專題16閱讀理解說明類

I、2021年高考真題

（2021?新高考I卷?C篇）

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,the

skiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.Native

Americanshavetakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourseswisely.

Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafew

decadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl（水禽）

werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitious

sportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousethe

ever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat（棲息、地）.

In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct（Act）,

anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionof

migratory（遷徙的）waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.Under

thisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchase

andcaiTyaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwas

designedbyJ.N."Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,

whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectorof

theBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensure

thesurvivalofournaturalresources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratory

BirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusion

intotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbe

protectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfa

billiondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresof

habitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneof

themostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.

l.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?

A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.

C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"decimate"meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

3.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?

A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.

B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.

C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.

D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.

4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TheFederalDuckStampStory

B.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem

C.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl

D.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting

【答案】ACDA

【解析】本文為說明文，講述了美國為了保護(hù)"水禽”頒布了一項(xiàng)政策，狩獵者需要

購買相關(guān)水禽類郵票，然后政府把售賣所得款撥給候鳥保護(hù)基金組織。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息NorthAmerica以及decline定位到第一段：Millionsof

waterfowlwerekilledat...Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredried...greatlyreducing

waterfowlhabitat.分析可知，數(shù)百萬的水禽被獵人和野心過大的運(yùn)動(dòng)員給殺害了。

而數(shù)百萬英畝的濕地被開墾以喂養(yǎng)和容納日益增長的人口，而這大大減少了水禽

的棲息地?？芍瑵竦亓魇菍?dǎo)致水禽數(shù)量減少的原因。故選A。

2.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)題干信息firstparagraph定位到第一段：Unfortunately,ittookthe

explorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartof

theseresources.根據(jù)Unfortunately（不幸地是）可知,此處與前文"takencareof"形

成對(duì)比，故此處應(yīng)表示"損害、毀壞"。原文譯為：不幸地是，這些探險(xiǎn)者和定居

者只花了幾十年的時(shí)間就毀掉了這些資源的很大一部分。故選C。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息in1934定位到第二、三段。分析可知，第二段是在

說明在頒布了這個(gè)法令之后，16歲或者超過16歲以上的水禽捕獵者必須每年購買

并攜帶聯(lián)邦鴨票，而第三段則提及了大約98%的鴨子郵票的錢都是直接被用于購

買保護(hù)濕地。因此D選項(xiàng)，政府可以籌集錢，符合題意。故選D。

4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)原文分析可知，首先作者先提出了濕地的破壞導(dǎo)致了水禽數(shù)量

的下降，而后政府則通過發(fā)行聯(lián)邦鴨票籌集資金，用于保護(hù)濕地，是史上最成功

的保護(hù)項(xiàng)目之一。因此A選項(xiàng)，聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事符合題意。故選A。

（2021?全國甲卷?B篇）

PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding（繁育）programme,has

welcomedthearrivalofarareblackrhinocalf（犀牛幼崽）.Whenthetiny

creaturearrivedonJanuary31.shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthe

reserve.AndofficialsatPortLympneweredelightedwiththenewarrival,

especiallyasblackrhinosareknownforbeingdifficulttobreedincaptivity（圈

養(yǎng)）.

PaulBeer,headofrhinosectionatPortLympne,said:"Obviouslywe'reall

absolutelydelightedtowelcomeanothercalftoourblackrhinofamily.She's

healthy,strongandalreadyeagertoplayandexplore.Hermother,Solio,isa

first-timemumandsheisdoingafantasticjob.It'sstillalittletoocoldforthem

togooutintotheopen,butassoonastheweatherwarmsup,Ihavenodoubt

thatthelittleonewillbeoutandaboutexploringandplayingeveryday.”

Theadorablefemalecalfisthesecondblackrhinobomthisyearatthe

reserve,butitistooearlytotellifthecalveswillmakegoodcandidatestobe

returnedtoprotectedareasofthewild.ThefirstrhinotobebornatPortLympne

arrivedonJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisimaandweighedabout32kg.His

mother,grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereallbomatthereserveandstill

livethere.

AccordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund,theglobalblackrhinopopulationhas

droppedaslowas5500,givingtherhinosa"criticallyendangered"status.

l.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebreedingprogramme?

A.Costly.B.Controversial.C.Ambitious.D.SuccessfuL

2.WhatdoesPaulBeersayaboutthenew-bornrhino?

A.Shelovesstayingwithhermother.

B.Shedislikesoutdooractivities.

C.Sheisingoodcondition.

D.Sheissensitivetoheat.

3.WhatsimilarexperiencedoSolioandKisimahave?

A.TheyhadtheirfirstborninJanuary.

B.Theyenjoyedexploringnewplaces.

C.Theylivedwiththeirgrandmothers.

D.Theywerebroughttothereserveyoung.

4.WhatcanbeinferredaboutPortLympneReserve?

A.Therhinosectionwillbeopentothepublic.

B.ltaimstocontrolthenumberoftheanimals.

C.ltwillcontinuetoworkwiththeWorldWildlifeFund.

D.Someofitsrhinosmaybesenttotheprotectedwildareas.

【答案】DCAD

【解析】本文是一篇說明文，主要講述肯特野生動(dòng)物園慶祝一只可愛的稀有動(dòng)物

黑犀牛幼崽的到來。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"thebreedingprogramme"定位在原文第一段第

一句話PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding（繁育）programme,has

welcomedthearrivalofarareblackrhinocalf（犀牛幼崽）.林普恩港保護(hù)區(qū)（Port

LympneReserve）開展了一項(xiàng)繁殖計(jì)劃，它迎來了一頭稀有的黑犀牛犢牛的到來。所

以，應(yīng)該是成功的。故選D項(xiàng)。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"PaulBeersay"定位在第二段他說的話，其中根

據(jù)"Obviouslywe'reallabsolutelydelightedtowelcomeanothercalftoourblack

rhinofamily.She'shealthy,strongandalreadyeagertoplayandexplore."顯然，我們

都非常高興地歡迎另一頭小牛來到我們的黑犀牛家庭。她健康，強(qiáng)壯，并且已經(jīng)

渴望玩耍和探索?？芍谶@個(gè)新生的小犀牛狀況很好。故選C項(xiàng)。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"similarexperience,SolioandKisima"定位在原

文第二段"Hermother,Solio,isafirst-timemumandsheisdoingafantasticjob.她

的母親，索里奧，是第一次當(dāng)媽媽，她做得很好。"和第三段"Thefirstrhinotobe

bornatPortLympnearrivedonJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisimaandweighed

about32kg.1月5日，在林普恩港出生的第一頭犀牛來到了它的第一位母親基西馬

身邊，體重約32公斤?！笨芍猄olio和Kisima相似點(diǎn)都是第一次當(dāng)媽媽。故選A

項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"PortLympneReserve"定位在原文第一段"Port

LympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding（繁育）programme"和第三段"Hismother,

grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereallbornatthereserveandstilllivethere.

他的母親、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保護(hù)區(qū)，至今仍住在那里。”可知林普恩港保護(hù)

區(qū)是負(fù)責(zé)一項(xiàng)繁殖計(jì)劃的項(xiàng)目，它的一些犀牛一直住在保護(hù)區(qū)，所以一些犀?？?/p>

能會(huì)被送到野生保護(hù)區(qū)。故選D項(xiàng)。

（2021,全國甲卷?D篇）

Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindfor

centuries.

Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternational

symbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureof

geniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreative

thantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhite

men,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.Itssaidthathistoryis

writtenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothe

geniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidethe

club-women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief-theywere

unacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girls

arelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender（性另ij）are"really,

reallysmart.nEvenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Around

agesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare"really,really

smart.'1Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedand

giveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.

Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,

weTeallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemore

welook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因素）likegender,race,and

classdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,future

geniusescomefromthosewith"intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅）J）,

andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.'1

l.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?

A.They'reunfair.B.They'reconservative.

C.They'reobjective.D.They'restrict.

2.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?

A.Theythinkthemselvessmart.

B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.

C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.

D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs.

3.Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?

A.Improvedglobalcommunication.

B.Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.

C.Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.

0.Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlike

B.GeniusTakesManyForms

C.GeniusandIntelligence

D.GeniusandLuck

【答案】ADAB

【解析】本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了天才的實(shí)質(zhì)，批評(píng)了天才種族輪和性別

輪，并指出其危害。

1,推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干"victors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub"定位到第二

段It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsfor

admissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidethe

club—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief-theywereunacknowledgedand

rejectedbyothers.據(jù)說歷史是由勝利者書寫的，而這些勝利者為天才俱樂部設(shè)定

了準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)俱樂部外的天才一一女性、不同膚色或信仰的人一一做出貢獻(xiàn)時(shí)，

他們得不到認(rèn)可，也會(huì)被其他人拒絕），據(jù)此可以推斷出作者認(rèn)為勝利者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是

不公平的，所以選A項(xiàng)。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干girlsfromthestudyinScience定位到第三段Astudyrecently

publishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosay

thatmembersoftheirgender（f生另U）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,thestudy

foundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobe

forchildrenwhoare"really,reallysmart,"《科學(xué)》雜志最近發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，

在6歲時(shí):女孩比男孩更不可能說出自己性別的成員，更糟糕的是，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女

孩們的行為都是基于這樣的信念：在六歲左右，她們開始避免從事那些所謂"非常

聰明"的孩子們的活動(dòng)）。據(jù)此可推知女孩有可能被社會(huì)錯(cuò)誤信念所影響，故選D

項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干"moregeniusesknowntothepublic"定位最后一段Ina

wiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesof

geniuswherevertheyappear在一個(gè)全球互聯(lián)世界里，我們都能看到天才的出現(xiàn)，

無論它們出現(xiàn)在哪里，可知更多的天才被公眾所知道的原因在于改善的全球通信，

故選A項(xiàng)。

4.主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)（天才的想法相同）文章沒有涉及；C項(xiàng)（天才和智力）只是

文章的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)不能作為文章的主旨；D項(xiàng)（天才和運(yùn)氣）也只是在文章的最后

稍微提起，也只是文章的一個(gè)小細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)文章的最后一句Asawritersays,future

geniusescomefromthosewith"intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力），and

simplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”正如一位作家所說，未來的天

才來自那些具有"智慧、創(chuàng)造力和毅力"的人和簡單的好運(yùn)，那些能改變世界的人。

縱觀全文可知，天成具有多樣性，故選B項(xiàng)。

（2021?全國乙卷?B篇）

Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone,whyaremorethanhalfof

Australianhomesstillpayingforalandline（座機(jī)）?

Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof

15whodoesn'townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveonein

theirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.

Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjust

overaquarter(29%)relyonlyontheirsmartphones,accordingtoasurvey(調(diào)

查).OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit'snot

reallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaythey

neveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmy

homefallsintothatcategory.

MorethanhalfofAustralianhomesarestillchoosingtostickwiththeir

homephone.AgeisnaturallyafactorC因素)一only58percentofGenerationYs

stilluselandlinesnowandthen,comparedto84percentofBabyBoomers

who*veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.Ageisn'ttheonly

factor;Fdsayit'salsotodowiththemakeupofyourhousehold.

GenerationXerswithyoungfamilies,likemywifeandI,canstillfindit

convenienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobilephoneforevery

familymember.Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhome

phoneareourBabyBoomersparents,tothepointwhereweplayagameand

guesswhoiscallingbeforewepickupthephone(usingCallerIDwouldtake

thefunoutofit).

Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayof

gasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?

l.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones?

A.Theirtargetusers.

B.Theirwidepopularity.

C.Theirmajorfunctions.

D.Theircomplexdesign.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"concede"inparagraph3mean?

A.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.

3.WhatcanwesayaboutBabyBoomers?

A.Theylikesmartphonegames.

B.Theyenjoyguessingcallers'identity.

C.Theykeepusinglandlinephones.

D.Theyareattachedtotheirfamily.

4.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthelandlinefromthelastparagraph?

A.Itremainsafamilynecessity.

B.ltwillfalloutofusesomeday.

C.ltmayincreasedailyexpenses.

D.ltisasimportantasthegaslight.

【答案】BACB

【解析】本文是一篇說明文。當(dāng)今世界上幾乎所有人都有手機(jī)，但一半以上澳大

利亞家庭仍然擁有座機(jī)，本文說明了出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的原因。

1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干信息paragraph2,定位到文章第二段。分析可知，該段主

要說明手機(jī)在澳大利亞的使用率非常高，手機(jī)使用十分普及。故選B。

2.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)題干信息concede,定位到第三段Still,55percentofAustralians

havealandlinephoneathome...OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athird

分析可知，雖然的人的家中都還有座機(jī)，

concedethatit'snotreallynecessary...o55%

但他們中的三分之一的人認(rèn)為座機(jī)其實(shí)并不十分必要。由此我們可以推測，這些

人在說it'snotnecessary的時(shí)候是在承認(rèn)這件事。故選A。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息BabyBoomers,定位到第四段Ageisnaturallyafactor

（因素）——only58percentofGenerationYsstilluselandlinesnowandthen,compared

to84percentofBabyBoomerswho'veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50

years.分析可知，84%的BabyBoomers仍用座機(jī)，而且他們可能已經(jīng)用同一個(gè)座機(jī)

號(hào)碼50年了。由此可知,BabyBoomers仍在用座機(jī)。故選C。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息lastparagraph,定位到原文最后一段Howlonguntil

theygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?。分析可知，煤氣路

燈和早晨送牛奶服務(wù)都離我們現(xiàn)在的生活比較久遠(yuǎn)，它們基本已經(jīng)消失了。作者

發(fā)出疑問：多久以后座機(jī)會(huì)走上煤氣路燈、早晨送牛奶服務(wù)的老路呢？因此可以

推測，座機(jī)有一天也會(huì)消失。選項(xiàng)B中的falloutofuse意為開始不用、漸漸廢棄,

符合文意。故選B。

（2021?全國乙卷?C篇）

You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheocean-between4.8and12.7

milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstrawor

cupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknow

thatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewers

tore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.

Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled"Strawpocalypse,

"apairof1O-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plastic

strawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeits

firstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,

Vietnam.

Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeans

thebiggestsource（來源）ofplasticpollution,butthey'verecentlycomeunder

firebecausemostpeopledon'tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheir

smallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat'spartofVon

Wong'sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafew

minutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.

Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate（說明）aspecific

statistic:Every60seconds,atruckload'sworthofplasticenterstheocean.For

thiswork,titled"TruckloadofPlastic,"VonWongandagroupofvolunteers

collectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogetherto

looklikethey'dbeendumped（傾倒）fromatruckallatonce.

VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniesto

reducetheirplasticfootprint.

l.WhatareVonWong'sartworksintendedfor?

A.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.

B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.

C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.

0.Reducinggarbageonthebeach.

2.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?

A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.

B.Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.

C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.

D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.

3.Whateffectwould"TruckloadofPlastic"haveonviewers?

A.Calming.B.Disturbing.

C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Artists'OpinionsonPlasticSafety

B.MediaInterestinContemporaryArt

C.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompanies

D.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures

【答案】CABD

【解析】本文為說明文。講述了藝術(shù)家BenjaminVonWong用回收到的廢舊吸管創(chuàng)

作藝術(shù)作品"吸管末日"，目的是提醒人們警惕所生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)的塑料垃圾，以及提高

人們對(duì)改善環(huán)境問題的參與意識(shí)。

L細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段最后一句可知，該藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作的初衷是督促公眾重新審視

與一次性塑料制品的關(guān)系。故選C。

2.推理判斷題。第三段作者闡述了吸管由于體積小，重量輕，很難回收。故選A。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)首段...forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshipto...及尾

段…willalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint...可知,原文

中的VonWong希望讓人們可以重新審視他們對(duì)于塑料制品的處理方式。B選項(xiàng)

Disturbing的意思為"令人不安的，引起恐慌的"，符合文意。故選B。

4.主旨大意題。本文圍繞環(huán)保話題，介紹了一位叫本杰明的藝術(shù)家，試圖用塑料垃

圾創(chuàng)作雕塑作品，喚起公眾對(duì)塑料垃圾的重視。故選D。

（2021?全國乙卷?D篇）

Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingI

stillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction（干擾）inhisopen

office,hesaid,"That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacross

thestreet——soIcanfocus."Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,

coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout（布局）.ButIrecently

cameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.

Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipantsasthey

completedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofour

groupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground,fromtotalsilence

to50decibels（分貝），70decibels,and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetween

mostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipantsin

the70decibelsgroup-thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackground

chatterinacoffeeshop——significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.Sincethe

effectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdiffer

thatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.

Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyalsosuggests

thattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise一nottooloudandnottotalsilence一may

actuallyimproveone'screativethinkingability.Therightlevelofbackground

noisemayinterruptournormalpatternsofthinkingjustenoughtoallowour

imaginationstowander,withoutmakingitimpossibletofocus.Thiskindof

"distractedfocus"appearstobethebeststateforworkingoncreativetasks.

Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,in

ouroffices,wecan*tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers'conversations

whilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-face

interactionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworking

spaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoproviding

freedomfrominterruptions.

l.Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?

A.Ithelpshimconcentrate.

B.ltblocksoutbackgroundnoise.

C.lthasapleasantatmosphere.

D.ltencouragesface-to-faceinteractions.

2.Whichlevelofbackgroundnoisemaypromotecreativethinkingability?

A.TotaIsilence.B.50decibels.

C.70decibels.D.85decibels.

3.Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?

A.Personalprivacyunprotected.

B.Limitedworkingspace.

C.Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.

0.Constantinterruptions.

4.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?

A.He'sanewsreporter.

B.He'sanofficemanager.

C.He'saprofessionaldesigner.

D.He'sapublishedwriter.

【答案】ACDD

【解析】本文是一篇說明文，通過實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析了過分辦公室噪音對(duì)于辦公效率

的影響，但合伙辦公有利于集中注意力，適量的聲音有利于創(chuàng)新思維。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二句"...soleanfocus"可知，采訪者喜歡在公用工作場所

辦公，是因?yàn)樗梢约芯?。故選A。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段"theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup...significantly

outperformedtheothergroups"可知，在70分貝下采訪者的表現(xiàn)最優(yōu)，說明該環(huán)境

可以改善創(chuàng)造性思維能力。故選C。

3.推理判斷題。由最后一段第二句"…can'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawninto

other'sconversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus"可知，開放式辦公環(huán)境中，經(jīng)常有

其他事情分散人們的注意力。故選D。

4.推理判斷題。由第一段第一句可知，作者在為自己的書接受采訪，可推斷他是作

家。故選D。

（2021?浙江卷?C篇）

Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"tell”whetheryoulook

contentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeableto

distinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy.

Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages（圖

像）ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthe

trainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfofthe

person'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs*abilitytodistinguishbetween

humanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceor

imagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfound

thatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofit

withtheirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.

Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhatthey

learnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage.MWe

canruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbusedona

simplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,"saidstudyanthorCorsin

Muller."Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesurcessfuldogsrealizedthata

smilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleapplies

toanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes."

"Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleast

somedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions/1MullertoldLiveScience.

Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilityto

recognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikely

explanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,which

givesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,andthisexposurehas

providedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,Muller

said.

l.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan.

A.distinguishshapes

B.makesenseofhumanfaces

C.feelhappyorangry

0.communicatewitheachother

2.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?

A.Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.

B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.

C.Picturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferent.

D.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethetest.

3.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.

B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.

C.Amajorlimitationofthestudy.

D.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.

【答案】BCB

【解析】本文是一篇科普類說明文，實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明，狗能夠辨別人類的不同的面

部的高興還是憤怒表情。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句"Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetween

happyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy."可知,狗能夠分辨開心的表

情和不開心的表情，故選Bo

2.推斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句"Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilityto

distinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfofthe

person'sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining."可知，訓(xùn)練時(shí)

和測試時(shí)使用的人臉照片完全不同，故選C。

3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段可知，狗為何能夠識(shí)別人的表情的原因不明，緊

接著給出了最可能的解釋：可能是狗長期與人類生活，所以練就了識(shí)別人類表情

的能力，故選B。

II、2021年高考模擬試題

（2021?諸暨市5月模擬?閱讀理解B篇）

Thegreatthingaboutlibrariesisthattheyhousealltypesofbooks--from

mysteriestobiographyanddramas---allinonelocation.Thebadthingaboutlibrariesis

thattheyhousealltypesofbooksinonelocation,andifit'salocationyoucannotget

to,youareoutofluck.Now,mobilelibrarysolutionsareappearingquicklyaroundthe

countrytobringbookstopeoplewhoneedthem.

Afewyearsago,whentheLittleFreeLibrariesMovementkickedoff,morepeople

ofallagescouldhaveaccesstobooks.Now,morethan1,5000freebookstandscanbe

foundacrosstheglobe,bringingbookstounexpectedplaces.Butmanyfolksaresimply

notinapositiontogettotheplaceswherethebooksare.Bookmobilebusesarea

goodsolution,buttheycanbeexpensivetofundandtooperate.

BooksonBikesprogramsarepoppingupinareaswherethereisastrongbike

culture,insomeregionslikeSeattle,orastrongneedtobringbookstothemasses,for

example,inSanFrancisco.

TheSeattlePublicLibrary'sBooksonBikeprogramconsistsofthreebike/trailer

combos（組合）thatlibrariansbringtocommunityevents.ThetrailersareevenWi-Fi

enabledsothatvisitorscansignupforalibrarycardandbrowse（瀏覽）thelibrary'scard

catalogueonthespot.

"Seattlehasareallystrongbikeculturesowewanttotapintothatandprovidefull

servicelibraryprogramsbutdoitinawaythatisquickandsmart/librarianJaredMills

saidinaninterview.

SanFrancisco/sprogram,calledBibliobicicleta,waslaunchedin2013bylibrarian

AliciaTapia.Hertrailercanholdabout100booksandattractsreadersofallagesand

incomelevels.It'sanindependent,donation-basedlibrary---likeaLittleFreeLibrary,

butonwheels.

Whenaskedwhyshewouldstartafreelibraryonabike,Tapiaanswers,/zWhynot?

Bikesarecool,andcangoanywhere?

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Freelibrariesonbikes.

B.Uniquebicyclecultures.

C.Popularonlinelibraries.

D.Variouslibrarymovements.

2.Theunderlinedwordsinparagraph