SentencesI：Unity（一致）：表達一個完整的思想H1*BorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.H2HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.Laterheenteredaconservatory.Inthe70shebecameafamousmusician.II：Coherence（連貫）：結構關系清晰HItisnotcoherentifithasfaultyparallelconstructions,pronounswithambiguousreference,danglingormisplacedmodifiers,confusingshiftsinpersonandnumber,orinvoice,tense,andmood.Parallelconstructions（平行）H7*Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.H8Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable./Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.Confusingreference（指代）H15 *Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.H16 Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butwasnotbadlyhurt.DanglingmodifiersH*Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.HTogetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingssheneededintoasuitcase.Thereareafewsetphrasesoftenusedtomodifywholesentences,like“tobefrank”,“generallyspeaking”,“judgingby”,“considering”,“given”,and“speakingof…”Theylooklikedanglingmodifiersbuttheyarenot.Misplacedmodifierstt33*Theideashementionedatfirstsoundedgood.H34Theideashefirstmentionedsoundedgood./Theideashementionedsoundedgoodatfirst.Inconsistencytt41*ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.tt42ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareexpectedtosigntheirnamesonthissheetofpaper.IncompletesentencesH55*Nuclearpowerhassomedistinctadvantages.Suchasitiscleanandcheap.H56Nuclearpowerhassomedistinctadvantagessuchascleannessandcheapness.IncorrectcollocationH63*Universitystudentsshouldlearnasmuchknowledgeaspossiblesothattheycangetthemselvesfullypreparedforthefuture.tt64Universitystudentsshouldgainasmuchknowledgeaspossiblesothattheycangetthemselvesfullypreparedforthefuture.Hfees,price,pay等表示“費用”的詞可以由high,low,reasonable等修飾，但不能說”cheapprice”,“expensivefees”?“cheap”,“expensive”可以修飾實物，如”acheapmeal”,“anexpensivecar”.口study/learnknowledgeisnotcorrect,weshoulduse“obtain”,“gain”,“acquire",“pursue”.口opportunitycannotbecollocatedwith“small",butwith“rare",“scanty",“poor"?口開電視turnontheTV（*opentheTV）,速度快highspeed（*fastspeed），人減少populationreduction（*peoplereduction）Wronguseofconjs.H69*Agraduatewantstobeemployed,hemusthaveasuccessfuljobinterviewfirst.H70Ifagraduatewantstobeemployed,hemusthaveasuccessfuljobinterviewfirst.ParagraphWritingThestructureofaparagraphAtopicsentenceFiveprinciplesSupportingUnity:consistentwiththetopicsentenceCoherent:forcefulenough,logicallydeveloped,hieraticallyarranged,cohesivelyconnectedConclusionParagraphUnity:OneparagraphisaboutONLYONEmaintopic.Howtowritethebodyparagraph?2.Sixwaystodevelopanidea主體段寫作注意三要點1.根據(jù)全文主題確立主體段結構■正文段是圍繞全文主題作深層次的闡述和論證■要求:正文段的段落主題句充分體現(xiàn)全文的中心思想,具有概括性■2.主體段內層次關系:邏輯性關系（按照人們認識規(guī)律和邏輯思維來安排主體段的內容）■先提問后回答■先正面論述,后從反面論述■先從現(xiàn)象入手,后剖析實質重要性原則（內容安排從次要到主要,依次增強;或恰好相反）■3.主體段內容■引言段提出的主題思想必須在主體段得到發(fā)展充實■主題能否得到充分的發(fā)展在很大程度上依賴主體段中用來論證說明主題的材料是否充實恰當，該素材是否具有典型性、真實性和緊扣主題的相關性SixwaystodevelopanideaDevelopmentby1.Causeandeffect（原因結果型）2.Quotingfiguresandstatistics（引用數(shù)據(jù)法）3.Makingexamples（舉例說明法）4.Supportingwithfacts（事實證明法）5.comparisonandcontrast（類比和對比法）6.classification（分類）Causeandeffect■典型句型：■ 1.Thereareprobablyseveralreasonsforthissignificantincreaseanumberof dramatic declineavarietyof marked growthin….First….Second….Whyhave...?Foronereason....Foranother....did Tobeginwith Inthesecondplaceare Onereasonis AnotherreasonisPerhapsthemain/primary/fundamentalreasonis..3.Thesefactors,coupledwiththegrowth/change/recognition/realizationof..2)WordsandPhrasesUsedforDiscussingCauseandEffect■soaccordinglyasaresult thus■consequentlytheresultoftheconsequenceofhence■resultinsincetherefore■theeffectofduetohaveaneffectonowingto■thereasonforforowe.to■forthisreasonbecausethanksto■thecauseofbecauseofoutof■itfollowsthat■sothat such.thatseeingthat soas.to■nowthatforfearthat make.possiblemakeitpossible/impossiblefor.todoQuotingfiguresandstatistics典型句型：1.Accordingtoanewsurvey,in2001.therecent census from1990to2001latestincreasedxpercent.roseatarateofxpercentdroppedanaverageofxpercent2.Morethanthreequarterspeoplepreferred.,comparedwith20percentlastyear.Makingexamples1. Themostdramaticexampleofthisis.Thisoffersatypicalexampleofthis.Asanillustration,wemaytake2.Justimaginewhat.wouldbelikeif.whenwithout4.Supportingwithfacts■典型句型：■1.Wemustaccept/admit/recognizetheindisputable/undeniablefactthat■2. Testshaveshowedthat..StudiesrevealedInvestigations indicated■ 3.Thereisstatisticalevidencethat...sufficientconsiderabletoshowthatinfavorofsufficientconsiderabletoshowthatinfavorof5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrast■Whenwecompareonethingwithanother,weshowthesimilarities;whenwecontrastonethinganother,weshowdissimilarities.BlockPresentationTopicsentenceThingone:Aspect(1) Aspect(2) Aspect(3) Thingtwo:Aspect(1) Aspect(2) Aspect(3) AlternatingPresentationTopicsentenceAspect(1):Thingone Thingtwo Aspect(2):Thingone Thingtwo Aspect(3):Thingone Thingtwo 2)WordsandPhrasesUsedinMakingComparisonandContrast■ToCompare:■similartosimilarlylike,alikelikewise■correspondtocorrespondinglyresemble resemblance■almostthesameasatthesamerateasas(just)as.so■inlikemannerinthesamewaytobeparallelin.both■tohave.incommoncommoncharacteristics,etc■ToContrast:■differfromdifferentfromhoweverstill■neverthelessotherwiseevensoless/more.than■althoughunlikewhilewhereas■incontrasttoinoppositiontoonthecontrary ontheotherhand■ontheoppositeside7.DevelopmentbyClassification2)WordsandPhrasesUsedforClassificationmainkindsofkindsofbasickinds minorprimary,secondary similar/similaritiesdissimilar/dissimilarities differences opposingopposite classifyclassifications dividedivision kinds aspects attributestypesfactors characteristicsclassessources qualitiesparts regionscategoriesaccordingto.■withrespectto.■fallinto.categories■canbedividedinto.kinds/types/classes/parts.Fordevelopmentbytime/process/spaceDevelopmentbytime2)WordsandPhrasesUsedinDescribingChronologicalRelationsnow,nowadayswhen,before,after,while,duringbetween...and...in...(year)since.later,afterwards,earlier,formerlyfromthenonattheturnofthecentury(decade)inthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthe1990s,etc.atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeathsimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,previous,previously,priorto,first,second,etc.inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,etc.tobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplaceinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheendDevelopmentbyProcess2)WordsandPhrasesUsedinWritingProcessDevelopment■first(ly)thenonce next■untilassoonas after■lastlyasatthispoint■beforewhileatthesametime■whenDevelopmentbySpace2)WordsandPhrasesUsedinDescribingSpatialRelationshipswhereinwhich,towhich,fromwhichunder,over,inside,beside,ontopof,etc.along,through,asfaras,etc.north,northern,south,southern,etc.totheleft,totheright,tothenorth,etc.attheback,infront,inthemiddle,etc.■adjacenttoparallelspaceinterior■oppositesurfaceverticaledge■pyramidhorizontalexteriorintersectionIntroductionWritingPossibleapproachestobeginanessay■1.Adescription（描寫法）■2.Thecentralidea（觀點法/主題法）■3.Figuresorstatistics（數(shù)據(jù)法）■4.Adefinition（定義法）■5.Acontrast（對立法）■6.Aquestionorseveralquestions（問題法）■7.Aquotation（引用法）■8.Aphenomenon（現(xiàn)象法）■9.Acomparison（對比法）Adescription描寫法：通過生動的描寫把文章要討論的主題、事物、現(xiàn)象反映出來，以引起讀者的興趣。既可以用在記敘文，也可以用在論說文。*Note:Donotwritetoomuch,adescriptionofoneortwosentencesisenough.Thepurposeofthedescriptionistointroducethethesis/centralthoughtoftheessay.Thecentralidea觀點法/主題法：文章開門見山，直截了當?shù)刂赋鑫恼碌闹黝}。即作者針對文章要討論的問題的觀點，也即文章的中心思想。這種方法比較適用于議論文的寫作，便于抓住主題，避免離題。典型句型：Nowpeopleinincreasing/significantnumbersarebeginning/comingtoaccept/beaware that….Nowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitiononthepartofpeopleofthenecessityto/importanceofFiguresorstatistics數(shù)據(jù)法：開頭段引用權威性地統(tǒng)計數(shù)字，把問題或現(xiàn)象顯現(xiàn)于讀者面前，然后進行分析，是作者地觀點顯得客觀，具有較強的說服力。Adefinition■定義法：通過對文章要討論的主題，尤其是人們不太熟悉的主題進行釋義來引出議論。Acontrast■對立法：文章一開頭列舉人們對所討論的問題所持的不同觀點。然后筆鋒一轉，點出作者自己對這個問題的看法，此方法一般用于論說文中。對立法多用于有爭議性的主題。■典型句型Whenaskedabout...,theoverwhelmingmajorityof/most/quiteafewpeoplethink/view/believe/answer…,otherpeopleregard/thinkof/see…as....Iview''''abit/quitedifferently.2.Nowthemajorityofpeoplebelievethat..alotof/most think/feelAdmittedlythereislittle/noevidencewhether..AdmittedlyAlthoughitisquestioned3.Now,itiscommonlyacknowledgedthat….Theygenerallyrecognizedwidelyacceptedbelievethat…,butIwonderwhether….claimdoubtargueAquestionorseveralquestions■問題法：通過提問來引出要討論或有爭議性的問題。由于作者的回答針對性很強，所以此開頭具有較強的邏輯性?！龅湫途湫停骸?. Should…? Opinionsof…varygreatly.WhatAttitudestowardSome thinkof…as….Others argue…regardbelieveviewclaim■2.“Why…?/Can…?”O(jiān)fallthecomplaintsIhaveheard,discussionsdebatethisistheoneofthemostfrequentlyuttered.voicedAquotation引用法：文章開頭用名人名言，諺語，或有代表性的看法見解來引出文章要展開討論的一種觀點。典型句型：1.“Awarenessofignoranceisthebeginningofwisdom.”,“Familiarnotionsareoftenthoseleastexamined.”“Geniusis2percentinspirationand98percentperspiration.”SuchistheopinionmadebyBacon.remarkEdison.Oneofthegreatmen.Thisremarkhasbeensharedtimeandagainbyviewconfirmednowmoreandmorepeople“…”That'showonecommented…. Heishardlyaloneintheexperience.Complained/criticizedManypeoplehavesharedtheexperiencelikethis.Aphenomenon現(xiàn)象法：對某種社會現(xiàn)象、傾向或社會問題進行剖析的文章往往在文章一開始首先引出這種現(xiàn)象或問題，然后評論。下列句型就適用于這種開頭：典型句型：■ 1.Recentlythephenomenonof/problemof...hasdrawn/causedriseinarousedpublic/worldwideattention.arousedwide/considerable/internationalconcern.Acomparison■比較法：比較法句型主要用于通過對過去與現(xiàn)在兩種不同傾向、態(tài)度和觀點的比較,引出文章主要討論的主題。典型句型：1.Severalyears/decadesago,people….Now,….Whydopeoplehassuchchangetakenplace?■2.Foryears…h(huán)adbeenseenas….Untilrecently wasviewed/regardedButthatischangingnow.Withthegrowingpeoplearetakingafreshlookatit.demandfor …,people….interestinconcernover■Writeconcisely.Donotwritetoomuch.Whenweapplytheseapproachesinwritingtheintroduction,oneortwosentencesareenoughtohelpusleadtothecentralidea.第一部分常用于引言段的句型的2類表達方式一、 議論文常用句型Itisafactthat….Itiswell-knownthat….Thereisnodoubtthat….Ithinkthat….Contrarytothepopularthought,Iprefer-.Somepeoplesay/believe/claimthat….Itisgenerallybelievedthat….Itiswidelyacceptedthat….Itisargued/heldthat….Whileitiscommonlybelievedthat…，Ibelieve….Itcanbeconcludedthat….People'sviewsvaryfrompersontoperson.二、 圖表作文常用句型Thetable/diagram/barchart/piegraph/treediagram/curvegraph/columnchartshows/illustrates/reveals/describes/depicts/reflectsthat/how.Thegraphprovidessomeinterestingdataregarding-.Thedata/statistics/figurescanbeinterpretedasfollows:Thedata/statistics/figuresleadustotheconclusionthat….Asisshown/demonstrated/exhibitedinthediagram/graph/chart/table,….Itisclear/apparentfromthetable/chart/diagram/figuresthat….Thevertical/horizontalaxisstandsfor….Therewasrapid/noticeable/great/sharp/steep/remarkable/slow/little/slight/gradualrise/increase/decrease/fall/decline/drop/changeindevelopmentin….Thepercentageremainedsteady/stableat….Thefiguresstayedthesame….Thefiguresbottomedout/peakedat….Thefiguresreachedthebottom/apeak/aplateauduring-.第二部分常用于正文段的句型的4類表達方式一、 A、B型作文段落常用句型和表達方式Aiscompletely/totally/entirelydifferentfromB.AandBaredifferentinsome/everyway/respect/aspect.AandBdifferin….AdiffersfromBin….ThedifferencebetweenAandBis/liesin/existsin….Comparedwith/Incontrastto/UnlikeA,B….A…，ontheotherhand,/incontrast,/while/whereasB….WhileitisgenerallybelievedthatA…，IbelieveB….Despitetheirsimilarities,AandBarealsodifferent.BothAandB….However,A…；ontheotherhand,B….ThemoststrikingdifferenceisthatA…，whileB….二、 原因分析性段落常用的句型和表達方式Thereareseveralreasonsfor*,butingeneral,theycomedowntothreemajorones.Therearemanyfactorsthatmayaccountfo…，butthefollowingarethemosttypicalones.Manywayscancontributetosolvingthisproblem,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Thereasonsareasfollows.三、 因果推理性段落常用句型和表達方式Because/Sincewereadthebook,wehavelearnedalot.Ifwereadthebook,wewouldlearnalot.Wereadthebook;asaresult/therefore/thus/hence/consequently/forthisreason/becauseofthis,we'velearnedalot.Asaresultof/Becauseof/Dueto/Owingtoreadingthebook,w'evelearnedalot.Thecauseof/reasonfor/overweightiseatingtoomuch.Overweightiscausedby/dueto/becauseofeatingtoomuch.Theeffect/consequence/resultofeatingtoomuchisoverweight.Eatingtoomuchcauses/resultsin/leadstooverweight.四、 舉例型段落常用句型和表達方式Hereisonemoreexample.Take…forexample.Thesameistrueof….Thisoffersatypicalinstanceof….Wemayquoteacommonexampleof….Justthinkof….第三部分常用于結尾段的句型的3類表達方式一、對全文進行歸納總結的句型Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawthe