem

-----n.allthelivingthingsinanareaandthewaytheyaffecteachotherandtheenvironment生態(tài)系統(tǒng)e.g.Pollutioncanhavedisastrouseffectsonthedelicatelybalancedecosystem.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

theAsiaandPacificregion 亞太地區(qū)（亞洲及環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)），廣義上，可以包括整個環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)，連北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)也在其中，如亞太經(jīng)濟合作組織成員就包括組成北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的美、加、墨三國。狹義上，指西太平洋地區(qū)，主要包括東亞的中國（包括港澳臺地區(qū)）、日本、俄羅斯遠東地區(qū)和東南亞的東盟國家，有時還延伸到大洋洲的澳大利亞和新西蘭等國。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

exploitationexploit----v.tousesomeoneorsomethingunfairlyforyourownadvantage

e.g.Lawsexisttostopcompaniesexploitingtheiremployees.----tousesomethingforadvantage(usewell)e.g.Weneedtomakesurethatweexploitourresourcesasfullyaspossible.exploitationn.Britain'sexploitationof(=itsuseof)itsnaturalgasreservesbeganaftertheSecondWorldWar.（使用）Marxwroteabouttheexploitationoftheworkers.(剝削）UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

biodiversity-----n.Theexistenceofawiderangeofdifferenttypesoforganismsinagivenplaceatagiventime.生物多樣性

e.g.

Ahighlevelofbiodiversityisdesirable.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

attheexpenseof-----atthesacrificeof歸...付費,在損害...的情況下e.g.Thecarswereproducedquickly,attheexpenseofsafety.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

conducive----adj.tendingtobringabout;beingpartlyresponsiblefor有助于e.g.Workingconditionsarenotconducivetoproductivity.e.g.Suchanoisyenvironmentwasnotconducivetoagoodnight'ssleep.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

stakeholder-----apersonorgroupofpeoplewhoownashareinabusiness股東------apersonsuchasanemployee,customerorcitizenwhoisinvolvedwithanorganization,society,etc.andthereforehasresponsibilitiestowardsitandaninterestinitssuccess利益相關(guān)者，利益主體UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

know-how----n.practicalknowledgeandability實際知識，技術(shù)，技能e.g.technicalknow-howDesigningacomputerrequiresalotofknow-how.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

accreditation-----n.aprocessinwhichcertificationofcompetency,authority,orcredibilityispresented.信賴，認(rèn)可accredit-----v.tomakeauthoritative,creditable,orreputable;sanction.toascribeorattributeto(usuallyfol.bywith):歸于e.g.Hewasaccreditedwithhavingsaidit.------v.tocertify保證，證明

UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

NGOs non-governmentorganizations是指在特定法律系統(tǒng)下，不被視為政府部門的協(xié)會、社團、基金會、慈善信托、非營利公司或其他法人，不以營利為目的的非政府組織。NGO在全球范圍的興起始于20世紀(jì)80年代。NGO不是政府，不靠權(quán)力驅(qū)動；也不是經(jīng)濟體，尤其不靠經(jīng)濟利益驅(qū)動。NGO的原動力是志愿精神。如：theWorldConservationUnion(IUCN)世界自然保護聯(lián)盟；Greenpeace綠色和平；InstituteofInternationalEducation國際教育協(xié)會；HongKongRedCross香港紅十字會；LiKaShingFoundation李嘉誠基金會；ChildrenInCrisis危機中的兒童。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

indigenous-----adj.autochthonous,aboriginal,natural,native本土的，天生的e.g.theindigenouspeoplesofsouthernAfrica.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)

國際貨幣基金組織，是政府間國際金融組織。1945年12月27日正式成立。1947年3月1日開始工作，1947年11月15日成為聯(lián)合國的專門機構(gòu)，在經(jīng)營上有其獨立性?？偛吭O(shè)在華盛頓。截至2007年1月有成員185個。該組織宗旨是通過一個常設(shè)機構(gòu)來促進國際貨幣合作，為國際貨幣問題的磋商和協(xié)作提供方法。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

PovertyReductionStrategies(PRS) 減貧戰(zhàn)略幫助最貧困的人民和最貧窮的國家，提高他們的自我生存和發(fā)展能力，消除絕對貧困，全世界共同發(fā)展，共同繁榮。UPPREV.NEXTI.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.1.Whatis“sustainabledevelopment”concernedwith? Itisconcernedwithmeetingtheneedsofpeopletodaywithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.2.CouldhumanconsumptionoccurbeyondEarth’scapacity? No.HumanconsumptionshouldbeoccurringataratewithinEarth'scapacitytosupportit.Peopleshouldcarethehabitatsanddevelopmentofthefuturegenerationsbesidestheinterestsandrightsoftheirstoday.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.3.Whatthreatensthelong-termhealthofhumansandotherspeciesontheearth? Populationgrowthandthedevelopmentalpressuresspawnedbyanunequaldistributionofwealtharetwomajordrivingforcesthatarealteringtheearthinwaysthatthreatenthelong-termhealthofhumansandotherspeciesontheplanet

ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.4.WhathappenedintheAsiaandPacificregion?

Overthepast40yearseconomicgrowthinthisregionhasbeenimpressiveandhasresultedindramaticpovertyreduction.However,rapideconomicexpansionhasalsohadenvironmentalandsocialcosts.Growthhasgeneratedhighlevelsofresourceconsumption,pollutionandwaste,withthecostsofenvironmentaldegradationestimatedat4-8%ofGDPinmanycountries.Asiancitiesareplaguedbydirtyair,lowlevelsofsanitation,andscarcewatersupplies.Inruralareas,ecosystemsarestrainedbytheunsustainableexploitationofnaturalresources.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.5.Whoshouldberesponsibleforthedevelopmentandimplementationofsustainabilitystrategies?

Tokeepsustainabilityisnotjusttheresponsibilityofenvironmentalspecialistsorcommunicationsprofessionals.ItrequirescontributionsfrompeopleacrossallfunctionsoftheWorld--governments,firms,groupssuchasenvironmentanddevelopmentNGOs,unions,farmers,youth,womenandindigenouspeopleReferenceII.Readthefollowingtermsandmatcheachwithitsproperdefinition.1.NGOs2.healthcare3.socialharmony4.compromise5.habitat6.drivingforce7.economicexpansion8.environmentaldegradation9.know-how10.plaguea.theserviceoftakingcareofpeople’shealthandgivingthemmedicaltreatmentb.toharmordamagesomethinginsomewayc.akindoforganizationwhichdoesnotbelongstogovernmentd.thenaturalenvironmentofaplantoranimale.someoneorsomethingthatstronglyinfluencespeopleorsituationsandmakethemdosomethingorchangef.asituationinwhichpeoplearefriendlyandpeaceful,andagreewitheachotherg.tocauseregulardiscomfort,sufferingtosomeoneh.knowledge,practicalability,orskilltodosomethingi.theprocessbywhichenvironmentchangestoaworseconditionj.economicincreasing1.c2.a3.f4.b5.d

6.e7.j8.i9.h10.gIII.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese1.Humanbeingsshouldsustaintheearthresourceswhileseekingdevelopment.HumanconsumptionshouldbeoccurringataratewithinEarth'scapacitytosupportit.Peopleshouldcarethehabitatsanddevelopmentofthefuturegenerationsbesidestheinterestsandrightsoftheirstoday.2.Sustainabledevelopmentispartofthebroadergovernancechallengefacingmanycountries.Continuingeconomicgrowthwillprovidethefoundationforaddressingpovertyandecologicalissues.The“grownow,cleanuplater”approachmustbeabandoned.Findingtherightbalancebetweeneconomicgrowth,environmentalsafeguards,andimprovedqualityoflifeforallisthechallengetobeaddressedthroughmoreintegratedsustainabledevelopmentapproaches.

1、人類追求發(fā)展的同時要維持地球資源。人類的消耗要在地球的承受能力內(nèi)。人們不僅要關(guān)心當(dāng)代人的利益與權(quán)利還要關(guān)心下一代的生存和發(fā)展。 2、可持續(xù)發(fā)展是很多國家面臨的廣泛的管理方法挑戰(zhàn)的一部分。經(jīng)濟持續(xù)增長將為應(yīng)對貧困與生態(tài)問題打下基礎(chǔ)?！跋劝l(fā)展，后治理”的辦法不可取。找到經(jīng)濟增長、環(huán)境保護與所有人生活質(zhì)量改善之間的平衡，要通過更加協(xié)調(diào)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展方法來應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)。ReferenceIV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish. 1.隨著經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展，人們越來越關(guān)注可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題。2.人們常將可持續(xù)發(fā)展誤解為單純的環(huán)境問題。3.人類健康依賴于地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康運行。 4.公司可以給可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供專門技能、技術(shù)和資金來源。

1.Withtherapideconomicgrowth,peoplearepayingmuchinterestinsustainabledevelopment.2.Peopleoftenmisinterpretsustainabledevelopmentasfocusingsolelyonenvironmentalissues.3.Humanhealthisdependentonthehealthyfunctioningoftheearth'secosystem.4.Firmscancontributeknow-how,technologiesandfinancialresourcestosustainabledevelopment.ReferenceFastReadingI

TourismandSustainableDevelopmentUPPREV.NEXT

SustainableDevelopmentdoesnotjustmeanacleanerenvironment;italsorequiresastableandhealthyeconomy.Sustainabledevelopmentrequiresustotakealongtermviewoftheeconomy,ratherthanadoptingshorttermfixes.

Tourismisoneofthebiggestandfastest-growingeconomicsectorsintheglobaleconomyandhassignificantenvironmental,cultural,social,andeconomiceffects,bothpositiveandnegative.Tourismhasbeennotedastheworld'slargestandfastest-growingindustry.In1998,itrepresentsover10%ofallcountries'grossnationalproducts(GNP)anddirectlyorindirectlyfor200millionjobsworldwide.Inthesameyeartheworld'sGNPgrewby2.4%and625millionpeoplevisitedaforeigncountry,bringingreceiptsfrominternationaltourismtoabout￡310billion.

Becausetourismisessentiallydependentonanunspoilednaturalorunpollutedenvironment,andonenvironmentalservices,itfollowsthattourismhasbotharesponsibilityfor,andaneedto,investinthemaintenanceofthenaturalenvironment.Ifundertakensustainably,tourismcanbeapositiveforceforconservationandenvironmentalprotection,andcanprovideuniqueopportunitiesforawarenessraisingandenhancingsupportforconservation.Itcanalsobedevelopedinmoreenvironmentallysustainablewaysthancanmanyalternativeeconomicactivities.

Tourismcanbeanimportantpartinthesustainabledevelopmentofmanylocalcommunities,providedthatthecommunityisactivelyinvolvedinit,thateconomicbenefitsareequitablyshared,andthatitispartofadiversifiedlocaleconomyanddoesnotunderminelocalcultureandexistinglocalsustainableeconomicactivity.Tourismcanalsoboostculturalandhistoricaltraditionswhichoftencontributetoconservationandthesustainablemanagementofnaturalresources.

However,tourismcanandoftendoeshavedestructiveeffectsonbiodiversityandpristineenvironments,andcanresultinthemisuseofnaturalresourcessuchasfreshwater,forests,andcoralreefs.Forexample,inanumberofareas,thedevelopmentoftourismhasresultedinseriouswatershortagesaffectinglocalcommunitiesandthetourismindustry;forestshavebeendepletedthroughwoodcollectionforfuel;andcoralreefshavebeendamagedbysewage,sedimentation,divers,snorkels,andboats.Inordertoavoidsuchimpacts,tourismshouldbeplanned,managedandcarriedoutinawaythatisenvironmentallysustainable,sociallybeneficial,andeconomicallyviable.

Itisimportantthattouristsunderstandboththenegativeandpositiveaspectsoftourismsotheycancontributetoasustainablefutureforthetourismindustry.Conservationorganizationsshouldusetheopportunitiestourismprovidestoraiseawarenessoftheissues,toprovideothersignificantbenefitssuchasincomeandinvestmentfornaturalresourcemanagement,andtoensureimplementationofkeymeasures,suchastheprotectionoffragileareas.I.DeterminewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothetext.Write“T”fortrueand“F”forfalseinthebrackets.1.()Peopleintheworldshouldtakealong-termviewofeconomicdevelopment.2.()Tourismistheworld’slargestandfastest-growingindustry.3.()Tourismcanhelppeopletobeawareofenvironmentalprotection.4.()Tourismcanmakebestuseofnaturalresources.5.()Tourismcanhelpspreadlocalcultureanddiversifythelocaleconomy.1.T2.T3.T4.F5.TII.Fillintheblankswiththewordsbasedonthetext.1.Tourismisessentially

onanunspoilednaturalor

environment.dependent/unpolluted

II.Fillintheblankswiththewordsbasedonthetext.2.Tourismhassignificantenvironmental,cultural,social,andeconomiceffects,both

and

.positive/negative

II.Fillintheblankswiththewordsbasedonthetext.3.Tourismcanandoftendoeshavedestructiveeffectson

andpristineenvironments.biodiversityII.Fillintheblankswiththewordsbasedonthetext.4.Tourismcanboostculturalandhistoricaltraditionswhichoftencontributeto

andthe

managementofnaturalresources.conservation/sustainable

II.Fillintheblankswiththewordsbasedonthetext.5.Tourismshouldbeplanned,managedandcarriedoutinawaythatis

sustainable,socially

,and

viable.

environmentally/beneficial/economically

FastReadingIIEndingPovertyUPPREV.NEXT ThehugereductioninthenumberofpeopleinextremepovertyorbelowadollaradayinChinaandIndiahaschangedthepictureofthereducedcircumstancesintheworld.AccordingtotheWorldBank'slatestWorldDevelopment Indicators,spectaculargrowthoftheworld'stwomostpopulouscountrieshasbeenascribedtopushingthenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepovertybelowthe1billionlevel.Thereporthighlightedan80-millionfallinextremepovertyinthetwoyearsto2004. Accordingtotheindicators,since1990,therehasbeena260-milliondropinthenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepoverty,andthiswasmorethanaccountedforbythe300millionliftedoutofextremepovertyinChina.

TheWorldBank'sreportwasoptimisticabouttheUnitedNationsMillenniumDevelopmentGoal.Aprojecteddeclineofpoorpeoplefrom29percentto10percentbetween1990and2015iswithinreachattheworldwidelevel. However,despitetheoptimism,Sub-SaharanAfricawillmissthetarget.Extremepovertyhasrisenby60millionintheregion.Chinahasofferedtheworldalessoninhowtolifthundredsofmillionsofpeopleoutofpoverty. Domesticpovertyalleviationschemes,coupledwithforeignaid,haveworkedwell.InthepastthreedecadesChinahasbeenopeningitsdoortoinvestmentandtrade,andtheprivatesectorhasbeenencouragedtoplayabiggerpart. A"GoWest"policy,designedtodeveloptheinlandregionswherethelargestgroupofpoorpeoplelive,hasmadethepovertyalleviationschemessensible.

Butputtingmoneyinthepocketsofthepoorcannolongerensureasustainablelife.Thegovernmenthascomeupwithplanstoofferthepooraffordableeducationandtraining.Thiscreatesopportunitiesforhumancapitaldevelopment. Thedividendsofthecountry'sfast-pacedeconomicpolicieshaveraisedthegeneralincomeleveloflaborersandreducedthenumberofpoorpeople.

Theremainingpovertyhastobelookedatthroughavarietyofindicators-levelsofincomeandconsumption,socialindicators,andindicatorsofvulnerabilitytorisksandofsocio-politicalaccess. Povertyhasmanyfaces,changingfromplacetoplace.Mostoften,povertyisasituation