道路與橋梁工程

專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)道路與橋梁工程

專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？

二.為什么要學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)（why）？

三.怎么樣學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)（how）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？1、概念專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)：Englishforspecialpurpose,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)ESP。專(zhuān)業(yè)：針對(duì)相應(yīng)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，專(zhuān)業(yè)常識(shí)，所以應(yīng)以專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)理論為基礎(chǔ)。英語(yǔ)：國(guó)際語(yǔ)言，便于交流，包括學(xué)術(shù)交流、文獻(xiàn)參閱、文章撰寫(xiě)等。

第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？道橋?qū)I(yè)英語(yǔ)(一)ppt課件第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.1語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練，表達(dá)明確，不重潤(rùn)飾Theshoulderwidthofurbanandruralfreewaysisdependentuponthenumberoflanesofthefacility.Therightsideshoulderforbothurbanandruralfreewaysshallbe10feet.Thiswidthallowsforemergencyparkingofvehiclesontherighthandshoulder.Theleftsideshoulderisdependentonthenumberoffreewaylanes.

第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.1語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，概念清晰，關(guān)系分明Asphaltiscalledabituminousmaterialbecauseitcontainsbitumen,ahydrocarbonmaterialsolubleincarbondisulfate(一個(gè)易溶于二硫化碳烴類(lèi)物質(zhì)).Thetar(焦油）obtainedfromthedestructivedistillationofsoftcoalalsocontainsbitumen.Bothpetroleumasphaltandcoaltararereferredtoasbituminousmaterials.第一講一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.2語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)非人稱(chēng)的語(yǔ)氣和客觀的態(tài)度，常用It…結(jié)構(gòu)Itisimportant,though,todesignfreeways,urbanandrural,thatprovideaconsistentroadwayfordrivers.第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.2語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)多用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Afreewaymaybedefinedasadividedhighwayfacilityhavingtwoormorelanesfortheexclusiveuseoftrafficineachdirectionandfullcontrolofaccessandegress.高速公路可定義為每個(gè)方向具有兩條或兩條以上汽車(chē)專(zhuān)用車(chē)道，并且進(jìn)出口完全控制的被分隔的公路設(shè)施。第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.2語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)多用動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)Ingeneral,thedesignspeedoffreewaysshouldbesimilartothedesiredrunningspeedduringoffpeakhours,keepinginmindareasonableandprudentspeed.第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.2語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)祈使語(yǔ)句和公式化表達(dá)方式在理論分析和公式推導(dǎo)中常采用Assumethat…，Supposethat…，Let…等祈使語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)方式。So,nextletuslookathowtouseSYNCHROtodosignaltimingandsimulationwork.因此，接下來(lái)讓我們看看如何使用SYNCHRO來(lái)進(jìn)行信號(hào)配時(shí)和交通仿真工作。第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.2語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)條件句較多條件句多用于條件論述、理論分析和公式推導(dǎo)中，最常用的是If…語(yǔ)句。Thehugeinvestmentinthehighwayinfrastructurewillbeerasedquicklyifpropermaintenanceandrehabilitationproceduresareenforcedandfunded.若合理的養(yǎng)護(hù)和修護(hù)計(jì)劃得以資助并實(shí)施，就可迅速取消用于公路基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的巨大投資。第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.2語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)多用長(zhǎng)句Oneoftheeffectsofoxidationisthatthebinderlosesflexibilityandthereforebecomesharderandmoresusceptibletotheabrasiveeffectsoftraffic;anoxidizedbinderisthuslikelytowearawayinpreferencetoparticlesofcoarseaggregatesetinthesurface,allowingthechippingstoprotrudefromthesurfaceandimprovetheskiddingresistance.第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.2語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)省略句較多為了簡(jiǎn)潔，有時(shí)省略掉句子中的一些成分，如狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞which或that,從句中的助動(dòng)詞等。Ifnotwellmanaged,theprocedureforconstructionmaybemoreexpensive.

如果管理不善，這一施工方法還可能更費(fèi)錢(qián)。

常見(jiàn)的省略（狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的）句型有：Asalreadydiscussed前已討論Ifpossible如果可能的話(huà)Asdescribedabove如前所述Ifso倘若如此Asexplainedbefore前已解釋W(xué)hennecessary必要時(shí)AsindicatedinFig.1如圖1所示W(wǎng)henneeded需要時(shí)Aspreviouslymentioned前已述及Wherefeasible在實(shí)際可行的場(chǎng)合Ifnecessary如果必要的話(huà)Wherepossible在可能的情況下第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.2語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)名詞化特點(diǎn)主要是指在專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)中廣泛使用能表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的名詞，或是起名詞作用的非限定動(dòng)詞。Intheinitialstagesofroaddesignitisusualforseveralalternativerouteproposalstobeconsideredbutonlyoutlinedetailsofroadcenterlinesandestimatesofspeedsandflowsareavailable.在道路設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，通常有多種備選的路線(xiàn)方案需要考慮，但這時(shí)只有道路中線(xiàn)的概要數(shù)據(jù)和車(chē)速及流量的預(yù)測(cè)值。第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？2、特點(diǎn)2.3詞匯特點(diǎn)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯2.4結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)每一自然段落中，總有一個(gè)語(yǔ)句概括出該段落的重點(diǎn)。這個(gè)語(yǔ)句或在段落之首，或在段落之尾，較少出現(xiàn)在段落中間。若干個(gè)自然段會(huì)形成一個(gè)邏輯（或結(jié)構(gòu)）段落，用以從不同角度來(lái)解說(shuō)某一層面的核心內(nèi)容。全篇?jiǎng)t由若干個(gè)邏輯段落組成，從不同層面來(lái)闡述文章標(biāo)題所標(biāo)明的中心思想。實(shí)際上，專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)中通常采用的標(biāo)題、子標(biāo)題、編號(hào)等形式，就是對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯劃分第一講緒論一.專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)是什么（what）？

Highwayengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinebranchingfromcivilengineeringwhichinvolvesthedesign,constructionandmaintenanceofhighwaysystems.Highwayengineeringbecameprominenttowardsthelatterhalfofthe20thCenturyafterWorldWar2.Standardsofhighwayengineeringarecontinuouslybeingimproved.Highwayengineersmusttakeintoaccountfuturetrafficflows,designofhighwayintersections/interchanges,geometricalignmentanddesign,highwaypavementmaterialsanddesign,structuraldesignofpavementthickness,andpavementmaintenance.Mostdevelopednationshaveextensivehighwaynetworks.Highwayengineeringisan

Themostappropriatelocation,alignment,andshapeofahighwayareselectedduringthedesignstage.Highwaydesigninvolvestheconsiderationofthreemajorfactors(human,vehicular,androadway)andhowthesefactorsinteracttoprovideasafehighway.Humanfactorsincludereactiontimeforbrakingandsteering,visualacuityfortrafficsignsandsignals,andcar-followingbehavior.ThemostappropriatelocatVehicleconsiderationsincludevehiclesizeanddynamicsthatareessentialfordetermininglanewidthandmaximumslopes,andfortheselectionofdesignvehicles.Highwayengineersdesignroadgeometrytoensurestabilityofvehicleswhennegotiatingcurvesandgradesandtoprovideadequatesightdistancesforundertakingpassingmaneuversalongcurvesontwo-lane,two-wayroads.vehicledynamics–汽車(chē)的動(dòng)力lanewidth—車(chē)道寬度maximumslopes——最大縱坡度designvehicles——設(shè)計(jì)車(chē)輛designvehicles——視距two-lane,two-wayroads——雙向雙車(chē)道道路VehicleconsiderationsincludeGeometricDesignHighwayandtransportationengineersmustmeetmanysafety,service,andperformancestandardswhendesigninghighwaysforcertainsitetopography.

Highwaygeometricdesignprimarilyreferstothevisibleelementsofthehighways.

Highwayengineerswhodesignthegeometryofhighwaysmustalsoconsiderenvironmentalandsocialeffectsofthedesignonthesurroundinginfrastructure（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）.?GeometricDesignGeometricDesignTherearecertainconsiderationsthatmustbeproperlyaddressedinthedesignprocesstosuccessfullyfitahighwaytoasite’stopographyandmaintainitssafety.SomeofthesedesignconsiderationsincludeDesignspeed,Designtrafficvolume,Numberoflanes,LevelofService(LOS),SightDistance,super-elevation,andgrades,Crosssection,Lanewidth,Horizontalandverticalclearance.Theoperationalperformanceofahighwaycanbeseenthroughdrivers’reactionstothedesignconsiderationsandtheirinteraction.LevelofService(LOS)—服務(wù)水平SightDistance---視距super-elevation-----超高Grade---縱坡度crosssection---橫斷面lanewidth---車(chē)道寬GeometricDesignMaterialsThematerialsusedforroadwayconstructionhaveprogressedwithtime,datingbacktotheearlydaysoftheRomanEmpire.

Advancementsinmethodswithwhichthesematerialsarecharacterizedandappliedtopavementstructuraldesignhasaccompaniedthisadvancementinmaterials.Therearetwomajortypesofpavementsurfaces-Portlandcementconcrete(PCC)andhot-mixasphalt(HMA).Portlandcementconcrete(PCC)---普通硅酸鹽水泥hot-mixasphalt(HMA)---熱拌瀝青混合料MaterialsFlexiblePavementDesignAflexible,orasphalt,pavementtypicallyconsistsofthreeorfourlayers.

Forafourlayerflexiblepavement,thereisasurfacecourse,basecourse,andsubbasecourseconstructedoveracompacted,naturalsoilsubgrade.Whenbuildingathreelayerflexiblepavement,thesubbaselayerisnotusedandthebasecourseisplaceddirectlyonthenaturalsubgrade.FlexiblePavement—柔性路面surfacecourse---面層Layers---結(jié)構(gòu)層basecourse---基層subbasecourse---底基層soilsubgrade---土基FlexiblePavementDesignAflexiblepavement‘ssurfacelayerisconstructedofhot-mixasphalt(HMA).Unstabilizedaggregatesaretypicallyusedforthebasecourse;however,thebasecoursecouldalsobestabilizedwithasphalt,Portlandcement,oranotherstabilizingagent.Thesubbaseisgenerallyconstructedfromlocalaggregatematerial,whilethetopofthesubgradeisoftenstabilizedwithcementorlime.Aflexiblepavement‘ssurface

Withaflexiblepavement,thehigheststressoccursatthesurfaceandthestressdecreasesasthedepthofthepavementincreases.Therefore,thehighestqualitymaterialneedstobeusedforthesurface,whilelowerqualitymaterialscanbeusedasthedepthofthepavementincreases.Stress---應(yīng)力；Withaflexiblepavement,thTheterm"flexible"isusedbecauseoftheasphaltsabilitytobendanddeformslightly,thenreturntoitsoriginalpositionaseachtrafficloadisappliedandremoved.

Itispossibleforthesesmalldeformationstobecomepermanent,whichcanleadtoruttinginthewheelpathoveranextendedtime.Theservicelifeofaflexiblepavementistypicallydesignedintherangeof15to20years.

trafficload—車(chē)輛荷載Rutting—車(chē)轍servicelife—使用壽命Theterm"flexible"isusedbeRigidPavement

Rigidpavementsaregenerallyusedinconstructingairportsandmajorhighways,suchasthoseintheinterstatehighwaysystem.Likeflexiblepavements,rigidhighwaypavementsaredesignedasall-weather,long-lastingstructurestoservemoderndayhigh-speedtraffic.

Rigid