IV二CMOZIV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1keywordsIstitutoAffariInternazionaliComprehensiveSecurityandNewChallenges:StrengtheningtheOSCEbyMonikaWohlfeldandFredTanner■■■New-MedresearchnetworkABSTRACTTheOrganizationforSecurityCooperationinEurope'scomprehensivesecurityapproach,developedinthe1970s,continuestoguideitsworkonnewtransnationalandmultidimensionalchallenges.RelationswithotherinternationalorganisationsandwithneighbouringregionsareessentialtounderstandhowtheOSCEhasfacedthesenewchallenges.DifferentcasestudiesillustrateOSCEefforts,notablychallengesemanatingfromtheabusesofdigitaltechnology;thefightagainsthatecrimeonsocialmedia;thenexusbetweenclimatechange,developmentandsecurity;andtheneedtoaddressmigrationandhumantraffickingaswellastheglobaleffectsofthecovid-19pandemic.WhiletheemergenceofnewsecuritychallengesinanincreasinglyunstableinternationalenvironmentpresentsnewriskstotheOSCE,findingawayforwardmayhelpovercomethepersistentpoliticaldivisionsamongtheOSCE'sparticipatingStates.OSCE|Security\Cyber-security\Socialmedia\Climatechange|Migration\CoronavirusIVIV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1intheirreportsof2013and2015.31Withthehelpofanopen-endedinformalworkinggroup,theOSCElaunchedacyberconfidence-buildingmeasuresprocessfortransparencybuildingandriskreduction.OSCEparticipatingStatesadopted16practicalcyber/ICTconfidence-buildingmeasures.32Inspirationandlessonslearnedcouldalsobedrawnfromotherregionalorganisations,suchastheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)RegionalForumortheShanghaiCooperationCouncil,whichhaddevelopedtheirowncodesofconductincybersecurity.CybersecurityemergedonthepolicyagendasofcapitalsmorethanadecadeagobutsincethecontroversyaroundRussia'sallegedinterferenceinthe2016electionsintheUS,thenexusbetweenelectionintegrityandcybersecurityhasbecomeamajorpolicyandresearchissue.CybersecurityisasharedconcernforallparticipatingStatesandaccordinglytheOSCEMinisterialCouncildecisionshavelaidthenormativegroundworkforcybersecurityactivitiesandempoweredtheOSCEtodevelopcooperativeandinclusiveresponsestocyberthreats.33TheOSCEhasbeenassistingstatesintheiroperationalisationthroughcapacity-buildingworkshops,tabletopexercisesandtheuseoftheOSCEcommunicationnetwork.Cyber-crimeandcybersecurityaretodayoneofthetopkeyactivitiesinalmostallOSCEfieldmissions.CyberissuesandnewtechnologiesarealsoofinteresttoallpartnerStatesandhavebeendiscussedinavarietyofformats,rangingfromannualAsianandMediterraneanpartnersconferencesandtherespectivePartnersforCo-operationGroupmeetings,toregularinterregionaleventsinspiredandfundedbySouthKorea.Severalrecentextra-budgetaryprojectswithMediterraneanpartnersfocusoncyber-crime,theroleofICT,cyberoperationsandcyberconfidence-buildingmeasures.Apartfromseminarsandconferences,theseactivitiesalsotaketheformoftrainingsessions.Nevertheless,thescopeforcapacitybuildingforMediterraneanpartnersinthisareaisextensive.4.2FightagainsthatecrimeonsocialmediaIntherecentpast,electionintegrityanddemocraticgovernanceintheOSCEareahavecomeunderpressurefrompopulismandfar-rightmovements.TheabuseofUNGeneralAssembly,DevelopmentsintheFieldofInformationandTelecommumcationsintheContextofInternationalSecurity(A/RES/70/237),23December2015,https://undocs.Org/a/res/70/237.P~Agreedmeasuresincludedvoluntaryinformationsharingonnationalcyberpostures,usingtheOSCEasaplatformfordialogue,meetingsofnationalcontactsandsupportfornationalcapacitybuildingtoprotectcriticalinfrastructures.OSCEPermanentCouncilDecisionsNo.1039of26April2012(PC.DEC/1039),.org/node/90169;No.1106of3December2013(PC.DEC/1106),;andNo.1202of10March2016(PC.DEC/1202),.OSCEMinisterialCouncil,DecisionNo.5/17-EnhacingOSCEEffortstoReducetheRiskofConflictStemmingfromtheUseofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(MC.DEC/5/17),8December2017,https://.digitalcommunicationtechnologycanfacilitatetraffickinginhumanbeingsandencourageterrorism,spreaddisinformationandhatredandinciteviolenceagainstwomen.Thecomplexrelationshipbetweenthepotentialviolenteffectsofdigitalcommunicationtechnologies,humanrights,electionintegrityanddemocracywillcontinuetorepresentacomprehensivesecuritychallengeinthemid-tolong-termfuture.34IV二IV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1TheCopenhagenDocument(1990)providedtheCSCE/OSCEwithextensiveresponsibilitiesregardingthepursuanceofelectionintegrityintheOSCEregion.Astohatespeech,hatecrimeandhostilecampaigns,thedocumentrequiresthatpoliticalpartiesandcandidatesbegrantedfreedomfrom"neither[...]violencenorintimidation”,andthatvotecastingbe"freeoffearofretributiorT.35TheOSCE'sOfficeforDemocraticInstitutionsandHumanRights(ODIHR)servesasthecollectionpointforinformationandstatisticsonhatecrimesandotherrelevantinformationprovidedbyparticipatingStates,aswellasonhateincidentsprovidedbyintergovernmentalagenciesandcivilsociety.Throughitsonlinereportingandhatecrimewebsite,ODIHRmakesthedataavailabletothebroaderpublic.36PartnerStateshavenotparticipatedinthisendeavoursofar.4.3Thenexusbetweenclimatechange,developmentandsecurityTheclimatechangeagendaisdrivenbytheUnitedNations,asconvenerforglobalmeetingsorasvenuefordialogue,monitoringandreviewofimplementationoftheglobalcommitmentsonthis"planetaryemergency”.37ClimatechangeasathreatmultipliergeneratesanegativeimpactonallthreedimensionsoftheOSCE.TheOSCE,asaregionalorganisation,couldmakeavaluablecontributionunderChapterVIIIoftheUNCharter.TheOSCESecretaryGeneralSchmidnotedinherinauguralremarkstothePermanentCouncilthatshewouldpromoteclosercooperationwiththeUnitedNations,includingonclimateanddevelopment34TheODIHR/OSCEPAinternationalmissionelectionreportoftheUSelections,of3November2020,arguedthat"baselessallegationsofsystematicdeficiencies,notablybytheincumbentpresident,includingonelectionnight,harmpublictrustindemocraticinstitutions”.ODIHR,UnitedStatesofAmerica,GeneralElections,3November2020:FinalReport,9February2021,p.1,https://.35''CSCE,DocumentoftheCopenhagenMeetingoftheConferenceontheHumanDimensionoftheCSCE,29June1990,para7.7,.36OSCEODIHRHateCrimeReportingwebsite:. ”37 . .ThesecommitmentsrelyontheParisAgreement,the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentandtheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015-2030,amongothers.IV二IV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1Inthepast,theOSCEapproachtoclimatechangewasaseconddimensionissue,dealingwithdisasterriskreductionandprevention,waterdiplomacy,energyandsustainablecities.However,theeffectsofclimatechangearealsolinkedtodevelopment,securityandhumanrights.Securityrisksinclude,forinstance,increasedcompetitionforfoodandwaterresources,whichcanhaveanimpactonstability.Theclimatechange-securitynexusisnotyetanintegralpartoftheOSCE'scomprehensivesecurityagenda,eventhoughtheOrganizationhasacrisisresponsemechanismforprevention,earlywarningandearlyactionthatcouldalsobetailoredtoclimatechangerisks.The2007MadridDeclarationonEnvironmentandSecurityrecognisedtheroleoftheUNanddefinedthecomplementaryroletheOSCEplays“withinitsmandateinaddressingthischallengeinitsspecificregion”.39Attemptsin2017and2018toincludeamandateonclimatechangehavefailedassomeparticipatingStatesarguedthatdealingwiththisissuefallsoutsidetheOrganization'smandate.Thus,theOSCEisnotempoweredtoprogrammaticallyengageinclimateactions*。However,thereareexamplesofengagementonthisissue,includingthroughtheregionalconsultationonclimatechangeandsecurityinSouth-EasternEurope,conductedbytheOSCEOfficeoftheCo-ordinatorofOSCEEconomicandEnvironmentalActivitiesandtheGermanthink-tankAdelphi.4iTheissueofclimatechangeandsecurityisalsoasensitiveoneforpartnerStates.Ithasfounditswayontotheagendasofannualconferencesdealingwith“globalsecuritychallenges”inthepastbutnotintocapacity-buildingandoperationalactivitieswithpartnerStates.However,aproposednewmulti-yearprojectonpreventionofclimatechangeandsecuritythreatsintheMediterranean,ajointinitiativeoftheUnionfortheMediterraneanandtheOSCE,hasbeenputforward.42VukZugic,Co-ordinatorofOSCEEconomicandEnvironmentalActivities,explainedthattheproject'smaingoalistofacilitatetheexchangeofexperiences ,38'OSCESecretaryGeneral,InauguralRemarksatthePermanentCouncil,SecretaryGeneralHelgaMariaSchmid,cit.、OSCEMinisterialCouncil,MadridDeclarationonEnvironmentandSecurity(MC.DOC/4/07),3December2007,p.1,.‘°SeeforexampletheEUstatementonthisissue:"Inthecontextofglobaleffortstocombatclimatechange,inparticularaftertheadoptionoftheParisAgreement,wedeeplyregretthatwewerenotabletofindconsensusonatextdealingwiththiscriticalandurgentissue”.OSCEMinisterialCouncil,"StatementbytheRepresentativeoftheEuropeanUnion”,inFinalDocumentoftheTwenty-FourthMeetingoftheMinisterialCouncil,Nienna,7-8December2017,p.75,node/402209. .41OSCE,OSCEandAdelphiConcludeFirstRegionalConsultationonClimateChangeandSecurityinSouth-EasternEurope,23February2021,.42 …，~UnionfortheMediterranean,2019OSCEMediterraneanConference:Celebrating25YearsoftheMediterraneanPartnershipFrameworkforCooperation,Tirana,24-25October2019,https:///?p=85157.IV二IV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss14.4MigrationandhumantraffickingInthewakeoftheso-calledmigrationcrisisinSouth-EasternandWesternEuropein2015,someparticipatingStatesbothEastandWestofViennaarguedthattheOSCEcouldonlyplayasubsidiaryandcomplementaryroletootherinternationalactors,suchastheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees,theInternationalOrganisationforMigrationortheEUwithitsFrontexactivitiesinnumerousOSCEstates.TheOSCEcansupportUN-ledprocessesbyprovidingaregionalcontribution.TheOSCE,forinstance,co-chairs,togetherwithUNWomen,theInter-AgencyCoordinationGroupagainstTraffickinginPersons.Addressingmigration-relatedcrimeandtraffickinginhumanbeingsisalsopartoftheOSCESecretariatesTransnationalThreatsDepartment'sprogrammeactivities,fromapolice-relatedperspective.MigrationhasbeenpartoftheCSCE/OSCEdiscourseeversincetheadoptionoftheHelsinkiFinalActin1975,butuntilafewyearsagomigrationwasdealtwithprimarilyinthesecondandthirddimensions.Thisincludedtheprotectionoftherightsandpersonalandsocialwelfareofregularmigrants.43Thesignificantincreaseinirregularmigrationflowsgeneratedanewurgencytoaddresshumanitarian,politicalandsocietalchallengesthatemergedacrosstheOSCE.Itraisedcorrelationsbetweenbordersecuritymanagementandtheprospectsofradicalisationofpoliticalmovementswithanti-immigrationandxenophobicagendas.ThesedevelopmentsraisedthequestionofhowtheOSCEcouldhelptoaddressnewchallengeslinkedtomigrationinEurope.InJanuary2016,theincomingGermanOSCEChair-in-Office,thenForeignMinisterFrank-WalterSteinmeier,declared:rEspecially[onmigration],weshouldmakeuseofthisorganisation'spotential.Itsgeographicalspanandcomprehensiveapproachmakeitasuitablevehicle.[...]Andit'stherightplacetolookatthesocialimpactofmigrationaridimmigration-withaspecialfocusontoleranceandnon-discrimination.4443'SeealsoOSCEMinisterialCouncil,LjubljanaMinisterialDecisionNo.2onMigration(MC.DEC/2/05),6December2005,;andDecisionNo.5/09,MigrationManagement(MC.DEC/5/09),Athens,2December2009,.GermanFederalForeignOffice,InauguralSpeechbyForeignMinisterFrank-WalterSteinmeiertotheOSCEPermanentCounciltoMarktheStartofGermany\OSCEChairmanship,14January2016,https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/160114-osze/277702;OSCEMinisterialCouncil,ReportbytheOSCEChairmanshiponLargeMovementsofMigrantsandRefugees(MC.GAL/8/18),9December2016,p.1,.IV二IV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1Thereportprescribedatrulycomprehensiveapproachfortheprotectionofrightsofpeopleonthemove.46TheIWGthusfacilitatedconsensus-buildingamongparticipatingStatesthatledtotheMinisterialCouncilDecisiononmigrationin2016.47AccordingtothisDecision,OSCEparticipatingStateswereencouragedtousetheOSCEplatform,"includingappropriateOSCEworkingbodies,tocontinueaddressingmigration-relatedissueswheretheOSCEhasdevelopeditsexpertise,andimprovedialogueonmigration-relatedmatterswithregardtodevelopingpossibleeffectivemeasuresandcommonapproachestoaddressthem'%However,duetoincreasingpoliticaltensions,lackofresourcesandexpertise,inrecentyearstheOSCEhasnotbeenabletostrengthenthenormativeandoperationalbasisonmigration,withtheexceptionofactivitiesinthedomainsofhumanandchildtrafficking.ForthepartnerStatesaswell,migrationcanbeasensitiveissue.Whilemigrationhasbeenaddressedinthecontextofthecomprehensiveapproachtosecurityduringrelevantconferencesandseminars,traffickinghasbeenoneoftheissuesthathavebeenofgreaterinterestforpartnerStates,especiallyfromtheMediterraneanregion.Apartfromeventsdevotedtothisissue,suchasforexampletheSeminaronCo-operationtoPreventTraffickinginHumanBeingsintheMediterraneanRegionheldin2013,anumberofprojectsinvolvedMediterraneanpartners,includingonpreventionroftraffickinginhumanbeings.Somelargemulti-yearprojectsontraffickingfocusentirelyontheMediterraneanregionbutnotallofthesearefullyfunded.OSCEChairmanship,TowardsComprehensiveGovernanceofMigrationandRefugeeFlowsintheOSCEArea(CIO.GAL/117/16),75July2016."6ThisincludedtheneedtoassistparticipatingStatestoimplementtheirhumandimensioncommitments,theprotectionoflabourandsocialrightsofmigrantworkers,combatingallformsofhumantraffickingalongmigrationroutes,mainstreaminggenderissuesinallpoliciesandprojects,andempoweringfieldmissionstoassisthostcountriesintheimplementationofmigrationgovernancecommitmentsandactivities.SeeIbid..OSCEMinisterialCouncil,DecisionNo.3/16,OSCE'sRoleintheGovernanceofLargeMovementsofMigrantsandRefugees(MC.DEC/3/16),9December2016,.Ibid.,p.2.IV二IV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1Covid-19representsanewglobalchallengetotheOSCE.Apartfromtheimmediateimpactonthehealthsector,covid-19hasledtonationalisticimpulses,including“vaccinenationalism^,andhasacceleratedtheretreatofmultilateralism;ithashadtremendoussocio-economiccostsandexacerbatedtheeffectsofregionalandinternationalfragilityandfragmentation.Covid-19isnotjustariskandthreattonationalsecurityandsocietalwell-being,ithasalsoamplifiedconflictdynamicsintheOSCEarea.Withthecovid-19-relatedlockdownsandclosureofbordersbetweenOSCEstates,theimplementationofcommitmentsrelatedtothe2011ViennaDocument,andwithittheConfidence-andSecurity-BuildingMeasuresobligationintheOSCE,camebasicallytoahaltasinspections,evaluationvisitsandobservationshavebeencancelled.49Furthermore,thesecuritydialogueontheViennaDocumentmodernisationwascutshortduetothepandemic.50Specialrelevanceinthecovid-19crisisfallsuponthe“OSCECodeofConductonPolitico-MilitaryAspectsofSecurity“thathasprovisosondeploymentofarmedforcesinsupportofinternalaffairsofastate.Inmanycountries,suchadeploymentinsupportofcovid-19measureshasbeenmadeunderstateofpublicemergencyconditionsorsomeotherformofemergencyregimeorrestrictivemeasures.Thismayaffectstates'obligationsrelatedtohumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms,suchasfreedomofassembly.AccordingtotheCopenhagenandMoscowdocuments,OSCEstateshaveinsuchcasesanotificationobligationandtheHelsinkiSummitdocument(1992)assignsODIHRwithaclearinghousefunction.51ODIHRaskedtheparticipatingStatesattheoutsetofthecrisistoreportondeclarationsorextensionsofanationalstateofemergencyintheirwholeterritoryorapartofit,inconnectionwiththepandemic.Whileanumberofstatesrespondedtothiscall,notallhaveprovidedtherequestedinformation.52Withregardtofieldmissions,theOSCEhadtogiveprioritytodutyofcareofdeployedpersonnehaovermandateimplementation.Thefieldmissionsattempted449TheTurkishChairmanshipoftheForumforSecurityCo-operationissuedaletterappealingtoallparticipatingStatestorefrainfromorpostponeverificationactivitiesundertheauspicesoftheViennaDocument2011wheneverpossible,untilitwasdeterminedthattheprevailingconditionsallowedsuchactivitiestotakeplacesafelyagain.OSCEMinisterialCouncil,LetterfromtheChairpersonoftheFSCtothePrimeMinisterandMinisterforEuropeandForeignAffairsoftheRepublicofAlbania,Chairpersonofthe27thMC(MC.GAL/2/20),1December2020,.?()OSCE,Journalofthe944thPlenaryMeetingoftheForumforSecurityCo-operation,29April2020,.’1OSCE,ImpactofEmergencyMeasuresonHumanRightsandDemocracyKeyFocusofNewOSCE/ODIHRReport,17July2020,.52一Asof15June2020,28participatingStateshadinformedODIHRofemergencymeasuresadopted.FourteenStatescommunicatedhavingdeclaredanationwidestateofemergencyorequivalentstatus,whileonlysomeprovidedinformationonderogations.53DutyofcaremeasuresoftheOSCEdealtwithhealthandsafetyofpersonnel,relocationandIV二IV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1AttheMinisterialCouncilmeetinginTiranainDecember2020,asadecisioncouldnotbeagreedupon,theOSCEChairmanshipmadeastatementonbehalfofparticipatingStatesexceptone(Armenia).Thestatementcallsforsolidarityandmultilateralcooperationaddressingcovid-19,referstocomplianceissuesrelatedtostatesofemergency,warnsofrisinginstancesofracist,xenophobicanddiscriminatorypublicdiscourseandunderlinestheneedtotakestepstocounterthespreadofdisinformation.Thestatementcoversinacomprehensivewayallthreedimensions.However,nomentionismadeofclimatechange,migrationorhumantraffickingaffectedbycovid-19.54ThepandemichasanimpactontheOSCE'scooperationwithpartnerStates,aseventsareheldonlineandfinancialsupportavailablethroughextra-budgetaryfundsforactivitiesandprojectswithpartnerStatesislessavailable.PartnerStateshaveaclearinterestinaddressingthepandemicsituationalsointheOSCEcontext,althoughsomeaspectsofthedebateonthisissue,relatedtothethirddimensionandtotheuseofemergencymeasures,maybesensitivetosomeofthem.ThenextannualAsianpartnersconference,hostedbyThailand,isexpectedtofocusonglobalhealthinacomprehensivesecurityformatandonlessonslearned,includingfromASEAN.555.ThewayforwardonnewchallengesandcomprehensivesecurityDespitetheground-breakingcomprehensivesecuritylegacyoftheOSCE,theOrganizationhasnotemergedasaleadinginternationalorregionalentitywhenitcomestoaddressingcomprehensivesecurityinthepost-ColdWarera.56Itspotentialcouldbeusedtogreatereffect.57 ,evacuationofstaff.Insomecases,aMEDEVACmechanismhadtobeestablishedaslocalhealthsystemswereunabletocopewiththecovidchallenges.Incertainmissions,theOSCEstaffhasbeenreducedupto40-50percentintheirrespectiveareasofresponsibility.54OSCEMinisterialCouncil,"StatementbytheChairperson...”，inFinalDocumentoftheTwenty-SeventhMeetingoftheMinisterialCouncil,Tirana,3-4December2020,p.47-50,.org/node/481447.“MonikaWohlfeld,"SecuritySectorReformintheMENARegion:TheImpactof.theCoronavirusPandemic”,inStephenCalleya(ed.),TowardsaPostPandemicEuro-MediterraneanStrategy,June2020,_data/assets/pdLfile/0005/448655/Towardsapostpandemiceuro-med.pdf.’6PalDunay,“TheOSCEinCrisis”,cit.'7WalterKemp,“TheOSCE:EnteringItsThirdPhaseinItsThirdDecade”,inHelsinkiMonitor,Vol.15,No.4(2004),p.254-262;RobertoDominguez,TheOSCE:SoftSecurityforaHardWorld.Brussels,PeterLang,2014.IV二IV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1However,implementationofcomprehensivepoliciesdoesnotjusthingeupontechnicalcoordination.ThepoliticalagendasofsomeparticipatingStatesaimatminimisingthehumandimensionoftheOSCE'sengagementsandfavourthefirstandseconddimensions.Thishasprogrammaticimplications.Asastopgaptothis,someWesternstatesturntowardsfinancingextra-budgetaryprojectsinthehumandimensionareathatrequirenoconsensusbytheparticipatingStates.Togiveanexample,somelike-mindedstatesincludingtheUSandWesternEuropeanstatesarefundingextrabudgetaryprojectsrelatedtobordersecuritymanagementandcounteringhumantraffickinginCentralAsiancountriesborderingAfghanistan.Thereisnodoubtthatallinternationalinstitutionsandorganisationsarecompelledtoaddressglobalnewchallengestoday.Asotherorganisationshavealsodevelopedbroadenedanddeepenedapproachestosecurityandhavetakenoverpartsofthecomprehensivesecurityagenda,turfbattlesemergeintheOSCEarea.Butthepressingissuespresentedbynewchallengesrequirecoordinatedinputfromallactors.Asaconsequence,theOSCEhasbeenseekingnicheactivitiesandcollaborativeframeworkswithrelevantorganisations.ThekeyOSCEdocumentinthatrespectisthe1999PlatformforCo-operativeSecuritywhichgivestheOSCEawideroleinfosteringcoordinatedapproaches.58Whilemuchhasbeendonetocollaboratewithotherorganisations,morecanbedonetoarriveatcoordinatedapproaches.AsSandraSacchettisuggests,a"morepragmaticapproachtowardsthePlatformcouldhelpsurmountsomeofthecomplexpoliticaldynamicshamperingitsfullimplementation,\59*1,rThecomparativeadvantageoftheOSCEliesinitsagenda-settingcapacity.60Forexample,theOSCEmanagedtorapidlydevelopbuy-intotheglobalcounterterrorismagendabyaddressingviolentextremismandterrorismregionally.Inparticular,theOSCEcouldreviewitsexperienceoftheearlyimplementationofthePlatformwhichincludedaseriesofeventsbringingtogethersubregionalorganisationsintheOSCEareaonissuessuchascounterterrorismefforts.Forthepurposeofimprovingprogrammaticandoperationalcoordination,theOSCEhasconcludedseveralarrangementswithotherorganisations.TheMemorandumof58 ? .,OSCEMinisterialCouncil,"OperationalDocument-thePlatformforCo-operativeSecurity",inIstanbulDocument,19November1999,p.43-45,.SQSandraSacchetti,uTheOSCE'sPlatformforCo-operativeSecurity"，cit.“)SeealsoWolfgangZellner,uOldandNewChallengesfortheOSCE”，inIFSH,OSCEYearbook2016,Baden-Baden,Nomos,2017,p.33-44,https://ifsh.de/file/publication/OSCE_Yearbook_en/2016/Zellner-en.pdf.IV二IV二CMOZ。I46IOO9S6—88—816NBSI一E0966I9ZNss1AlthoughtheOSCEisnotadevelopmentorhumanitarianorganisation,itshouldseektolinkitsworktotheglobalnarrativeandacquisonhumansecurityandsustainabledevelopment.AsallparticipatingstatesoftheOSCEaremembersoftheUnitedNations,theyallhavenationalagendascontributingtosustainabledevelopment.TheOSCEcanprovidetheregionalcollaborativeframeworkforsuchefforts.RisksandthreatsthatareofimportancetoboththeOSCEparticipatingStatesanditspartnersaretransnationalandglobalinnature.Suchcommonsecurityconcernsshouldbeaddressedinacomprehensiveandjointfashion.However,theOSCEAsianandMediterraneanpartnerships,whileusefuloverall,arenotdevelopingintooperationalforathatwouldallowOSCEparticipatingStatestotacklesuchjointchallenges.Thisispartlyaresultofthefactthatkeyactorsforeitherdialogue(China,Libya,butalsoPalestine,LebanonandSyria)arenotincludedinthesepartnerships.Thus,areviewoftheoutreachprinciplesshouldbeundertaken.OneideathathasbeenfloatedanddoesdeserveattentionistonegotiateindividualactionplanswithpartnerStates,reflectingtheirdifferentneedsandexpectationsandstructuringamulti-yearframework.Suchactionplanscouldfocusonjointapproachestocommonnewchallenges.Individualactionplanswouldhavetobedevelopedinparalleltoregionalefforts,andwouldhavetobeatransparentprocess,conducivetothegoalsoftheOSCE'spartnerships.OvercominglimitationsonimplementationprojectsinpartnerStateswouldgoalongwaytowardsmakingthemmoresustainableandrelevantforthoseStates.I1,AnotherinterestingbutlittlepublicisedideahasbeenputforwardbyMalta,whichhassuggestedthecreationofanOSCECentreofExcellenceforMediterraneanpartnersinMalta.62TheideawasrtoallowforbundlingeffortsandresourcesandharnessingtheparticipatingStates5andpartnerStates'sharedinterestinpursuingspecificspecialisedeventsandprojects,intherealmofruleoflaw,justiceandthefightagainstterrorism.ThediscussionontheproposalforanOSCECentreofExcellencewasabortedatanearlystage,butsuchaCentrecouldallowforfocusingandstrategisingaswellasenhancingeffortsintheseimportantrealmsorthebroadercontextofnewchallengesandcouldalsoinvolveAsianpartners.AnumberofOSCEdocumentsrefertotheneedtobroadendialogueonspecificissueswithregionalorganisationsbeyondtheOSCEarea.63ThisincludestheMOUbetweenUNDPandOSCEfrom27September2018."OSCESecretaryGeneral,WelcomingRemarksbyAmbassadorLambertoZannier,OSCESecretar