考點22概要寫作之各類體裁實戰(zhàn)技巧（下）近年真題考點分布題型概要寫作2020上海秋考說明文?？茖W家們已經在猴子和鳥類身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了語言和智力的跡象。2020上海春考說明文。由于研究和發(fā)展的復雜性，全球科學和技術方面的合作是可取的。2019上海秋考議論文。不要成為最新電子設備的第一個用戶。。2019上海春考說明文。介紹蜜蜂正以驚人的速度消失，這可能和運輸、農作物使用殺蟲劑以及環(huán)境有關。2018上海秋考議論文。年輕人如何吸引他們未來的雇主。2018上海春考說明文?？茖W家們認為人類生來就有笑的能力及笑的原因?！舅季S導圖】【知識梳理】記敘文、說明文、議論文、研究報告類概要寫作技巧記敘文：what/who/when/where/why/how（語篇模式）議論文：opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)（語篇模式）說明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffect),introductionofanobject(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)（語篇模式）新聞報道類：

afocusonthefirstparagraphandthefirstandlastsentencesoftheotherparagraphs

研究報告類：purposeofresearch/experimentalsubject/processofresearch/resultofresearch/researchsignificance/application概要寫作的基本原則用盡可能少的詞匯集中展現(xiàn)原材料的主要思想和觀點。概要是簡寫或再現(xiàn)其他人的觀點、思想，是再現(xiàn)(representation)。無須加評論，要客觀呈現(xiàn)原文的思想。概要寫作的特點完整：用自己的語言簡要概括原文的主要思想和觀點簡要：去掉不必要的細節(jié)，如例子，解釋等其他信息（通常是原文的四分之一或五分之一）連貫：概要不是關鍵詞句的堆積，而應該是一個邏輯性強、意義連貫的段落?？陀^性：要忠實于原文，不要在概要中加入自己的想法或觀點。概要寫作的基本結構文章體裁主題句拓展句概要形式記敘文故事的寫作目的/主題（1句）故事大意，突出沖突以及故事背后的深意（2-3句）主題句+若干拓展句；主題句+若干拓展句+總結研究報告類新聞報道類新聞/研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的概要（1句）研究過程及最后結果（2-3句）說明文說明的觀點/對象/現(xiàn)象（1句）解釋/分述（2-3句）議論文文章論點（1句）論據（2-3句）概要寫作考查的能力閱讀理解的能力：看懂文章結構，根據短文的結構總結出作者所表達的每個層次的觀點；意義刪選的能力：會區(qū)分事實與觀點、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關與不相關、原因和結果等邏輯關系；釋義能力：根據同義或近義原則用英文解釋英文，用自己的語言解釋比較復雜的語言文字，不能照抄原文；邏輯組織能力：將總結和釋義好的幾個相對獨立的句子進行有效銜接以使行文連貫。解題步驟1.確定文章體裁，并找出文章的mainpoints;2.用自己的語言(paraphrase)把文章的mainpoints表達出來；3.注意summary段落的邏輯性和連貫性；4.檢查是否有自己的觀點，若有需刪除；5.檢查單詞拼寫、語法等?！疽c梳理】要點一：記敘文概要寫作技巧實例分析閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。YesterdayMattwassick.IpickedupArchiefromthesitterandEloisefromschoolanddecidedtoruntoTargetforafewthings.Ihadhopedtobeinandoutquickly.Ifoundalinewithjustonepersonaheadofmeandbeganorganizingmyitemsontheconveyor.Afterplacingmyitems,Ilookeduptoseethatthepersonaheadofmewasanelderlywoman.Shewaspayingforheritemswithchangeandwantedtopurchaseeachseparately.Iwasfrustratedwiththiswomanandtheinconvenienceshehadplacedonme.ButthenIwatchedtheyoungemployeewiththiswoman.Iwatchedhimhelphercountherchange,eversosoftlytakingitfromhershakinghands.Whensheaskedifshehadenoughtobuyareusablebag,hetoldhershedidandwenttwolinesovertogetoneforherandthenrepackagedheritems.Neveroncewasthisemployeeangry.Hewasnothingbutpatientandkind.AsIwaswatchinghim,IsawthatEloisewastoo.Shewasstandingnexttothewoman,watchingtheemployeecountthechange.IrealizedIhadn’tbeeninconveniencedatall.Thatmydaughterwasinsteadwitnessingkindnessandpatienceandbeingtaughtthisvaluablelessonbyacompletestranger.Whenthewomanwasfinished,theemployeebeganringingupmyitemsandthankedmeformypatience.Ithenthankedhimforteachinguspatienceandkindnessbyhistreatmentofthatelderlywoman.Whenhewasfinished,Ipushedmycartthroughthestoretryingtofindthemanager.Iwantedhertoknowoftheemployee’skindnessandpatienceandhowmuchitmeanttome.Aftertrackingherdownandsharingthestorywithher,weleftTargetwithacartfullofconsumableitems,butwhatismore,aheartfullofgratitudeforsuchaninvaluablelesson.IfyouareeverintheGlendaleTarget,giveIshmaelasmileandanod.Theworldcouldusemorepeoplelikehim.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________要點二：說明文概要寫作技巧實例分析閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。It’sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampuslikevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon’tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon’tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn’tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It’sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(顧問),anditwon’tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan’ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou’dliketoattend.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________要點三：議論文概要寫作技巧實例分析閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,“We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat’sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents’praisehasputthem.Still,don’tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey’renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon’tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren’seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit’stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe’soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________要點四：研究報告類概要寫作技巧實例分析Wouldapersonbornblind,whohaslearnedtodistinguishobjectsbytouch,beabletorecognizethempurelybysightifheregainedtheabilitytosee?Thequestion,knownasMolyneux’sproblem,isaboutwhetherthehumanmindhasabuilt-inconceptofshapesthatissoinnate(天生的)thatsuchablindpersoncouldimmediatelyrecognizeanobjectwithrestoredvision.Thealternativeisthattheconceptsofshapesarenotinnatebuthavetobelearnedbyexploringanobjectthroughsight,touchandothersenses.Aftertheirattempttotestitinblindchildrenfailed,LarsChittkaofQueenMaryUniversityofLondonandhiscolleagueshavetakenanotherattemptatfindingananswer,thistimeusinganotherspecies.Totestwhetherbumblebeescanformaninternalrepresentationofobjects,theyfirsttrainedtheinsectstodistinguishglobesfromcubesusingasugarreward.Thebeesweretrainedinthelight,wheretheycouldseebutnottouchtheobjects.Thentheyweretestedinthedark,wheretheycouldtouchbutnotseetheglobesorcubes.Theresearchersfoundthatthebumblebeesspentmoretimeincontactwiththeshapetheyhadbeentrainedtoassociatewiththesugarreward,eventhoughtheyhadtorelyontouchratherthansighttodistinguishtheobjects.Theresearchersalsodidthereversetestwithuntrainedbumblebees,firstteachingthemwithrewardsinthedarkandthentestingtheminthelight.Again,thebeeswereabletorecognizetheshapeassociatedwiththesugarreward,thoughtheyhadtorelyonsightratherthantouchinthetest.Inshort,beeshavesolvedMolyneux'sproblembecausethefactsuggeststhattheycanpictureobjectfeaturesandaccessthemthroughsightortouch.However,someexpertsexpresstheirwarnings.\t"/article/bumblebees-solve-a-17th-century-psychological-puzzle/_blank"JonathanBirch,aphilosopherofscience,cautionsthatthebeesmayhavehadpriorexperienceassociatingvisualandtactile(觸覺的)informationaboutstraightedgesandcurvedsurfacesinthecontextoftheirnests,soitisnotpossibletoeliminatethepossibilitythatsomeofthecross-sensoryconceptislearnedratherthaninnate._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2019年春考Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Wherearethebees?Beesareessentialtotheproductionoffoodweeat.Beesmakehoney,buttheyalsopollinate（給...授花粉）largeareasofcrops,suchasstrawberries,applesandonions.Aboutathirdofthefoodweeatisaresultofpollinationofthebees.Unfortunately,beeshavebeendisappearingatanalarmingrate.In2006,beekeepersstartedreportingaboutsomethingcalledColonyCollapseDisaster(CCD).ThemainsignofCCDisthelossofadulthoneybeesfromahive（蜂巢）.InOctoberof2006,somebeekeepersreportedthattheyhadlostbetween30and90percentoftheirhives.Thereweremanytheoriesofthedisappearanceofthebees.Butthemostconvincingonehastodowithpesticides（殺蟲劑）andlifestylesofbeestoday.Nowadays,beekeepersgetmostoftheirincomenotfromproducinghoneybutfromrentingbeestopollinateplants.Thismeansthatthelifeofthetypicalbeenowconsistsoftravelingallaroundthecountrytopollinatecropsastheseasonschange.Thatmeansalotoftravelingontrucks,whichisverystressfultobees.Itisnotunusualforupto30%ofthehivetodieduringtransportduetostress.Inaddition,beesthatspendmostoftheirtimelockedupontrucksarenotexposedtowhatusuallyliveon.Instead,theyliveonasweetliquidfromcorn,usuallypollutedwithpesticides.Nooneknowsforsurewhatcausesbeestodisappear,butlosingbeesisverycostlyfortheeconomy.Beepollinationservicesareworthover$8billionayear.Withnobees,pollinationwillhavetobedonebyhand,whichwouldaffectthequalityoffoodandincreasefoodprices.Wehearalotaboutbigenvironmentaldisastersalmosteveryday.Butoneofthebiggestmayjustbethelossofthattinyflyinginsect.2022年上海高三專題練Parentsalwayswantthebestfortheirchildrenandgivingthem;thebesteducationisalwaysontopofthelist.Butifyouthinkeducationisalltheyneed,maybeyoushouldthinktwice.Sure,youlearnalotofthingsinschool,butthereareimportantlessonsandskillsyouwillneedinlifethatonecanonlylearnathome.Therefore,teachingthechildrentodohouseholdchoresisveryhelpfulintheirgrowth.Mostfamiliesnowadayshirehousemaidstodothechores,sochildrendon’tgettoexperiencedoingitanymore.Butstudiesarguethatit’sstillnecessarytoletchildrendothem.Helpingathomecanbeatrainingplaceforyourchildrentowhateverresponsibilitiestheymayhaveinthefuture.Bydoingso,theycanlearnwhatmightbeoftheiradvantagewhentheygrowup.“Performingchoresofferskidsafeelingofself-sufficiency,helpsthemdevelopaworkethic,istiedtoacademicsuccessinschool,makesthemfeelusefulandteachesthemtheimportanceofhelpingothersandcontributingtothegreatergood.”Although,mostparentscanalsoarguethatitisnoteasytoforcetheirchildrentodochores.Itisanatureforthechildrentorefusetodochoreswhentheyaretoldto.Buttherearewaysthatcanturnhouseholdchoresintoamorelikelyactivityforthechildren.First,startthemyoung.Thisdoesn’tmeanthatyouletyourchildrendohugetasksatanearlyage.Youcangraduallyincreasetheleveloftasksastheygrowoldbutnevereverpushthemtoohard.Second,appreciateeverylittleachievement.Praisethemorgivethemsomething.Childrenloverewardsanditdrivesthemtodobetter.Mostimportantly,letthemknowthataskingthemtohelp-outisnotapunishment.Choresshouldneverbeusedasapunishment.Theymightgetdoneintheshortterm,buttheeffectswon’tlast.Thisapproachdoesnotgivethechildthefeelingofdoingsomethingbecauseitistherightthingtodo.Itonlymakesthemhatechoresandhopingoutevenmore.Choresshouldbeusedasasenseofpurpose.Explaintothemthatitisfortheirbenefitandeverythingtheylearnfromitisfortheiradvantage.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1．（2023·上海長寧·統(tǒng)考二模）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Kangarooscan“talk”tousKangarooscan“talk”topeople,accordingtoanewstudy.Thereportisthefirstresearchofitskindtobedoneonmarsupials—atypeofcreaturewhoseyounggetcarriedinskinpocketsontheirmother’sbody.Itsuggestskangaroosareclevererthanpreviouslythought.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofRoehamptonintheUKandtheUniversityofSydneyinAustraliatestedkangaroosattheAustralianReptile(爬行動物)Park,WildlifeSydneyZooandKangarooProtectionCo-operative.Thescientistsputfoodinaboxthatthekangarooscouldnotopen,andwaitedtoseewhattheanimalswoulddo.Ratherthangivingup,10outofthe11kangaroosactivelylookedatthepersonwhohadputthefoodintheboxandthenlookedatthebox.Theresearcherssaidthiscouldbeinterpretedasthekangaroosrequestinghelptoopenthecontainer.DrAlexandraGreen,aco-authorofthestudy,toldTheGuardiannewspaperthatsomeofthekangaroosactuallyapproachedthepersonandstartedscratching(撓)andsniffing(嗅)him,thenlookedbackatthebox.“Sotheywerereallytryingtocommunicate,”Greensaid.Thisbehaviourisnotuncommoninanimals.However,itisusuallyonlyseenindomesticatedanimals,suchaspetsorfarmanimals.Theleadauthorofthestudy,DrAlanMcElligott,explained,“Throughthisstudy,wewereabletoseethatcommunicationbetweencreaturescanbelearntandthatthebehaviouroflookingathumanstoaccessfoodisnotrelatedtodomestication.“Indeed,kangaroosshowedaverysimilarpatternofbehaviourwehaveseenindogs,horsesandevengoats,whenputtothesametest,”headded.Itishopedthatthestudywillgivepeopleamorepositiveattitudetowardskangaroos,whicharesometimesseenasharmfulcreaturesthatdamagefarmers’crops.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．（2023·上海靜安·統(tǒng)考二模）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Second-handfashionstagesacomebackFewfollowersoffashionwillforgetthemomentwhenasupermodelarrivedataNewYorkfashionweekdinner,wearinga1950sdress.Thenextday,ahuntforsomethingsimilarbegan.Thatwas2003.Fastforwardtothe2020sandsecond-handfashionisrenewinganewroundofcraze,andthistime,arguably,it’sbackforgood.Whensupermodelsanddesignerswerebuyingthingsatsecond-handmarketsandmatchingthemwithexpensivepieces,theactwasmorerelatedtotheoldidealofwhatfashionwas—verytrend-basedandveryseason-based.Today,ordinarypeoplealwayswanttohavenewlooksbutthey’rebecomingmoreawareoftheimpactoftheirchoicesontheenvironment,andthebestthingwecandointhisclimatecrisisistolimittheresourceswetakeoutoftheplanet.Second-handfashionspeakstowhat’shappeningrightnow.Andtheworldisspeakingback.It’sestimatedthatthetotalresaleclothesmarketisexpectedtoriseinvaluefrom$96billionin2021to$141billionby2023.Morethan‘backforgood’,second-handfashionlookssettobecomethenewnorm.Theincreasedcraftsofrepairandupcyclingofferanothercontemporarydimensiontothetrend.There’sariseinyoungpeoplelookingatthingsthatalreadyexist,notonlytotakeinspirationfrom,butalsotouseasmaterialfornext-stagecreation.Currentrepairandupcyclingskillsmaketheirwishareality.Evensocialmediaplatformsareonboard.“Onceyoustartfindingheatatthesecond-handfashionshop,itquicklyturnsintoanever-growingaddiction.Eachpiecehashistorybehindit,”saidanonlinecelebritywith1.7millionfollowers.He,alongwithothercelebritiespostingvisitstoshopsofthiskind,haspushedupsales.Theirpowerinthefieldcan’tbeneglected._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3．（2023·上海浦東新·統(tǒng)考二模）Directions:roadthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.AplantorestoregreenspacesTheUKgovernmenthasrevealedaplantoprotectandrestoreEngland’swildlife.Itfocusesonat-riskspeciesbymakingcanals,riversandstreamscleanerandexpandinggreenspaces.ThenewEnvironmentalImprovementPlansetsgoalstocreateorrestoremorethan5,000squarekilometresofwildlifehabitatsacrossEnglandandrestore400milesofrivers.Itwillcreateorexpand25nationalnaturereserves.Newwoodlandwillalsobeplantedalongsiderivers.Atthemoment,accesstogreenspacesisnotequalacrosstheUK.Around4%ofpeoplelivemorethan10minutesawayfromtheirnearestpark.TheEnvironmentalImprovementPlanaimstomakesurehouseholdsinEnglandarewithina15-minutewalktoagreenspace.Aswellashelpingmorepeopletoactclosetonature,theplanshouldincreaseEngland’sbiodiversity.AspeciesSurvivalFundwillbesetuptohelpsomeofEngland’smostendangeredanimals,suchasredsquirrels(松鼠)andwatchrats.TheGovernmenthassettargetstoboostthesespeciesby2030.Therearealsotargetstoreducefoodwaste,glass,metal,paperandplasticby2028,andtoimprovethequalityofwaterinrivers.NewrulesmeanthattheGovernmentwillhavetoconsidertheenvironmentaleffectsofanypolicyitputsforward.Thesegoalsarepartofa25-yearplanthatwaslaunchedin2018.Theaimoftheplanistoimprovetheenvironment“withinageneration”whichisroughly25years.Althoughlotsofpeoplehavewelcomedtheplan,noteveryoneisimpressed.PaildeZylva,fromthecharityFriendsoftheEarth,saiditwasn’tclearenoughhowthegoalswouldbemetandthatmanyofthemwerelikepromisestheGovernmenthadalreadymadebutnotyetdelivered.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2021年秋考真題Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.AnnGrand:AVisualThinkerAnnGrandisavisualthinker.Whensomebodyspeakstoher,thewordsareinstantlytranslatedintopictures,likeavideoinherhead.Unlikemostpeople,herthoughtsmovefromvideo-likeimagestogeneralizationsandconcepts.Furthermore,hermemoriesusuallyappearinherimaginationinorderoftime,andtheimagesvisualizedarealwaysspecific.Forexample,ifshethinksaboutachimney,sheseesdetailedpictures,liketheoneinheroldhouseandthenthoseinherhometown.Thatonewordcantunintoafull-lengthvideoinherhead.Grand'smindworksliketheInternetsearchenginewhichproducesdozensofimagesofanobjectauserissearchingfor.Visualthinkinghasenabledgrandtobuildentiresystemsinherimaginationwhichworkssimilarlytoacomputerprogrambecauseitcanproducethree-dimensionaldesignsimulations(三維仿真設計).Thiswasimportanttoherasanequipmentdesignerforthelivestockindustry.Beforeshestartedconstructiononherdesigns,shewouldtest-runtheequipmentinhermindSheformedmentalpicturesofherdesignsineverypossiblesituation,withdifferentsizesandbreedsofcattleandindifferentweatherconditions.Thisprocessmadeitpossibleforhertocorrectmistakesbeforeconstructionstarted.Grand'smindisalsosensitivetodetails,whichwasimportantinherworkwithcattle.Hersharpawarenessofthevisualworldledtonoteworthyobservationsaboutanimals,Shenoticedmanylittlethingsthatmostpeoplewouldnotconsiderthatsearedthecattle.Forexample,acoatonafenceorapipeonthefloorwouldfrightenthemaway.Grand'svisualizationabilitieshavealsohelpedherunderstandtheanimalssheworkedwith.Thisledhertocreatedesignsrangingfromsweeping,curvedfencesintendedtoreducethestressexperiencedbyanimalsthatweregoingtobekilledtosystemsfor