備戰(zhàn)2022年中考英語考前時事熱點(diǎn)話題閱讀+題型專練熱點(diǎn)58黑子與日冕等太陽活動一、閱讀理解1Thetemperatureofthesunisover5,000degreesFahrenheitatthesurface,butitrisestoperhapsmorethan16milliondegreesatthecenter.Thesunissomuchhotterthantheearththatmattercanexistonlyasagas,exceptatthecore(核心).Inthecoreofthesun,thepressuresaresogreatagainstthegasesthat,despitethehightemperature,theremaybeasmallsolidcore.However,noonereallyknows,sincethecenterofthesuncanneverbedirectlyobserved.Solarastronomersdoknowthatthesunisdividedintofivelayersorzones.Startingattheoutsideandgoingdownintothesun,thezonesarethecorona,chromosphere,photosphere,convectionzoneandfinallythecore.Thefirstthreezonesareregardedasthesun’satmosphere.Butsincethesunhasnosolidsurface,itishardtotellwheretheatmosphereendsandthemainbodyofthesunbegins.Thesun’soutermostlayerbeginsabout10,000milesabovethevisiblesurfaceandgoesoutwardformillionsofmiles.Thisistheonlypartofthesunthatcanbeseenduringaneclipse(日食)suchastheoneinFebruary1979.Atanyothertime,thecoronacanbeseenonlywhenspecialinstrumentsareusedoncamerasandtelescopestoshutouttheglare(刺眼的強(qiáng)光)ofthesun’srays.Thecoronaisabrilliant,pearlywhite,filmylight,aboutasbrightasthefullmoon.Itsbeautifulraysareasensationalsightduringaneclipse.Thecorona’sraysflashoutinabrilliantfanthathaswispyspikelike(一束束穗狀)raysnearthesun’snorthandsouthpoles.Thecoronaisthickestatthesun’sequator.Thecoronaraysaremadeupofgasesstreamingoutwardattremendousspeedsandreachingatemperatureofmorethan2milliondegreesFahrenheit.Theraysofgasthinoutastheyreachthespacearoundtheplanets.Bythetimethesun’scoronaraysreachtheearth,theyareweakandinvisible.1.Matteronthesuncanexistonlyintheformofgasbecauseofthesun’s______.A.size B.ageC.location D.temperature2.Withwhattopicisthesecondparagraphmainlyconcerned?A.Howthesunevolved.B.Thestructureofthesun.C.Whyscientistsstudythesun.D.Thedistanceofthesunfromtheplanets.3.Allofthefollowingarepartsofthesun’satmosphereEXCEPTthe_______.A.corona B.chromosphereC.photosphere D.core4.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostlikelydiscusseswhichofthefollowing?A.Theremaininglayersofthesun.B.Theevolutionofthesuntoitspresentform.C.TheeclipseofFebruary1979.D.Scientistswillcostmoremoneyonresearchingthecorona.2Ifyourcellphonesuddenlystopsworking,don'tblametheserviceprovider.Themalfunction(故障)mighthavebeencausedbysomethingbigger—asolarstorm.Expertsexpectthattheearthwillseemoresolaractivitiesinthenearfuture.Themalfunctionofelectronicdevicesisjustoneoftheeffects.Sunspots(太陽黑子)serveasanindicator(標(biāo)志)ofthesun’sactivity.Forthepasttwoyears,sunspotshavemostlybeenmissing.Theirabsence,thelongestinnearly100years,hastakenevensunwatchersbysurprise.Whenthenumberofsunspotsdropsattheendofeach11-yearcycle,solarstormsdiedownandallbecomemuchcalmer.This"solarminimum"doesn’t'tlastlong.Withinayear,sunspotsandsolarstormsbegintobuildtowardanewcrescendo—thenextsolarmaximum.What'sspecialaboutthislatestcycleisthatthesunishavingtroublestartingthenextsolarcycle.Thesunbegantocalmdowninlate2007,sonooneexpectedmanysunspotsin2021.Theyshouldreturnin2021.Scientistshavepredictedthatthenextsolarcyclecouldbethemostactiveonrecord:moresunspotsandmoresolarstorms.However,sunspotsaremostlymissingnowSincetheearthisinclosecontactwiththesun,strongsolaractivitiescanbringtroubletoourlife.Peopleofthe21stcenturyrelyonhigh-techsystemsforthebasicsofdailylife.Airtravelandradiocommunicationscanbeaffectedbystrongsolaractivities.Abigsolarstormcouldcause20timesmoreeconomicdamagethanHurricaneKatrina.Whatthesunwilldonextisbeyondourabilitytopredict.Mostastronomersthinkthatthesolarcyclewillgoonbutatlowlevel.However,thereisalsoevidencethatthesunislosingitsabilitytoproducesunspots.By2021,theycouldbegonealtogether.5.ThesunwatchersfeelsurprisedatA.thelongestsunspots'absence B.thelargestsunspotnumberC.themalfunctionofelectronicdevices D.theseriousdamagebysunspots6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“crescendo〞inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.smallnumber B.highlevelC.usualcycle D.freshstart7.Whichstatementdoesthetextleadyoutobelieve?A.SolaractivitiesdonoharmtoourdailylifeB.HurricaneKatrinaisalsoatypeofsolarstormsC.It'sdifficulttopredictsunspots.D.Fromnowonthere'renosunspots.3ScientistswhostudytheSunwatchforsunspots—violentstormsthatcanaffectcommunications，navigationsystemsandevenelectricpowerstationsontheEarth.SunspotsareaproductofhugeelectromagneticstormsontheSun.ScientistsontheEarthareabletoobservesunspotseightminutesaftertheyhappen.ThatishowlongittakesfortheSun’slighttoreachus.Thefirstelectricallychargedparticles(顆?！砯romasunspotentertheEarth’satmosphereabout20to30minutesafterthestormhappens.Theseparticlescanharmhumanbeings.Sobeforetheyarrive,astronautsontheInternationalSpaceStationmoveintospecialareasdesignedtoprotectthemfromtheireffects.Aboutadayortwolater,thebiggestpartofthestormarrives.Itiscalledacoronalmassejection.“Thatisbillionsoftonsofsolarmaterialthat'sblownawayfromtheSun.It’stravelingmillionsofkilometersanhour,butthatisrelativelyslow.〞saysAlexYoung,theAssociateDirectorforScienceatNASA'sHeliophysicsScienceDivision.SeveralciviliangovernmentagenciesandtheU.S.AirForcewatchweatherconditionsinspace24hoursaday.NASAdoessobecauseitmustprotectitsastronautsandtheelectronicdevicesonitsspacecraft.Scientistsarealsotryingtounderstandwhythenumberofsunspotsrisesandfallsatalmostregularintervalsevery11years.Inotherwords,scientistscanalmostpredicttheamountofsolaractivity.Sometimestheintensity(強(qiáng)度〕ishigher，sometimeslower，F(xiàn)orexample,thecurrentsolarcycle,asitiscalled,ismuchlowerthanthepreviousone.SeveralsatelliteswatchtheSunandtheenvironmentbetweentheSunandthoEarth.PicturesandotherinformationfromthesatellitestellscientistswhatishappeningonandneartheSun.AlexYoungsayswehaveonlybeenlookingattheSunwithpowerfulinstrumentsforabout30to40years.Thatisaveryshorttimecomparedtothefourbillionyearsthatthestarhasbeenshining.8.WhydoastronautsonInternationalSpaceStationmoveintospecialarea?A.Toavoidbeingharmed. B.Tochargethebattery.C.TowatchtheSunclosely D.Toprotectdevicesonthespacecraft.9.Howlongdoesasolarcyclelast?A.About8minutes. B.About20to30minutesC.About11years. D.About30to40minutes10.WhatenablesscientiststowatchtheSun?A.Environmentalchanges. B.GoodweatherconditionsC.Advancedinstruments. D.Governmentagencies11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theroleofsatellites. B.findingsaboutsunpotsC.Observationofspace. D.Communicationontheearth.4Marswasoncewet,withanocean'sworthofwateronitssurface.Today,mostofMarsisasdryasadesertexceptforicedepositsinitspolarregions.Wheredidtherestofthewatergo?Someofitdisappearedintospace.Watermolecules,beatenbyparticlesofsolarwind,brokeapartintohydrogenandoxygenatoms,andthose,especiallythelighterhydrogenatoms,spedoutoftheatmosphere,losttoouterspace.Butmostofthewater,anewstudyconcludes,wentdown,suckedintotheredplanet'srocks.Andthereitremains,trappedwithinmineralsandsalts.Indeed,asmuchas99%ofthewaterthatonceflowedonMarscouldstillbethere,theresearchersestimatedinapaperpublishedthisweekinthejournalScience.BethanyEhlmann,aprofessorofplanetaryscienceattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyandoneoftheauthorsofthepaper,saidthatastherocksarealteredbyliquidwater,watermoleculesbecomeincorporated(并入)intomineralslikeclays.ThedataandsimulationsindicatedthatthewateronMarswasalmostallgoneby3billionyearsago,aroundthetuneonEarthwhenlifeconsistedofsingle-cellmicrobesintheoceans.Withoutatimemachine,thereisnowaytoobservedirectlyhowmuchwaterwasonayoungerMarsmorethan3billionyearsago.ButthehydrogenatomsfloatingtodayintheatmosphereofMarspreserveaghostlyhintoftheancientocean.OnEarth,about1in5,000hydrogenatomsisaversionknownasdeuterium(重氫;氫的同位素)thatistwiceasheavybecauseitsnucleuscontainsbothaneutronandaproton.ButonMars,theconcentrationofdeuteriumismarkedlyhigher,about1in700.ScientistsattheNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenterwhoreportedthisfindingin2021saidthiscouldbeusedtocalculatetheamountofwaterMarsoncehad.12.Whycan'twaterbefoundonMarsnowexceptforicedepositsinpolarregions?A.Becauseitwastransformedintodeuterium.B.Becauseitwasbeatenintoparticlesbysolarwind.C.Becausemostofitwasintegratedandsomedisappeared.D.Becauseitbrokedownintohydrogenandoxygenatoms.13.Whatisimpliedaboutdeuteriuminthelastparagraph?A.Itistwicetheweightofhydrogen.B.Itsnucleuscontainsaneutronandaproton.C.ItsconcentrationonEarthismarkedlyhigherthanonMarsD.ItenlightensscientistsonthemeasurementofwateronMars.14.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythisarticleappear?A.Science. B.Travel. C.Entertainment. D.Education.15.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Mars:OnceWet,NowDry B.Atoms:HydrogenorDeuterium?C.Microbes:Single-cellorMulti-cell? D.WaterVanished:ThisMightBeWhereItWent5The2021LondonOlympicshadenoughproblemstoworryabout.Butonemorehasjustbeenadded-acommunicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstorms.AfteraperiodofcalmwithintheSun,scientistshavedetectedthesignsofafleshcycleofsunspotsthatcouldpeakin2021,justintimeforthearrivaloftheOlympictorchinLondon.NowscientistsbelievethatthispeakcouldresultinvastsolarexplosionsthatcouldthrowbillionsoftonsofchargedmattertowardstheEarth,causingstrongsolarstormsthatcouldjamthetelecommunicationssatellitesandinteractlinkssendingfiveOlympicbroadcastfromLondon."TheSun'sactivityhasastronginfluenceontheEarth.TheOlympicscouldbeinthemiddleofthenextsolarmaximumwhichcouldaffectthefunctionsofcommunicationssatellites,"saidProfessorRichardHarrison,headofspacephysicsattheRutherfordAppletonLaboratoryinOxfordshire.Atthepeakofthecycle,violentoutburstscalledcoronalmassejections(日冕物質(zhì)拋射)occurintheSun'satmosphere,throwingoutgreatquantitiesofelectrically-chargedmatter."Acoronalmassejectioncancarryabilliontonsofsolarmaterialintospaceatoveramillionkilometresperhour.Sucheventscanexposeastronautstoadeadlyamount,candisablesatellites,causepowerfailuresonEarthanddisturbcommunications,"ProfessorHarrisonadded.Theriskisgreatestduringasolarmaximumwhenthereisthegreatestnumberofsunspots.NextweekinAmerica,NASAisscheduledtolaunchasatelliteformonitoringsolaractivitycalledtheSolarDynamicsObservatory(SDO),whichwilltakeimagesoftheSunthatare10timesclearerthanthemostadvancedtelevisionsavailable.TheRutherfordAppletonLaboratoryhelpedtomakethehigh-techcamerasthatwillcaptureimagesofthesolarflares(太陽耀斑)andexplosionsastheyoccur.ProfessorRichardHoldaway,thelab'sdirector,saidthattheSDOshouldbeabletoprovideearlywarningofasolarflareorexplosionbigenoughtoaffectsatellitecommunicationsonEarth"Ifwehaveadvancewarning,we'llbeabletoreducethedamage.Whatyoudon'twantisthingsswitchingoffforaweekwithnoideaofwhat'scausedtheproblem,"hesaid.16.Thephrase"communicationsblackout"inparagraph1mostprobablyreferstoduringthe2021Olympics.A.theextinguishingoftheOlympictorchB.thecollapseofbroadcastingsystemsC.thetransportationbreakdowninLondonD.thedestructionofweathersatellites17.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthesolaractivitydescribedinthepassage?A.ThemostfatalmatterfromthecoronafallsontoEarth.B.Thesolarstormpeakoccursinthemiddleofeachcycle.C.IttakesseveralsecondsforthechargedmattertoreachEarth.D.Thenumberofsunspotsdeclinesaftercoronalmassejections.18.Accordingtothepassage,NASAwilllaunchasatelliteto_________.A.takeimagesofthesolarsystem B.provideearlywarningofthunderstormsC.keeptrackofsolaractivities D.improvethecommunicationsonEarth19.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.SolarStorms:AnInvisibleKillerB.SolarStorms:EarthEnvironmentinDangerC.SolarStorms:ThreateningtheHumanRaceD.SolarStorms:HumanActivitiestoBeTroubled6TheUnitedStatesspaceagencywillsendaspacecrafttoexplorethesunmorecloselythaneverbeforeonSaturday.NASA'SParkerSolarProbe〔探測器〕willflythroughthehotsolaratmosphereandcomewithinjust6millionkilometersofthesun'ssurface.TheParkerProbewillgetalmostseventimesclosertothesunthanearlierspacecraft.Todothis,itwillflypastVenus〔金星〕seventimesoversevenyears.Eachpasswillchangetheprobe'sorbitbyprovidingagravitypush.Itwillmoveeverclosertothesunandstraightintothecorona〔日冕〕,thesun'soutermostatmosphere.Byexploringthesun'scorona,scientistshopetolearnwhyitishundredsoftimeshotterthanthesun'ssurface.Theywillalsostudywhatdrivesthesolarwind.Theprojectwasproposedin1958,thesameyearNASAwasestablished.Now,"it'sbecomingareality,"saidprojectmanagerAndyDriesman.TheParkerspacecrafthasa2.4meterheatshield〔護(hù)罩〕thatis11centimetersthick.Itismadeoftwocarbonsheets.Thefronthasawhitecoatingtoreflectsunlight.Itisexpectedtoshineredwhenitexperiencestheextremesolarheat.Almosteverythingonthespacecraftwillbebehindthisshieldtokeepitsscientificinstrumentsrelativelycool.Besides,thespacecraftwillalsobetravelingatahighspeed.Theprobewillreach690,000kilometersperhourinthecorona.ThespacecraftwillmakeitsfirstflightpastVenusinearlyOctober.ItsfirstpassbythesunisexpectedinNovember.TheParkerSolarProbeisthefirstNASAspacecrafttobenamedaftersomeonewhoisstillalive.EugeneParkerisa91-year-oldprofessorattheUniversityofChicago.Hepredictedtheexistenceofsolarwind60yearsago.HeplanstobeatCapeCanaveralAirForceStationinthesouthernstateofFloridatoseethelaunch.20.What'stheadvantageoftheParkerProbecomparedtotheearlierones?A.Itcanchangetheorbitbyflyingpastthesun.B.Itcangetclosertothesunandintothecorona.C.Itcanstudytheeffectofsolarwind.D.Itcanflythroughthehotsolaratmospherewithoutprotection.21.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Humanhadlittleachievementsinexploringthesun.B.EugeneParkeristhefirstonetostudythesun.C.TheParkerProbehastogetclosetothesunwiththehelpofVenus.D.Humancangetclosetothesun'ssurfacewithin6millionkilometerstoday.22.WhatcanwelearnaboutEugeneParker?A.HestartedNASA.B.Heforesawthesolarwindwhenhewas31.C.HedesignedtheParkerspacecraft.D.Hewillstu