BrainDysfunction1ppt課件Introduction2ppt課件StructuralCharacteristicsItislocatedinsidetheskull,protectsbrainfrominjury,confinesthebrainItiscomposedofneuronsandglialcellsThebloodsupplyisfromtwinvertebralarteriesandcarotisinternaThebrainbloodbarrierprotectsbrainfrominvasionoftoxicinsults3ppt課件ViewtheBrain4ppt課件CellularcompositionNeuronGlia5ppt課件StructureofNeuron6ppt課件CellularFunctionsNeuronisinchargeofdifferentfunctionsGlianourishesandprotectstheneurons7ppt課件CharacteristicsofMetabolism

ThemostactiveorganinenergymetabolismGlucoseisalmosttheonlysourceofbrainenergyThestorageofglucoseinthebrainisverylimited8ppt課件CharacteristicsofBrainDiseases

Region-dependentconsequencestoinjuriesLimitedcapacityforselfrepairAcutebraindamageswillcausedisturbanceinconsciousnesswhereaschroniclesionsusuallyleadtocognitivedysfunction9ppt課件CognitiveDisorders10ppt課件Cognition

Theabilityofthebraintoprocessandstoreinformationinordertosolveproblems.

Itinvolvesaseriesofvoluntarypsychologicalandsocialbehaviors,suchasstudy,memory,language,thinking,emotionetc.11ppt課件StructuralBasisofCognitionLateral(A)andmedialsurface(B)ofbrain12ppt課件CognitiveDisorder

Thedisturbanceofthementalprocessrelatedtolearningandmemory,reasoningandjudgment,accompaniedbyaphasia,apraxia,agonasiaordisturbanceinexecutivefunctioning13ppt課件

MajorManifestations

LearningandmemorydisordersAphasiaAgonosia

Apraxia

Dementia

14ppt課件Learningandmemorydeficits15ppt課件EtiologyandPathogenesis

ChronicbraindamageChronicsystemicdiseasesMentalandpsychicdisordersOtherfactors16ppt課件ChronicBrainDamageImbalanceofregulatingmoleculesinthebrainProteinaggregationinthebrainChroniccerebralischemicinjuryEnvironmentalandmetabolictoxinsCerebraltraumaBrainaging17ppt課件ImbalanceofRegulatingMoleculesDopamineNorepinephrine

Acetylcholine(Ach)GlutamateAberrantneuropeptideLackofneurotrophicfactors18ppt課件DopaminePathwayDopamine19ppt課件20ppt課件Dopamine21ppt課件ParkinsonDisease

(Cerebraltrauma?)22ppt課件Norepinephrine23ppt課件Glutamate24ppt課件ProteinAggregationinTheBrainGenemutationsAbnormalpost-translationalmodificationInfectionofslowvirusinthebrain25ppt課件Lewybodies(accumulationofsynuclein

inPD)Stainedbyhaematoxylin/eosin,andbysynuclein,ComposedofadensegranularcoreandahaloofradiatingfilamentsbyEM26ppt課件AlzheimerDisease27ppt課件Alzheimer’sDiseaseGradualmemorylossDeclineintheabilitytoperformroutinetasksDisorientationDifficultyinlearningLossoflanguageskillsImpairmentofjudgmentandplanningPersonalitychanges28ppt課件AccumulationoftauandA

inADSenileplaques:ANeurofibrillarytangles:P-tau

29ppt課件PHFandNFTbyEM30ppt課件NormaltauADp-tauSerThrppppppppADPATPppProteinkinases

?Proteinphosphatases

ImbalancedphosphorylationsystemleadstotauhyperphosphorylationSerThrPi31ppt課件

a

b

d

cMorriswatermazetestfromControlandmodelrats32ppt課件Madcowdisease(accumulationofprion)33ppt課件34ppt課件ChronicCerebralIschemicInjury

EnergyexhaustionandacidosisIntracellularcalciumoverloadFreeradicalinjuryExcitatorytoxicityInflammatoryreactionbycytokine35ppt課件Glutamate36ppt課件ChronicBrainDamageImbalanceofregulatingmoleculesinthebrainProteinaggregationinthebrainChroniccerebralischemicinjuryEnvironmentalandmetabolictoxinsCerebraltraumaBrainaging37ppt課件PathogenesisofCognitionDisorder38ppt課件PrinciplesforTreatmentofCognitiveDisorders

GeneralneuroprotectivetreatmentsMaintenanceofnormalneurotransmitterlevelSurgery39ppt課件ConsciousnessDisorder

40ppt課件Consciousness

isdenotedinbriefasthesenseofawarenessofselfandtheenvironment.Itconsistsoftwoaspects:stateofarousalandcontentofconsciousness.

41ppt課件Consciousnessdisorder

isdefinedasparenchymalmentaldisordersinwhichthereisimpairmentoftheabilitytomaintainawarenessofselfandenvironmentandtorespondtoenvironmentalstimuli.42ppt課件StructuralBasisforConsciousnessDysfunctionofbrainstemreticularformationDysfunctionofthalamusDysfunctionofcerebralcortex43ppt課件StructuralBasisforConsciousness44ppt課件MajorManifestationsDeliriumConfusionDrowsinessComa45ppt課件EtiologyandPathogenesisAcutebraininjury

eg.diffuseencephalicinfection,diffusebraintrauma,subarachnoidhemorrhage,etc.

Acutebrainintoxication

46ppt課件AcuteBrainIntoxicationEndogenoustoxinsinjury

AlterationinneurotransmitterAberrantenergymetabolismNervecellmembraneinjury

ExogenoustoxinsinjuryIntracranialextrusionanddestructivelesion47ppt課件GABAreleasedbyonecelleitherbindstoanothercellorbereabsorbedEnoughGABAbindingtotheothercellspreventsoverexcitationinthebrain.GABITRILincreasesthelevelofGABAbyblockingitsreabsorption

ThisblockinghelpsmakemoreGABAavailableforbindingtotheothercells48ppt課件EtiologyandPathogenesisofConsciousnessDisturbance49ppt課件SystemicDisturbanceRespiratorydisordersDisturbanceoffluid-electrolyteandacid-b