TheRestorationand18thCentury

王朝復辟和18世紀的英國文學

(1660—1798)11660：thereturnoftheStuarts↓1798：LyricalBallads1.Period：2Anglo-SaxonKings(808-1066盎格魯-撒克遜王)HouseOfNormandy(1066-1154諾曼底王朝）HouseOfPlantagenet（1154-1399金雀花/安茹王朝）HouseOfLancaster（1399-1461蘭開斯特王朝）HouseOfYork（1461-1485約克王朝）HouseOfTudor（1485-1603都鐸王朝）HouseOfStuart（1603-1649斯圖亞特王朝）TheCommonwealthAndProtectorate（1649-1659共和政體時期)HouseOfStuartRestored（1660-1714斯圖亞特王朝）HouseOfHanover（1714-1917漢諾威王朝）HouseOfWindsor（1917-溫莎王朝）3

HouseofStuart(斯圖亞特王朝）

KingJamesI(1603-25)KingCharlesI（1625-1649)KingCharlesII(1660-85)KingJamesII(1685-88)MaryII(1689-1694)Anne(1702-1714)KingWilliamIII(1689-1702)4

HouseofStuart(斯圖亞特王朝）

KingCharlesI（1625-1649)

KingJamesI

(1603-25)ElizabethSophia=HanoverGeorgeI5HouseOfHanover

（1714-1917漢諾威王朝）GeorgeI(1714-1727)GeorgeⅡ(1727-1760)GeorgeⅢ(1760-1820)GeorgeⅣ(1820-1830)WilliamⅣ(1830-1837)Victoria(1837-1901,daughterofEdward,fourthsonofGeorgeⅢ)6SubdivisionTheRestoration(1660-1700)The18thCentury（TheNeoclassicalperiod）

TheageofPopeTheageofJohnson

Sentimentalism

7TheNeoclassicalPeriodAgeofReasonAgeofEnlightenment8Restorationin1660GloriousRevolutionin1688Britishcoloniesin18thcentury2.HistoricalBackground

9Restoration(王朝復辟)Restoration（1660-1700).Theperiodthatrestoredpeace,monarchy,andtheStuartstothethroneafterthePuritanCommonwealth.103.TheEnlightenmentMovement

啟蒙運動

intellectualliberationanadvancementoftheRenaissanceanexpressionofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism11purpose:toenlightenpeoplewiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas;tocelebratereasonorrationality,equalityandscience12Definition:Enlightenment

啟蒙主義Enlightenment,aphilosophicalmovementinthe17thand18thcenturies,particularlyinFrance,characterizedbytheconvictionthatreasoncouldachieveallknowledge,supplantorganizedreligion,andensureprogresstowardhappinessandperfection.

13Theessayists：

JosephAddison，RichardSteeleThepoet：AlexanderPopeThehistorian：EdwardGibbonThegreatwriters：DanielDefoe，JonathanSwift，HenryFieldingThedramatist：RichardB.SheridanTheessayistandlexicographer：

SamuelJohnson

TheEnglishEnlighteners

英國啟蒙主義者

14comedyofmanners

(風尚喜劇)Comedyofmanners,akindofcomedyrepresentingthecomplexandsophisticatedcodeofbehaviourcurrentinfashionablecirclesofsociety.ItflourishedasthedominantformofRestorationcomedyintheworksofEtheredge,Wycherley,andCongreve.Sheridan’sSchoolforScandal(《造謠學校》,1777)isafamous18thcenturyexample.154.Neoclassicism

新古典主義Neoclassicism(1660-1780),theliteraryprincipleaccordingtowhichthewritingandcriticismofpoetryanddramaweretobeguidedbyrules.Itisarevivalofclassicalstandardsoforder,balance,andharmonyinthe17thand18thcenturies.Thetermhasalsousedtodescribethecharacteristicworld-vieworvalue-systemofthis‘AgeofReason’.16GenreofliteratureGenre,theFrenchtermforakind,aliterarytypeorclass.Themajorclassicalgenrewere:epic,tragedy,lyric,comedyandsatire,towhichwouldnowbeaddednovelandshortstory.17Prose:precise,direct,smooth,flexible18

Poetry:

lyrical,epical,didactic,satiricHeroicCouplets

19Didactic(教義）Didactic,Greekfor“teaching”;instructive.Sinceancienttimes.Literatureintendedprimarilyforinstructionorcontaininganimportantmoralisticelementisdidactic.20poeticjustice

(藝術世界里的公道)Poeticjustice,therewardingofvirtueandpunishingofviceinaworkofliterature.21Drama:

thethreeunitiesoftime,placeandactiontypecharacter22threeunitiesTheunitiesareprinciplesofdramaticstructureproposedbycriticsanddramatistsofthe16thand17thcenturies.Thethreeunities:time,placeandaction(orplot).23ThegreatNeoclassicists:JohnDrydenAlexanderPopeSamuelJohnson244.EnglishNovelinthe18thCenturyNovel：Novel,theextendedprosefictionthatarouseinthe18thcenturytobecomethemajorliteraryexpressionofthemodernworld.25arealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeoplewithanuncompromisingcourageEnglishNovelinthe18thCentury26DanielDefoe丹尼爾·笛福(1551-1731)JonathanSwift喬納森·斯威夫特（1667–1745）HenryFielding亨利·菲爾丁(1707-1754)TobiasGeorgeSmollett斯末萊特(1721-1771)

Theforerunners27

apioneernovelistofEnglandarepresentativeofthe18thcenturyEnglishrealisticnoveladiscovererofthemodernnovel4.1.DanielDefoe(1660-1731)284.1.1Introduction:hisfirstnovelandhismasterpieceoneoftheforerunneroftheEnglishrealisticnovel294.1.2ThreeParts:Robinson'sthreeexperienceasasailorhis28-yearlonelylifeontheisolatedanduninhabitedislandthehero'sadventuresafterhisdeparturefromthedesertisland304.1.3Theme(主題)praisesoflaboure.g.doingfarmingandshootingmoldingofcharacter31anexplorertoexploretherestoftheisland4.1.4

CharacterizationofRobinsonCrusoe:32arealherowithagreatcapacityforworke.g.

breadmakingbuildingadwellingplaceandashipdomesticatingthegoats33amanofactione.g.CrusoeVisitstheWreck

34inexhaustibleenergyuncompromisingcouragepatienceandpersistencepractical,diligent35typicalmiddle-classmananenterprisingEnglishman36thepioneercolonisttheempirebuildere.g.TheFootprintCrusoeSavesFridayfromtheCannibals374.1.5

Style:vividdetailasimple,butcredibleandfascinatingstorystraightforwardwordrealisticeffect38syntax:short,crispandplainlongandramblingcasualnarration39languagecommonEnglishsmootheasycolloquialvernacular40

asuprememasterofproseasatiristin18thcentury

4.2.

JonathanSwift(1667-1745):

414.2.1

Lifeandliterarycareer:

42

Thefirststage:borninDublin,Irelandin1667aposthumouschild;educatedatTrinityCollege,Dublin(都柏林三一學院)43Thesecondstage:aprivatesecretaryofSirWilliamTempleinEnglandtragicromance:aloveaffairwithEstherJohnson44TwoSatiricalEssays:TheBattleofBooks

(1704,《書的戰(zhàn)爭》)ATaleoftheTub

(1704,《一個木桶的故事》)

45

Thethirdstage:agreatpolitician:theeditoroftheofficialToryorgan,TheExaminer(1704-1713)

46Thefourthstage:apopularclergymantheDeanofSt.Patrick'sCathedralinDublin(1713)anationalheroinIreland47

TwoPamphlets:

TheDrapier'sLetters

(1724,《布商的書信》)AModestProposal

(1729,《一個溫和的建議》)

48SatiricFiction:Gulliver'sTravels(1726)

494.2.2

Gulliver'sTravels

(《格列佛游記》)(1726)

50

TheFormoftheBook:travelliterature51

FourVoyages:Lilliput(小人國）Brobdingnag(大人國）Laputa

（飛行浮島）thelandoftheHouyhnhnms

（智馬國）52PartⅠ

ItsatirizesreligionandtheToriesandtheWhigsandthestrugglebetweenMonarchandParliamentinEngland.e.g.AVoyagetoLilliputChapterⅣ53PartⅡEuropeanareregardedasthemostperniciousrace.

54PartⅢ

It

mainly

criticizesthephilosophers.

55PartⅣInthepart,Gulliversatirizeshumannature.564.2.3ThemecriticismsandsatiresofallaspectsintheEnglishandEuropeanlifeexplorationintohumannaturee.g.tosatirizetheToriesandtheWhigsTocriticizethereligiousdisputes57anartisticmasterpiece：diction:“properwordinproperplaces”cleareconomicalconciseconcrete4.2.4Swift’sstyle58syntax:uncomplicatedStyle:

simple,directandpreciseand

satirical59aplaywright-turned-novelistfatheroftheEnglishnovelthefounderoftheEnglishrealisticnovel4.3HenryFielding(1707-1754)

亨利·菲爾丁604.3.1

LifeborntoanupperclassfamilyeducatedinEton(伊頓工學)andtheUniversityofLeydeninHolland（荷蘭萊頓大學）原著址61“acomic,Epic-Poeminprose”

散文滑稽史詩“tolaughmankindoutoftheirfavouritefolliesandvices”；“moreextendedandcomprehensive”range；

“PersonofinferiorRank”

4.3.2HisNewFormofNovel62

(《棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史》,1749)PlotConstruction(情節(jié)結構)Characterization（人物塑造）

MethodofRelatingaStory(敘述方法)

Theme(主題思想)TheatricalDevices（戲劇手法）LanguageStyle（語言風格）

4.3.3TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling原著網(wǎng)址電影網(wǎng)址634.3.3.1Methodofrelatingastoryhumorousandlightersatirethird-personnarrationrealisticnarrationdramaticdialoguelivelytheatricaldevices644.3.3.2Theme(主題)strugglebetweenthegoodandevilpictureofthepovertyoftheworkingmasses

criticism：humannaturetreachery

depravityoftherulingclasshypocriticalPuritanicalmorality

654.3.3.3TheatricalDevices

戲劇手法

suspense(懸念)coincidence(巧遇)unexpectedness(意外)comicmisunderstandings(誤解)conversationsoverheard(偷聽)664.3.3.4LanguageStyle

（語言風格）brilliant,wittyandhighlyartisticlanguagesentencesdistinguishedbylogicandrhythm675.Sentimentalism

感傷主義

bythemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcenturydiscontentwithsocialrealitydissatisfiedwithreasonappealedtosentiment68SentimentalismSentimentalism