指代題分類精讀篇目推薦第一類：生物學(xué)/古生物學(xué)(17篇)OG:P40,P90Delta:P31,P37,P21/5-7,P33,P35,P42,P51/3-4,P86,P94,P128,P130/5,P131,P145/4-6,P183,P186第二類：天文學(xué)/地理學(xué)(14篇)

OG:P48,P117Delta:P18,P25,P39,P73/1-2,P74/5-6,P82,P92,P111,P158,P165,P182,P192第三類：文學(xué)/歷史/哲學(xué)(16篇)OG:P80,P101Delta:P22,P24,P27,P52,P54,P56,P77,P114,P117,P132,P146/7-10,P149,P162,P196

題型5：指代題識別（refersto）題型說明OG45分為詞匯指代和代詞指代兩種類型0-2perset分類代詞人稱代詞主格he,she,it,they,we人稱代詞賓格him,her,it,them,us反稱代詞Himself,herself,itself,ourselves,themselves關(guān)系代詞who,which,that,whom,when,where,whose形容詞性物主代詞his,her,its,their,our,第三人稱名詞性物主代詞his,hers,ours,its,theirs指示代詞或形容詞this,that,these,those量詞one,some,afew,many其它(形容詞與代名詞)all,either,none,thefirst,another,afew,one,thelast,any,many,others,theformer,both,most,several,thelatter,each,neither,some,theother,little,few,allothersUnlikesister鳳，sister芙蓉更PP，她擁有苗條的身材，標(biāo)致的臉龐，和其他網(wǎng)絡(luò)達(dá)人一樣，suchasbrother春&曾，受到網(wǎng)友們的追捧?！八眗efersto:Asister鳳Bsister芙蓉Cbrother春Dbrother曾Thesimplestformsofinequalityarebasedonageandsex.Forexample,oldpeoplemayhaveahighoralowposition;womenmayberankedbelowmen.Butineverysocietythereisanotherformofinequalitythatranksfamiliesratherthanindividuals.Ifalargenumberoffamiliesaresimilartoeachotherineducation,income,andvalues,theyconstituteasocialclass.Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstostratifiedsocietiesindividualslargenumberoffamilieseducation,income,andvalues以下標(biāo)志可以斷句句號關(guān)系代詞或副詞連詞找到選項(xiàng)后帶回原文指代題向前找答案原則一般來說后半句中代詞（數(shù)量代詞，人稱代詞）位于句首，指代前半句主語一個句子中若代詞位于句首，指代前句主語。Pesticidestemporarilyincreasetheproductivityofcrops,untilinsectsdevelopgeneticresistancetothem.Thewordtheminthepassagereferstopesticidescropsinsectssoils1.語法原則：單復(fù)數(shù)一致，人稱一致（基本所有題目的選項(xiàng)都符合語法原則）2.前指原則：正確答案必在所考代詞之前

3.句內(nèi)原則：正確答案與所考代詞通常在同一句內(nèi)，除非代詞位于句首或出現(xiàn)指代傳遞現(xiàn)象

4.語義原則：代入并譯成中文解題四大原則1.人稱代詞在考試中經(jīng)?？疾斓娜朔Q代詞是they/it；they/it出現(xiàn)在句首通常指前半句或前一句的主語.Animalsneednaturalperiodicsignalslikesunrisetomaintainacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours.Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimal'sdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso—becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth'srotation.ThewordItinthepassagereferstoanexternalcuesuchassunrisethedailyrhythmofananimalthelocalsolardayacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hoursWiththeadventofprojection,theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate,asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid.Itsuddenlybecamepublic-anexperiencethattheviewersharedwithdozens,scores,andevenhundredsofothers.TheadventofprojectionTheviewer'srelationshipwiththeimageAsimilarmachineCelluloid投影Otherstatuesweredesignedtobeplacedwithinanarchitecturalsetting,forinstance,infrontofthemonumentalentrancegatewaystotemplesknownaspylons,orinpillaredcourts,wheretheywouldbeplacedagainstorbetweenpillars:theirfrontalityworkedperfectlywithinthearchitecturalcontext.statuesgatewaystemplespillaredcourts雕塑神殿有柱子的庭院2.平行結(jié)構(gòu)Some…others;one…another;a…theone…;a…such…,notonly…butalso;Energyistherealcurrencyoftheworld.Wedependonenergytogrowourfood,tokeepusalive,andtowarmandcoolourbodiesandthebuildingswhereweliveandwork.Wealsouseittomovepeopleandotherobjectsaswellastochangematterfromonephysicalorchemicalformtoanother.ThewordanotherinthepassagereferstocurrencyenergymatterformAtleastonecentralqualityofmusic—rhythmicorganization—canexistapartfromtheabilityofpeopletohearit.Somecomposers,suchasScriabin,haveemphasizedtheimportantoftherhythmicaspectofmusicbytranslatingtheirworksintorhythmicseriesofcoloredforms.Others,suchasStravinsky,havestressedthesignificanceofseeingmusicperformedbyanorchestraoradancetroupe.ThewordOthersinthepassagereferstopeoplecomposersworksforms3.關(guān)系代詞that,which,what…通常就近指代。注意：which前邊有插入語時，處理方法為去掉插入語原則3.如果碰到關(guān)系代詞，一般是就近指代（往前找他最近的名詞）——喜歡加入插入成分（前后有逗號）——跳過插入，找最近的名詞4.This位于句首，有可能指代前一句的部分、整句、整個上一段的中心思想Withtheadventofprojection,theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate,asithadbeenwithearlierdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid.3.指示代詞This、These…Manymillionsofyearsafterfernsevolved(butlongbeforetheHawaiianIslandwerebornfromthesea),anotherkindoffloraevolvedonEarth:theseed-bearingplants.Thiswasawonderfulbiologicalinvention.ThewordThisinthepassagereferstothespreadoffernsandmossesinHawaiithecreationoftheHawaiianIslandstheevolutionoffernsthedevelopmentofplantsthatproduceseedsFromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts.TheimperialcourtcommissionedworkandintheYuandynasty(A.D.1279-1368)animperialceramicfactorywasestablishedatJingdezhen.Potsplayedanimportantpartinsomereligiousceremonies.Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots,althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture.religiousceremoniesdescriptionstypesofwarepotsPot鍋Ceremony儀式4.詞匯指代用一個詞、詞組或指示性代詞+名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)來指代前文內(nèi)容。被指代內(nèi)容可能是詞語、詞組甚至是整個句子或中心思想。ThecentralcharacterisEveryman,ahumancharacter,andthesubjectisdeatharrivingbeforewewantittocome—athemethatisuniversaltohumans.Thewordthemeinparagraph5referstoperformersplayinganimals,objects,orideasdeatharrivingbeforewewantittocomebeauty,knowledge,andstrengthEverymanasacentralcharacter指代傳遞:指代詞通常首先指前一句的主語，其次是賓語，當(dāng)前一句的主語也是代詞時，則繼續(xù)向前找Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.PakicetusFishLifeocean毛利語指代題排除技巧

排除同等位置的選項(xiàng)（AorB，fromAtoBto

C，列舉）指代題排除技巧

排除同等位置的選項(xiàng)（AorB，fromAtoBto

C，列舉）Thefinsarestiff,smooth,andnarrow,qualitiesthatalsohelpcutdrag.Whennotinuse,thefinsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotbreakupitssmoothcontours.Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstoqualitiesfinsgroovesdepressions魚鱗鱗狀物散熱片紋路節(jié)奏常規(guī)給..開槽其他語法關(guān)系Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone’smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.ThewordnoneinthepassagereferstoFoodPlantEnergyAnimal指代傳遞現(xiàn)象：指代詞通常指代前一句主語＞賓語＞主語修飾語，當(dāng)前一句主語也是代詞時,則繼續(xù)向前尋找

Whilesuchinterviewscanbehighlyentertaining,theyarenotnecessarilyanaccurateindicationofpublicopinion.First,theyreflecttheopinionsofonlythosepeoplewhoappearatacertainlocation.Theword“they”referstoNorthAmericansnewsshowsinterviewsopinionsInSouthwestFranceinthe1940’s,playingchildrendiscoveredLascauxGrotto,aseriesofnarrowcavechambersthatcontainhugeprehistoricpaintingsofanimals.Manyofthesebeastsareaslargeas16feet(almost5meters).Somefolloweachotherinsolemnparades,butothersswirlabout,sidewaysandupsidedown.Theanimalsarebulls,wildhorses,reindeer,bison,andmammothsoutlinedwithcharcoalandpaintedmostlyinreds,yellow,andbrowns.Scientificanalysisrevealsthatthecolorswerederivedfromocherandotherironoxidesgroundintoafinepowder.Methodsofapplyingcolorvaried:somecolorswerebrushedorsmearedonrocksurfacesandotherswereblownorsprayed.Itispossiblethattubesmadefromanimalboneswereusedforsprayingbecausehollowbones,somestainedwithpigment,havebeenfoundnearby.ThewordothersinthepassagereferstoChambersPaintingsBeastsParades其他語法考察DeltaP52Q5Q6其他語法考察DeltaP52Q5Q6其他語法考察背景知識補(bǔ)充：

Maslow'shierarchyofneeds

Maslow'shierarchyofneedsisoftenportrayedintheshapeofapyramid,withthelargestandmostfundamentallevelsofneedsatthebottom,andtheneedforself-actualizationatthetop.

題型總結(jié)指代的簡單原則——后指代前，就近指代，語法原則指代內(nèi)容可能是前面的名詞、詞組，甚至是整個句子可能會出現(xiàn)指代傳遞現(xiàn)象指代題指代關(guān)系的模型兩個步驟：1.定位：用（）表示代詞所指代的范圍2.名詞的選擇指代題?？季€索（6個）1.one+n…theothersome+n…othersmany+n…others2.which:就近指代S+V+O,whichS+V+O+，which后置定語時間地點(diǎn)狀語插入成分同位語3.boththeformerthelatter向前尋找并列信息點(diǎn)最常見：AandB和平行結(jié)構(gòu)4.指代傳遞現(xiàn)象（多重指代）定義：代詞所指代的對象不在句子中。如,they在句1中，向前，句2，還是they；再向前，句3.最多不超過3句。5.比較級和固定搭配比較級：moreAthanBA=BA:S+V+OB:it+V+Oit=固定搭配總結(jié)：只要發(fā)現(xiàn)代詞處在一個結(jié)構(gòu)一致的法則中，就直接遵循主賓格一致的概念。6.n.1ofn.2本質(zhì)：結(jié)構(gòu)一致

例如：前面：n.1ofn.2

后面：n.1ofthatn.1=n.1of=ofthat=n.2一、問題形式被考的文章中有一個詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：Theword(orphrase)Xinthepassagerefersto二、解題步驟1．根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案2．代入原文驗(yàn)證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順三、基本原則1．就近指代所謂就近指代，就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處，如本句或上一句中。有時也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如；Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.Thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbineshaspittedenvironmentalistswhochampionwildlifeprotectionagainstenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy.Researchersareevaluatinghowseriousthisproblemisandhopetofindwaystoeliminateorsharplyreducethisproblem.

ThephrasethisprobleminthepassagereferstoAinterferencewiththeflightpatternsofmigratingbirdsincertainareasBbuildingridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbinesCthekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbinesDmeetingthedemandsofenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy本題涉及的是一個詞組thisproblem。尋找這一詞組的指代對象時只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則，前一句中的主語thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文，符合語義和邏輯，因此第三個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。第一個選項(xiàng)和第三個選項(xiàng)都和thisproblem相距較遠(yuǎn)，而且代入時語義和邏輯上不通，因此為干擾選項(xiàng)。2．?dāng)?shù)格一致被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)（如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)）和格（主格或賓格）兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。四、主要思路1．主從復(fù)合句中的指代在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如，Thefinsarestiff,smooth,andnarrow,qualitiesthatalsohelpcutdrag.Whennotinuse,thefinsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotbreakupitssmoothcontours.

Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto

qualities

fins

grooves

depressions在這一例子中，從句sothatthey…中的代詞主語they指代主句的名詞主語thefins，因此第二個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。如果主從復(fù)合句中一個句子（可以是主句，也可以是從句）使用被動語態(tài)，包含被動語態(tài)的句子中的主語常指代另一句中的賓語。例如，icewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduseSimilarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.

Thewordnoneinthepassagereferstofoodplantoranimalenergybigbody在本例中，if引導(dǎo)的從句使用了被動語態(tài)，代詞主語none指代前面主句中的賓語energy。因此，第三個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。2．并列動詞中的指代如果一個句中有兩個并列的動詞，第二個動詞的代詞賓語經(jīng)常指代前一個動詞后的名詞賓語。例如，Artistsarerecognizingthedistinctionbetweenpublicandprivatespaces,andtakingthatintoaccountwhenexecutingtheirpubliccommissions.

Theword“that”inline27refersto(A)

contemporaryart(B)

opportunity(C)

audience(D)

distinction句中有兩個并列的動詞recognizing和taking(intoaccount)，其中recognizing的賓語是distinction，而taking的賓語是that。根據(jù)上述技巧，that指代distinction。因此，（D）為正確答案。3．平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的指代平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括some/most/many/such/each…,others…;notonly…butalso…;theformer…thelatter等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，平行結(jié)構(gòu)兩個部分的兩個代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對象：前一句中的名詞主語。例如，InSouthwestFranceinthe1940s,playingchildrendiscoveredLascauxGrotto,as