3.2.3TheRybczynskiTheorem羅伯津斯基定理：要素積累與國際貿易3.2H-OtheoryTradepatternDevelopednationsspecializeinmanufacturedgoodsandcapturethemostpartoftradebenefit.Developingnationsspecializeinprimarycommoditiesandaredependent,poorandundeveloped.Developingnationsarelookingthewaysofimprovingitstradepattern./20160608/n453589065.shtmlTheDutchdiseaseoriginallyaccountsforproductivityspilloversbetweentheboomingenergysectorandnon-oilsectors.

ABritish-PolisheconomistRybczynskidevelopedatheoremtoanalyzefactorriseandeconomicgrowth

inhisworks‘FactorEndowmentsandRelativeCommodityPrices’TheRybczynskiTheorem:factorrisewithproductionItstatesthatatconstantrelativegoodsprices,ariseintheendowmentofonefactorwillleadtoaproportionaloramorethanproportionalexpansionoftheoutputinthesectorwhichusesthatfactorintensively,andanabsolutedeclineoftheoutputoftheothergood.how?ResourceswillbefullyutilizedXisacapital-intensivecommodityYisalabor-intensivecommodity.Ifendowmentofcapitalrises……CapitalwillflowtosectorX.why?BecauseifcapitalflowtosectorY,thelaborwillbereleasedformsectorxwithcapital,thereforetherewillbemorecapitalredundant.Anincreaseintheendowmentofcapitalincreasestheproductionofcapitalintensivegoodanddecreasestheproductionoftheothergood(laborintensivegood).Viceversa.Thismeansthat,ingeneral,anincreaseinacountry’sendowmentofafactorwillcauseanincreaseinoutputofthegoodthatusesthatfactorintensivelyandadecreaseintheoutputoftheothergood.Thetheoremisusefulinanalyzingtheeffectsofcapitalinvestment,immigration,andemigrationwithinthecontextofanH-Omodel.EndowmentsincreaseandPPFBalancedgrowth:proportionalThePPCshiftsoutproportionallysothatitsrelativeshapeisthesameBiasedgrowth:morethanproportionalSupposeXisalabor-intensivegood,andthereisanincreaseinthelaborendowment.Thiswillcauseanoutwardparallelshiftinthelaborconstraint.ThePPFandthusproductionwillshifttopoint

Q、.Iftheendowmentofcapitalrose,thecapitalconstraintwouldshiftout,causinganincreaseincapital-intensiveproductionandadecreaseinlabor-intensiveproduction.ConnectQandQ`,andthenwegetalinecalledRybczynskiline,whichdepictsdirectionofthegrowth.Theendowmentrises,theproductionwillexpandcorrespondingly,whichmeanseconomicgrowth.Factorendowmentandcommodityrelativeprice:alargenationIfanincreaseinacountry’sendowmentofafactorwillcauseanincreaseinoutputofthegood,whichisthecountry’sexportablegoods,itiscalledexport-biasedgrowth.Ifanincreaseinacountry’sendowmentofafactorwillcauseanincreaseinoutputofthegood,whichisthecountry’simportablegoods,itiscalledimport-biasedgrowth.AsmallnationandalargenationIfthegrowingcountryissmall,theincreaseofexportsanddecreaseofimports

doesnotaffecttheinternationalpriceratio.Wethenexaminethecaseofalargecountry,onewhosetradecanhaveanimpactontherelativeinternationalpriceratio.Theincreaseofexports

willlowertherelativecommoditypriceofexportingcommodityanddecreaseofimportswillputpressureonthepriceofimportingcommodity.Export-biasedgrowthandImmiserisinggrowthInalargenation……Ifgrowthisheavily

export

biaseditmightleadtoafallinthe

termsoftrade

oftheexportingcountry.

Inrarecircumstances,thisfallinthetermsoftrademaybesolargeastooutweighthegainsfromgrowth.Ifso,thissituationwouldcauseacountrytobeworseoffaftergrowththanbefore,whichisimmiserisinggrowth.Immiserizinggrowth

anIndian-bornAmericaneconomistJagdishBhagwatiExample:OECPcrudeoilproductionwillsignificantlyeffecttheoilprice.

Economicgrowthandcomparativeadvantage

Inshort,traditionaltradetheorymaymaximizewelfareatonepointintimebutnotovertime.Withfactoraccumulation,theeconomywillexpanditsproductioncapacitybutworsenitstermsoftradepossibly.Soanationshouldguidethedirectionoffactormovement.Ifadevelopingnationaccumulatescapitalandimprovesitstechnology,itscomparativeadvantageshiftsawayfromprimaryproductstosimplemanufacturedgoodsfirstandthentomoresophisticatedones.Tosomeextent,thishasalreadyoccurredinU.S.,Brazil,Korea,Taiwan,Mexicoandsomeotherdevelopingnations.KoreaTextileandgarmentsManufacturedproductsAu