WhereDoWeGofromHere?ByMartinLutherKingJr.WhereDoWeGofromHere?Divisionofthespeech:PartI(Para.1-2)PartII(Para.3-5)PartIII(Para.6-9)PartIV(Para.10-15)PartV(Para.16-20)PartVI(Para.21-25)PartVII(Para.26-28)DetailedstudyofthetextPara.11.(1)Howdoesthespeakerbeginshisspeech?InthefirstsentenceofPara.1,thespeakerraisesthequestionof“Wherewearenow”.Helinksthisupwiththethemeofthespeech—“Wheredowegofromhere?”Itishighlylogical.Inordertoknowwherewegofromhere,wemustrecognizewherewearenow.Withoutknowingourpresentsituation,howcanwedesignapolicyforthefuture?(2)Torecognize:toacknowledgetheexistenceof.PartI(Para1-2)

WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partI)2.WhentheConstitution…ofaperson.Section2ArticleIoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesstipulates“representativesanddirectTaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralStateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisUnion,accordingtotheirrespectiveNumbers,whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingtothewholeNumberoffreePersons,includingthoseboundtoServiceforaTermofYears,andexcludingIndiansnottaxed,threefifthsofallotherPersons.”This3/5ofallotherPersonsmeantNegroslaves.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partI)3.Todayanother…fiftypercentofaperson.(1)TheideaiswhentheConstitutionwaswritten,theNegrowasconsideredasonly60%ofaperson;butnowheisevenless,only50%ofaperson.Inotherwords,hisstatushasdeteriorated.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partI)(2)WhatmakesDr.Kingsayso?Dr.Kinggivesanumberofexamples:“…h(huán)alfofallNegroesliveinsubstandardhousing.”“…Negroeshavehalftheincomeofwhites.”“Therearetwiceasmanyunemployed.”“TherateofinfantmortalityamongNegroesisdoublethatofwhites…”.(3)substandard:belowstandard,specificallybelowastandardestablishedasbylaw.(partI)4….therearetwiceasmanyNegroes…inthepopulation.

ConsideringthepercentageofNegroesinthetotalpopulation,thedeathrateofNegrosoldiersinVietnamdoubledthatofwhitesoldiers.Forexample,accordingtothe1990census,theBlacksmadeup12.1percentofthepopulation.SoifthedeathtollinVietnamwas10,000,only1,210shouldbeblacksoldiers.Butthefigurewas2,420,whichwastwiceinproportiontotheirsizeinthepopulation.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partI)Para.25.Negroeslagonetothreeyearsbehindwhites…

Thestatementmeans,intermsoflearning,thekindofknowledgewhichawhitekidwouldmasterinGrade3wouldbegraspedbyablackkidsometimebetweenGrade4andGrade6.6.One-twentieth…attendcollege.

Thenumberofwhitecollegestudentsistwentytimesthatofblackstudentsorforeveryblackstudentincollegetherearetwentywhites.7.Menialjobs:jobsrelatingtounskilled,low-payjobs,asindomesticworkorlaborer'swork.(partII)Para.38.WhatroledoesPara.3play?ItisatransitionalPara.The1stsentence“Thisiswhereweare”sumsupthefirsttwoparagraphs,linkingthisparagraphwiththepreviousones.Thesecondsentence,onthisbasis,raisesthequestion“Wheredowegofromhere?”Thethirdsentence,startingwith“first”,beginstoanswerthequestion.ThePara.iswellorganizedandideasdeveloplogically.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)9….wemustmassively…worth.(1)massive:substantial;impressive;extensive(2)toassert:tostateclearly.(3)Wemuststateclearlyandinanimpressivewaythatweshouldbetreatedwithrespectandourvalueshouldberecognized.(partII)10….anddevelop…ofvalues.(1)to

develop:tomakestrongerormoreeffective;tobuildup(2)unassailable:thatcannotbesuccessfullydeniedorcontested(3)majestic:verygrandordignified(4)Whydoesthespeakeruse“unassailable”and“majestic”tomodify“senseofvalues”?Thetwoadj.sstressoneimportantpoint,thatis,theNegroesshouldcultivateaconfidencethattheypossesssomevaluablequalitieswhichnoonecandenyandthustheyshouldbegivenduerespect.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)11.Thejobofarousing…noteasy.(1)manhood:thestateofbeinghuman(2)nobody:apersonofnoimportance(3)Itisnoeasyjobtoeducateapeoplewhohavebeentoldovercenturiesthattheywereinferiorandofnoimportancetoseethattheyarehumans,thesameasanyotherpeople.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)Para412.Evensemantics…disregarding.連語義學(xué)都合謀把一切凡有“黑”字的東西說成是丑的、卑劣的。13.Roget’sThesauruswasfirstcompiledbyDr.PeterMarkRogetandpublishedin1852.Successiveimprovementsandenlargementswereconductedbytheauthor,hissonandgrandson.Asaresultofitsscholarshipanderudition,theThesaurushasbeenappreciatedbythepublic.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)14.blot:amoraldefectinnanotherwisegoodcharacter;adisgracefulactorqualitysoot:ablacksubstanceconsideringchieflyofcarbonparticlesformedbytheincompletecombustionofburningmatter.grim:sinisterfoul:offensivetothesenses;revolting;disgusting.15.Awhitelieisbetterthanablacklie.(1)DoesEnglishhavesuchphrasesas“whitelie”and“blacklie”?Whitelieisasetphrase,meaningalieconcerningatrivialmatter,oftentoldtosparesomeone’sfeelings.BlacklieiscoinedbythespeakerplayingontheearliermentioneddefinitionofblackbyRoget’sThesaurus.(2)Alieconcerningatrivialmatterusedforgoodintentioniscertainlybetterthanasinisterlie.

一個無關(guān)緊要的謊言總要比一個惡意的謊言好。(3)Thespeakerskillfullyturnsasetphrase(whitelie)intoacomparisonofcolortoillustratehisargumentthattheEnglishlanguageisnotcolorblind.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)16.Themostdegenerate…“blacksheep”.(1)Blacksheep:afamilymembershunnedbecauseofdisreputablebehavior.

Degenerate:havingsunkbelowanormalcondition,character,etc.;morallycorrupt(2)Thepersoninafamilyofwhomeveryoneelseisashamediscalleda“blacksheep”(3)家中最為其他成員所不齒的人是“黑羊”，即敗家子。WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)Para5Mainidea:theAfrican-Americanmust“riseupwithanaffirmationofhisownOlympianmanhood”.Thatistosay,he/shemustridhimself/herselfofanyinferioritycomplex.ThisisconsideredbyDr.Kingasthefirsttaskinthestruggleforgenuinefreedom.17.Thetendencytoignore…themorning’snewspaper.(1)personhood:thequalityorconditionofbeinganindividualperson.(2)Whatisthetendencymentionedhere?Thetendencyistow-fold:thefirstisnotacknowledgingthattheNegroeshavemadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates:intheWarofIndependence,intheCivilWar,inWWII,inthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,ineducation,artsandliteratureandarchitecture.ThesecondistospreadandsustainthefallacythattheNegroes,asanethnicgroup,areinferiortotheWhites.(3)Whatismeantby“tostriphimofhispersonhood”?Itmeanstocultivateinhimasenseofinferiority.ItechoesthestatementsinPara.1:theNegroisonly60%ofaperson,accordingtotheConstitutionand50%ofapersonnowadays.(4)Isthetendencyanoldoneoranewone?Itisbotholdandnew.Intheearliesthistorybooksyoufindthistendency.Butyoucanalsodetectsuchatendencytodayinthenewspaperyoureadeveryday.18.Toupset…Olympianmanhood.(1)Toupset:tooverthrowordefeat,esp.,unexpectedly.Homicide:anykillingofonehumanbeingbyanther.Pleasenotethewordformation:“homo”meaningaman;“cide”comingfrom“caedere”,meaning“tocutdown”,kill,e.g.genocide,suicide,pesticide.Olympian:likeanOlympiangod;majestic(2)Whydoesthespeakercomparethetendencyto“culturalhomicide”?Culturalhomicideheremeansthekillingofthemindsofanethnicgroupbytraining,cultivation.IftheNegrowassubjecttothefallacy,fromchildhoodtoadulthood,thathe/shewasborninferior,itwouldamounttoconditioninghim/hertoasenseofinferiority.Thatiswhytheauthorconsidersthisasculturalhomicide.(3)Paraphrasethissentence:inordertodefeatthepracticeofconditioningtheNegro’smindtoasenseofinferiority,theNegromuststanduprightanddeclaretotheworldthatheisaMan,inthefullsenseoftheword,為了挫敗這種蓄意培植的低人一等的心態(tài)，黑人必須直起腰來宣布自己高貴的人格。WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)19.Anymovement…waitingtobeburied.Whydoesthespeakersayso?IftheNegrothinksthathe/sheisinferiortothewhite,thenallthediscriminationwouldbecomejustifiable.Howcanhe/shefightforfreedomandequality?OnlywhentheNegroisconvincedthathe/sheisequaltoallothersintheworldcanhe/shejointhestruggleforfreedomandequality.Therefore,withouttheliberationofthemind,therecanbenovictoryfortheNegro’sstruggle.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)20.Aslongas…canneverbefree.Whatistherhetoricaldeviceusedhere?Antithesis(對偶)isusedhere:mindvs.body,enslavevs.free21.Psychologicalfreedom…physicalslavery.(antithesis)(1)Howcouldyouparaphrasethisstatement?Ifyoubreakthementalshacklesimposedonyoubywhitesupremacists,ifyoureallyrespectyourself,thinkingthatyouareaMan,equaltoanyoneelse,youwillbeabletotakepartinthestruggleagainstracialdiscrimination.(2)thelongnightofphysicalslaveryThisisametaphor,comparingthelonghistoryofslaverytoalongnight.Theword“night”isusedheretoindicateaperiodofdarknessorgloom,aperiodofmoraldegeneration.AChinesetranslationmightbe:肉體奴役的漫漫黑夜WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)22.NoLincolnianemancipationproclamation…offreedom.(1)Liberationofmindcannotbeachievedbypurelegalmeasures.(2)TheEmancipationProclamation(1863)wasLincoln’spresidentialordertofreeNegroslavesinthestatesandtheCivilRightsActsof1964and1965underPresidentLyndonJohnsonareconsideredtobetwoveryimportantactsintheNegrostruggleforfreedom.Butthesefederallawscannotsolvethepsychologicalproblem,thatis,thesenseofinferiority.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)23.TheNegro…h(huán)isownemancipationproclamation.(1)Howcouldyouparaphrasethisstatement?TheliberationofmindcanonlybeachievedbytheNegrohimself/herself.Onlywhenhe/sheisfullyconvincedthathe/sheisaMan/Womanandisnotinferiortoanyoneelse,canhe/shethrowoffthemanaclesofself-abnegationandbecomefree.(2)Theideaisexpressedwithametaphor,makingtheideamorevivid.Themetaphoris“signswiththepenandinkofassertivemanhoodhisownemancipationproclamation”.TheideaisthesameasthelinesintheInternational:沒有神仙和皇帝，全靠自己解放自己。WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)24.And,withaspirit…self-abnegation.(1)tostrain:toexert,useortaxtotheutmostManacle:(usu.inplural)anyrestraint;fetterorshackleforthehand.Self-abnegation:lackofconsiderationforoneselforone’sowninterest;self-denial自我克制(2)黑人必須以一種竭盡全力自尊自重的精神，大膽拋棄自我克制的枷鎖。(partII)25.Iamsomebody….tomakemeaslave.(1)somebody:apersonofimportance

sinful:wicked,immoral.(2)Whatshouldn’ttheNegrobeashamedofandwhatshouldhebeashamedof,accordingtotheauthor?TheNegroshouldn’tbeashamedofthefactthathisancestorswereslaves.Inotherwords,beingaslaveisnothingtobeashamedof.Rather,thosewhowillfullyenslavedtheblackpeoplewereimmoralandtheyshouldfeelashamedforthem.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partII)26….thisself-affirmation…crimesagainstthem.

黑人需要這種自我肯定，而白人反對黑人的罪行使這種自我肯定更顯必要。(partIII)(Para.6-9)MainideaInthispart,theauthorputsforwardthesecondtask:howtoorganizethestrengthoftheNegrointermsofeconomicandpoliticalpower.Thentheauthorgoesontodefinepowerandpointsouttheconsequenceofthemisinterpretationofpower.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIII)Para.628.Howistheparagraphorganized?Thefirstsentenceisthetransitionalsentence.ThentheauthorpointsoutthattheNegroisinneedofpowerwhichisfollowedbyillustrations.Afterthat,theauthorgiveshisdefinitionofpower,thatis,theabilitytoachievepurpose.HeendstheparagraphwithaquotationfromWalterReutherwhichisusedtoreinforcehisdefinition.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIII)29.Strippedoftheright…thiswhitepowerstructure.

被剝奪了決定自己生活和命運(yùn)的權(quán)利，他只能聽任這個白人權(quán)利結(jié)構(gòu)所作出的決定擺布。這些決定是專斷的，有時甚至是反復(fù)無常的。30.Whydoesthespeakerviewthetransformationoftheghettoasaproblemofpower?Sincetheghettowascreatedbythosewhohadpowertoconfinethosewhohadnopowerandtoperpetuatetheirpowerlessness,thesepeoplewoulddotheirbesttomaintaintheghetto.Thosewhohadnopowerintheghetto,thatis,theNegro,wantedtochangethesituation.Therefore,whethertheghettocanbetransformedornotdependsonwhoprevailsoverwhom,thatis,whethertheforcesforchangecanprevailovertheforcesforstatusquoornot.

(partIII)31.Whatisthespeaker’sdefinitionof“power”?Hedefinespoweras“abilitytoachievepurpose”and“strengthrequiredtobringaboutsocial,politicalandeconomicchange”.32.WhatisthemeaningoftheexamplegivenbyWalterReuther?Theexampleisintendedtoshowthatwhenatradeunionputsforwardademand,amostpowerfulcorporationhastoacceptithoweverunwillingly,thatispower.Theexamplegoestoillustratethespeaker’sdefinition.(partIII)Para.733.Nowalotofus…problemswithpower.Whatistheconnectionbetween“beingpreachers”and“havingproblemswithpower”?PreachersaresupposedtospreadGod’steaching,thatis,peaceonearthandlove.Thecommonconceptofpowerisforce,physicalforce.Sothesetwothingshavebeencontrastedaspolaropposites.Thatiswhypreachershaveproblemswithpower.(partIII)34.Doesthespeakerthinkthisshouldbethecase?No,hethinksthattheconceptsofloveandpowershouldnotbeincompatible.35.…loveisidentified…denialoflove1)Resignation:givingup2)antithesis:lovearesignationofpowerpoweradenialofloveTheauthorworksonthetwowords“l(fā)ove”and“power”inordertobringoutthecontrast.36.Offbase:(slang)takingaposition,attitudeetc.thatisunsoundorinerror.37.Whydo,peopleconsiderloveandpowerincompatible?Thisisamisinterpretationcausedbysomephilosophersoverhistory.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIII)Para.838.Whatisneeded…andanemic.Rhetoricaldevice:parallelstructure(sentencesinthesamepattern),withattentiontorhythm(astrongregularrepeatedpatternofsoundsormovements)powerwithoutloveis′recklessanda′busiveLovewithoutpoweris′sentimentalanda′nemic

2)transaltion:必須懂得沒有愛的權(quán)力是毫無節(jié)制、易被濫用的，而沒有權(quán)力的愛則是多愁善感、蒼白無力的。39.Poweratitsbest…againstlove.1)Atitsbest:inone’sbestform.2)Rhetoricaldevice:aparallelstructureagainPoweratitsbestloveimplementingdemandsofjusticeJusticeatitsbestpowercorrectingagainstloveExplanation:Powerinitsbestformoffunctionisthecarryingoutofthedemandsofjusticewithloveandjusticeinitsbestformoffunctionistheoverwhelmingofeverythingstandinginthewayoflovewithpower.40.WhatistheconsequenceofmisinterpretingtherelationbetweenloveandpowerintheUnitedStates?IthasledNegroAmericanstothinkthattheyshouldachievetheirgoalthroughpowerwithoutlove.(partIII)Para.941.Whoaretheextremistsreferredtobythespeaker?TheymaybethoseledbyMalcolmXormembersoftheBlackPanthers.42.Whatdotheextremistsadvocate?Theyadvocatetheuseofpower,thatisarmedrevolt,againstthewhitepowerstructure.Suchuseofviolence,accordingtothespeaker,isdestructiveandimmoral.TheNegroAmericansrightlydetestandhatetheabuseofpoweroftheWhitesupremacistsbutnowtheextremistsareadvocatingtheuseofthesamekindofdestructivepower.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIII)43.Itispreciselythiscollision…ofourtimes.1)正是這種邪惡的權(quán)力與毫無權(quán)力的道義的沖突構(gòu)成了我們時代的主要危機(jī)。Note:thespeakerusedonlytwowords:moralandpowerandplayedontheirderivatives.2)Rhetoricaldevice:chiasmus(交錯配列法,inversionofthesecondoftwoparallelphrases)ImmoralpowerpowerlessmoralityWhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIV)(Para.10-15)Mainidea:ThispartdealswitheconomicsecurityfortheNegroAmericans.Thespeakeradvocatesguaranteedannualincomewhichhethinksispossibleandachievable.Healsodealswithadvantagesofthissecurity.(partIV)Para.1044.Now,earlyinthiscentury…andresponsibility.Togreet:tomeet,receive(utterance)inaspecificway

在本世紀(jì)之初，這種建議會受到嘲笑和譴責(zé)，認(rèn)為它對主動性和責(zé)任感起負(fù)面作用。45.Atthattime…abilityandtalents.measure:astandardfordeterminingextent,dimensions,etc.Explannation:Atthattime,thewaytoevaluatehowcapableandresourcefulapersonwaswastoseehowmuchmoneyhehadmade(orhowwealthyhewas).46.And,inthethinkingofthatday…moralfiber.Theideaisexpressedinabalanced,succinctway.theabsenceofvs.awantof

wordlygoodsvs.(qualities)2)Explanation:And,thecommonviewatthattimewasapersonwaspoorbecausehewaslazyandnothard-workingandlackedasenseofrightorwrong.Para.1047.We’vecomealongway…economicsystem.在對人的動機(jī)的理解，和對我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的無序運(yùn)作的了解上，我們已經(jīng)取得了很大的進(jìn)展。46.Nowwerealize…againsttheirwill.Whatarethecausesofunemployment,accordingtothespeaker?Thecausesare:themarketoperationisoutoforderanddiscriminationiswidespread.Translation:

我們現(xiàn)在懂得，我們經(jīng)濟(jì)的市場運(yùn)作混亂、歧視盛行，迫使人們無事可做并違背他們的意愿，使他們長期失業(yè)或不斷失業(yè)。WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIV)47.Whatwastheprevalentviewofthepoorintheearly20thcentury?Whatistheviewinthe1960s?Theprevalentviewwasthepoorpeoplewerelazyanddevoidofmoralstrength,thatistosay,theywereinferiorandincompetent.Thespeakerhopesthiskindofviewhasdiminished,hasbecomelessandlesspopular,sothatpeoplehavebecomemoresympathetictothepoor.Heusesthephrase“Ihope”becauseheisnotsosurebuthewishesthiswouldbethecase.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIV)Para.1148.Howcanguaranteedannualincomebeachieved?Itcanbeachievedbycreatingfullemploymentorcreatingincomesothateveryonewillbecomeaconsumer.49.Newformsofwork…arenotavailable.有必要創(chuàng)造對社會有好處的新的工作形式，提供給那些找不到傳統(tǒng)工作的人。Para.1250.Thefactis…tosecurealiving.事實上，人們從事改善人類處境的工作，從事傳播知識、增強(qiáng)實力、豐富文學(xué)財富以及升華思想的工作并不是為了謀生。WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIV)51.Itisnotthework…necessity.Explanation:Thiskindofwork(workmentionedintheprevioussentence)cannotbedonebyslaveswhoworkbecausetheworkhastobedone,becausetheyareforcedtoworkbyslave-driversorbecausetheyneedtoworkinordertobefedandclothed.52.Itistheworkofmen…wantisabolished.這是這樣一類人的工作（這類工作是由自由人來完成的），他們通過某種方式找到了一種工作模式（人們?yōu)樽约赫业侥撤N適合的工作形式/方式），這種模式出于自身需要（工作本身就意味著安全保障并…），帶來安全保障并創(chuàng)造了一種廢除了匱乏的社會形態(tài)。WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIV)53.Thepoortransformedintopurchasers...decay.Whenthepoorhavemoneytobuyworldlygoods,theythemselveswillbeabletodoalottochangethedilapidatedstateoftheirhousing.54.Negroes…intheirstruggle.Whatisthemeaningofthesentence?Negroesareinatwo-folddisadvantage,thatis,theyarepoorandblack,butwhentheyhavemoneyintheirhands,theywillhaveanadditionalweapontofightmoreeffectivelyagainstdiscrimination.(partIV)Para.1455…whentheunjust…iseliminated.1)Explanation:whentheunfairpracticeofjudginghumanvaluebytheamountofmoneyapersonhasisdoneaway.2)Whatisthemetaphorusedinthestatement?Themetaphorisaboutmeasurementso“measurement”and“scale”areemployedhere,asifyoucouldweighvalueonascale,andnotanordinaryscalebutascaleofdollars.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partIV)56.Whataretheadvantagesofhavingeconomicsecurity?Theadvantagesare:1)theNegroeswillhaveanadditionalweapontofightdiscrimination;2)theywillbeabletosolvemanyproblemsineducationandhousingbythemselves;3)thedignityoftheindividualwillgrowand4)familyconflictswilldiminish.Para.1557…ifournationcanspend...hereonearth.1)HowdoesthespeakerdescribetheVietnamwar?Heconsidersthewarasunjustandevil.Thisshowshisstand.Originally,Kingdidn’tgetinvolvedintheanti-warmovement.Hewantedtoconcentrateonthecivil-rightsmovement.Butlaterhecametorealizehecouldnotstayalooftosuchanimportantissue.Hencethisstatement.2)ToputamanonthemoonreferstothelandingonthemoonwhichwasrealizedinJuly,1969.AstronautsNeilArmstrongandAldrinsteppedontothesurfaceofthemoonandplantedanAmericanflagthere.AllthiscameafterKing’sspeechandevenafterhisdeath.ButtheplanhadbeengoingonforsometimewhenKingmentionedit.3)toput…ontheirownfeet:toputtheminahealthycondition;tomakethembecomefinanciallyindependent.4)…itcanspendbillions…onearth…它能夠花費幾十億美元幫助上帝的孩子自立于這個世界。WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partV)(Para.16-20)Mainidea:

Inthispart,Kingreaffirmshiscommitmenttononviolence.Heexplainswhyhethinksviolenceisnosolutiontoracialdiscrimination.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partV)Para1658.Thefutilityofviolence…alltherecentNegroriots.

Explanation:Theriotswhichtookplacein175citiesin1965,1966and1967tragicallyprovedthatyoucouldnotgetequaltreatmentandputanendtoracialdiscriminationbyviolence.Violencewouldonlybreedgreaterviolence.59.Thereiscertainlysthpainfullysad…akindofsuicidallonging.1)WhatisthethingthatDr.Kingsawintheriotsthatmadehimfeelsad?ThethingthatDr.KingsawintheriotsthatsaddenedhimwastheangryBlackswerefightinginadesperatemood.Theysawnofuture.Theysawnosolution.Riotingwasanexpressionoftheirpent-upanger.Itwasanactofself-destruction.Butthiswaswhattheywantedtodoandseemedbealltheycoulddo.SuchpsychologyisagainshowninGazaandotherplaceswhenyoungPalestiniansengagedinsuicidalbombing.Againthisisanactofdeepfrustrationanddesperation.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partV)2)HowdoesDr.Kingdescribethefightingintheriots?Heisverycarefulinthechoiceofwordsinthedescription.Thepeopletakingpartintheriotswerescreamingyoungstersandangryadults.Teenagersweremoreexpressiveandtheywerescreamingwhilefighting.Theadultsweremoremature,buttheirangerwasactuallystrongeranddeeper.Theirfighting,however,washopelessandaimless.Hopelessnessreferredtotheresult,thatis,violencewouldnotandcouldnotsolveanyproblem.Aimlessnessreferredtothefactthattheriotswerenotplanned;theywerespontaneous;theparticipantsdidnothaveanycleargoal.Violencewasjustanexpressionofdesperation.Theotherpartyintheriotswastheestablishment,the“impossibleodds”.Theimplicationwasthewhitepowerstructurewasmuchmorepowerfulandmuchstronger.TherewasnowaythattheriotingBlackscouldtriumphoversuchpowerstructure.“adesirefor..suicidallonging”bringoutthedesperatemoodoftheparticipants.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partV)Para17.60.Occasionally…effectivecivilrightsaction.1)tocontend:toargue;tostriveindebateorcontroversy.2)butthose…endupwithstumblingwords…Thosepeoplecannotclearlyshowwhattheyhavegainedasaresultoftheriots.61.Atbest…oftheghettos.1)atbest:atmost.2)water-sprikler噴水設(shè)備3)What,accordingtoDr.King,havetheriotsproduced?TheBlacksmayhavegotalittlemoremoneyforpovertyreliefandminorimprovementsintheghettos.4)…afewwater-sprinklers…oftheghettos.

在街上增加一點噴水設(shè)施，使得貧民窟的孩子可以在天熱時喝上幾口涼水，或澆一下身子，涼快一下。62.Itissth.likebehindbars.1)WhatdoesDr.Kingcompareantipovertymoneyandthewater-sprinklersto?Hecomparesthemtolockingpeopleupinprisonwhileimprovingfoodintheprison.Inotherwords,thesemeasuresareminorchangeswhilethebasicsituationremainsunchanged;thesemeasuresonlydealwiththesurfaceoftheissue,notthefundamentalcauseofit.2)Thecomparisonisasimile.3)whilethepeople…behindbars

toincarcerate:toimprison/jail/shutupWhilethepeoplearestillshutupinprison.63.Nowherehavetheriots…protestdemonstrations.1)Suchas:“such”modifiesimprovementand“as”introducesanattributiveclause,atthesametime“as”istheobjectto“have(won)”intheattributiveclause.E.g.Wehadhopedtogiveyouachancesuchas(that)nobodyelseeverhad.2)Explanation:Theriots,wherevertheyhavetakenplace,havenotwonthekindofimprovementthatorganizednon-violentstruggleshavewon.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partV)64.Whatarethetwopreconditionsforasuccessfulinternalrevolution,accordingtoDr.King?Thetwopreconditionsare:1)thearmedforcesarenolongerloyaltothegovernment;2)therevolutionmusthavethesupportofthevastmajorityofthepeople.Twoexamplescanbegiven.OneisthedownfalloftheSuhartogovernmentinIndonesia.TheotheristheSandinistasinNicaragua.ThedownfallofKuomingtanginourcountryisalsoacaseinpoint.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partV)65.DoesDr.KingthinkaminorityBlackrevolutioncansucceedintheUnitedStates?No,hethinksthatinaviolentracialsituation,thewhitepowerstructurecanrelyonthelocalpolice,thestatetroopers,theNationalGuardandthearmy,allofwhicharemostlywhite.AndsucharevolutionwillhavenosupportfromthewhitemajorityandverylittleevenfromthemajorityoftheNegropopulation.WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partV)66.Furthermore,fewifany…thenonresistantmajority.除非主張暴力的少數(shù)人得到大多數(shù)人的同情與支持，不和他們對抗，否則，暴力革命很少或者幾乎說沒有成功的。

Para.1867.Thisisnotime…foraction.現(xiàn)在不是進(jìn)行浪漫幻想和對自由進(jìn)行空洞的哲學(xué)辯論的時候。現(xiàn)在是行動的時候。WhereDoWeGofromHere?(partV)68.Whatisneeded…bythenonviolentmovement.WhatdoesDr.Kingthinkisneedednow?Hethinksthatthereshouldbeastrategyforchangeandaplantoma