情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣講解〔七〕何春喜校欣梓一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的根本用法1.can/could(1)表“能力〞。Justbepatient.Youcan’texpecttheworldtochangesosoon.Wecouldn’teatinarestaurantbecausenoneofushadanymoneyonus.(2)表“許可〞。答復(fù)could的提問(wèn)常用can，一般不用could。---CouldIuseyourbike?---Yes,surelyyoucan.(3)could一般只表示過(guò)去的能力；假設(shè)表示過(guò)去的能力得到了實(shí)施，一般用was／wereableto，不用could。Thefirespreadthroughoutthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout.2.may/might(1)表“許可〞(=can)。假設(shè)表示“不可以、禁止〞，用mustn’t或can’t。答復(fù)might的提問(wèn)常用may，一般不用might。A:---MayItakethebookout?B:---I’mafraidnot.A:---MightIuseyourpen?B:---Yes,ofcourseyoumay.A:---MayIwatchTVnow?B:---No,youmustn’t.(2)may表“祝愿〞，置句首，主謂要倒裝。Goodlucktoyou,andmayallyourwishescometrue!3.must／haveto(1)表“必需〞。must強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法；haveto強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。Thisisabadparty---Wereallymustgo.Thisisalovelyparty,butwehavetogobecauseofourbaby.(2)mustn’t意為“禁止、不準(zhǔn)〞；haven’tto意為“不必〞(=needn’t)。Youmustn’tpracticethedrumswhilethebabyissleeping.(3)must表“偏要、硬要〞。Whymustyoualwaysinterruptme?A:---MayIsmokehere?B:---Ifyoumust,chooseaseatinthesmokingsection.(4)以must開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句，假設(shè)要作否認(rèn)答復(fù)，常用needn’t或haven’tto，一般不用mustn’t。A:---MustIcomeatfouro’clock?B:---Oh,no.Youneedn’tcomeatfour.4.oughtto／should(1)意為“應(yīng)該〞，表義務(wù)或責(zé)任,oughtto的語(yǔ)氣比should稍重。It’snearlyseveno’clock.Jackshouldbehereatanymoment.(2)should表“竟然、萬(wàn)一〞。Youcan’timaginethatawell—behavedgentlemanshouldbesorudetoalady.Ifyoushouldhaveanydifficultyingettingspareparts,ringthisnumber.5.need(1)意為“需要〞，作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，須跟動(dòng)詞原形，無(wú)人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，一般只用于否認(rèn)句或疑問(wèn)句中。在肯定句中一般用作行為動(dòng)詞。---Idon’tmindtellingyouwhatIknow.---Youneedn’t.I’mnotaskingyouforit.Idon’tthinkheneedbuyanewcomputer.(2)以need開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句，假設(shè)要作肯定答復(fù)，常用must，一般不用need。---NeedIcome?---Yes,youmust.6.dare意為“敢〞，作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，須跟動(dòng)詞原形，有過(guò)去式(dared)，無(wú)人稱(chēng)、數(shù)的變化，主要用于否認(rèn)句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句中。在肯定句中一般用作行為動(dòng)詞。Iwonderhowhedaredsaythattotheteacher.Shedoesn’tdaretotellthebossbecauseshedoesn’twanttomaketrouble.7.shall(1)用于疑問(wèn)句中征求意見(jiàn)，主語(yǔ)是第一、三人稱(chēng)。Let’sgoshopping,shallwe?ProfessorSmith，manystudentswanttoseeyou.Shalltheywaithereoroutside?(2)用于陳述句中表示說(shuō)話人的允諾、告誡、威脅、命令等，主語(yǔ)多為第二、三人稱(chēng)。A:---Ihaven’tgotthereferencebookyet,butI’llhaveatestonthesubjectnextmonth.B:---Don’tworry.YoushallhaveitbyFriday.(2023·江蘇)A:---Mikeisabsentfromclass.B:---Tellhimheshallanswerforitifhegoesonbehavinglikethat.8.will／would(1)用于征求意見(jiàn)，主語(yǔ)是第二人稱(chēng)。A:---Willyoubeherewhenwegetback?B:---Surely.(2)表“意志、意愿〞，用于各種人稱(chēng)。主語(yǔ)假設(shè)為無(wú)生命的東西，won’t不表意愿，而是“就是不……〞之意。Ipushedthesecond-handcarinthemudwithmyfullstrength,butitwouldn’tmove.(3)表“習(xí)慣〞，will指現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，would指過(guò)去的習(xí)慣。Whenhewasthere,hewouldgotothatcoffeeshopatthecornerafterworkeveryday.(二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法推測(cè)現(xiàn)在的情況，后接動(dòng)詞原形；推測(cè)正在進(jìn)行的情況，后接動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)；推測(cè)過(guò)去的情況，后接動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)。1.must只用于肯定句中，意為“一定〞。A:---Goodmorning.I'vegotanappointmentwithMissSmithinthePersonnelDepartment.B:---Ah,goodmorning.YoumustbeMrs.Peter.Ididn’thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.A:---DoyouknowwhatTomisdoingatthecrossroads?B:---Hemustbewaitingforhisgirlfriend.2.can／could多用于否認(rèn)句或疑問(wèn)句中，二者一般沒(méi)有時(shí)間上的差異，只是could的語(yǔ)氣更客氣委婉。can’t／couldn’t意為“不可能〞。I’mafraidMr.Hardingcan’tseeyounow.He’sbusy.(2023·全國(guó)Ⅱ)A:---Therewerealreadyfivepeopleinthecarbuttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.B:---Itcouldn’thavebeenacomfortablejourney.TheWorldWideWebissometimesjokinglycalledtheWorldWideWaitbecauseitcanbeveryslow.3.may／might用于肯定句或否認(rèn)句中，might不是may的過(guò)去式，只是might的可能性比may小。maynot／mightn’t意為“可能不〞。Petermaycomewithustonight,butheisn’tverysureyet.A:---IsJohncomingbytrain?B:---Heshould,buthemightnot.Helikesdrivinghiscar.A:---Ican’tunderstandwhyourbossislate.B:---Hemayhavemissedtheearlybus.4.oughtto／should意為“按理應(yīng)該〞。A:---WhencanIcomeforthephotos?Ineedthemtomorrowafternoon.B:---Theyshouldbereadyby12:00.(三)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+havedone〞的虛擬用法1.oughtto／shouldhavedone表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上未做，含有責(zé)備的口氣。Ishouldn’thavewatchedthatmovie—it’11givemehorribledreams.A:---I’lltellMaryabouttheresultofherfinalexamination.B:---Yououghttohavetoldheryesterday.2.couldhavedone表示過(guò)去本能夠做而實(shí)際上未做，含有責(zé)備或遺憾之意。A:---Youcouldhaveaskedyourteacherforhelp.Heiskind-hearted.B:---Yes.Awholedaywaswasted.3.mighthavedone表示過(guò)去本可以做而實(shí)際上未做，含有責(zé)備或遺憾之意。Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.4.needn’thavedone表示過(guò)去本沒(méi)有必要做，但實(shí)際上做，含有遺憾之意。Markneedn’thavehurried.Afterdrivingattopspeed,hearrivedhalfanhourearly.Shewastoonervoustoreply,butfortunatelyshedidn’tneedtosayanything.二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣(一)虛擬條件句的三種根本類(lèi)型1.假設(shè)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be通常用were)，主句謂語(yǔ)用“would(should，could，might)+動(dòng)詞原形〞。Ifplaceswerealike,therewouldbelittleneedforgeographers.2.假設(shè)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)用“would(should，could，might)+have+過(guò)去分詞〞Ifhehadbeenwarned,hewouldnothavetakenthatfood.Luckily,hewassenttothehospitalimmediately.3.假設(shè)與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be通常用were)或should+動(dòng)詞原形或wereto+動(dòng)詞原形，主句謂語(yǔ)用“would(should，could，might)+動(dòng)詞原形〞Whatwouldhappeniftheearthweretostopturning?---Ithinkitwouldbemuchbetterifhegotajobsoon.---Yes,Iagreewithyou.注：當(dāng)條件從句使用“should+動(dòng)詞原形〞這樣的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣或祈使句。Letmeknowifyoushouldhearsomemorenews.Ifyoushouldbeinterested,Iwilltellyouthewholestory.(二)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句所謂錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句即條件從句與主句所指時(shí)間不一致，如從句指過(guò)去，而主句卻指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，此時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)境，結(jié)合上面提到的三種根本類(lèi)型對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。Weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrowifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow.Ifhehadlainquietlyasthedoctorinstructed,hewouldnotsuffersomuchnow.(三)含蓄虛擬條件句假設(shè)情況不用if從句來(lái)表示，而是用without，butfor，otherwise，or，but等表示一種含蓄條件。表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)相反，用“would(should，could，might)+動(dòng)詞原形〞；表示與過(guò)去相反用“would(should，could，might)+have+過(guò)去分詞〞。Withouttheairtoholdsomeofthesun’sheat,theearthatnightwouldbefreezingcoldforustolive.Hehesitatedforamomentbeforekickingtheball.Otherwisehewouldhavescoredagoal.Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.(四)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的省略與倒裝有時(shí)可將連詞if省略，而將從句中的were，should，had提到主語(yǔ)之前。Whatwouldhavehappened，hadBobwalkedfarther，asfarastheriverbank?Shouldyoubefired，yourhealthcareandotherbenefitswillnotbeimmediatelycutoff.Hadhenotbeentakengoodcareof,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.(五)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的幾種從句1.wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句和ifonly后的句子：表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；表示與過(guò)去相反的愿望，從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)或“would(could)++have+過(guò)去分詞〞；表示將來(lái)沒(méi)有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，常用“would(could)+動(dòng)詞原形〞。HowIwisheveryfamilyhadalargehousewithabeautifulgarden!IwishIhadseenyouyesterday.IfonlyhewoulddowhatItellhim,buthewon’t.2.asif／asthough引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句：表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；表示將來(lái)的可能性不大，用“would(could)+動(dòng)詞原形〞。Itseemsasifthesunwerecirclingroundtheearthsinceitrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.注：假設(shè)從句所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容可能為事實(shí)，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。Thelastbushasleft.Itseemsasifweshallhavetowalkhome.3.It’s(high／about)time后的定語(yǔ)從句：從句謂語(yǔ)通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或“should+動(dòng)詞原形〞(should不可省)。---Istillhaven’tthankedAuntLucyforherpresent.---It’stimeyoudidit.4.wouldrather后的賓語(yǔ)從句：通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的愿望。Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherhefocusedmoreonitsculture.5.一個(gè)“堅(jiān)持〞(insist)、兩個(gè)“命令〞(order，command)、三個(gè)“建議〞(advise，suggest，propose)、四個(gè)“要求〞(demand，require，request，ask)后的賓語(yǔ)從句：一般用〞should+動(dòng)詞原形〞(should可省)。Thejudgeorderedthatthethiefshouldbepunished.Heclaimedthathecouldfinishthejobwithoutanyhelp.注：動(dòng)詞insist，suggest后的賓語(yǔ)從句除可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣外，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣，區(qū)別是：假設(shè)從句內(nèi)容尚未成為事實(shí)，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；從句內(nèi)容已經(jīng)成為事實(shí)，用陳述語(yǔ)氣。Theyoungmaninsistedthathehaddonenothingwrongandshouldbesetfree.Jane’spalefacesuggestedthatshewasillandherparentssuggestedthatshehaveamedicalexamination.6.It’s+suggested,ordered，required，demanded等表示“建議、要求、命令〞的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+that主語(yǔ)從句：常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形〞(should可省)。Itisrequestedthatvisitorsnottouchtheexhibits.7.“要求、建議、命令〞等意義的名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句：從句中的動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形〞(should可省)。Thesuggestionthathemadeatthemeetingwasthattheirworkingconditionsbeimproved.Hegaveordersthateveryoneshouldturnintheirweapons.8.It’s+important／necessary／impossible+that主語(yǔ)從句：常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形〞(should可省)。It’spossiblethathewilllendussomemoney,butit’simpossiblethatheshouldlendussomuch.A:---Don’tyouthinkitnecessarythathenotbesenttoMiamibuttoNewYork?B:---Iagree,buttheproblemisthathehasrefusedto情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣測(cè)試(一)1.---Howdidyoudointhetest?---Notsowell.I________muchbetterbutImisreadthedirectionsforwriting.A.willhavedoneB.couldhavedoneC.musthavedoneD.mayhavedone2.Shequickenedherpaceinorderthatshe________withtheothers.A.maycatchupB.mightcatchupC.couldhavecaughtupD.mighthavecaughtup3.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatshe________sing,Iwouldinvitehertotheparty.A.couldn’tB.shouldn’tC.can’tD.mightnot4.---Youdidn’twaitforMr.Blacklastnight,didyou?---No,butwe________.Hedidn’treturnhomeatall.A.couldn’thaveB.needn’thaveC.didn’tneedtoD.shouldwaithave5.Tomhasn’tcometoworksincelastFriday,________hehavehadanaccident?A.MustB.ShouldC.MayD.Can6.I’llcertainlybesurprisedifhe________totellthemwhatheknows.A.dareB.willdareC.daredD.dares7.---TomcametoworklastFriday,butnoonehasseenhimsince.---________hehavehadanaccident?A.ShouldB.MustC.MightD.Could8.Itwasreallyverydangerous;you________himseriously.A.mighthaveinjuredB.mightinjureC.mustinjureD.needhaveinjured9.---Mom’sgift?She________havechosenabetteroneforme.---She________beveryhappytoknowit.A.should;mustB.might;wouldn’tC.couldn’t;mustD.mustn’t;can’t10.---________hehavebeenchosenascaptainofthefootballteam?---Yes,he________.A.Can;musthaveB.Must;musthaveC.Can;mustD.Must;must11.You________usemybikeonconditionthatyougiveitbacktomebeforeIleavehere.A.shouldB.mustC.oughttoD.shall12.---Look,John’sfallenasleep.---Oh,he________toolatelastnight.A.mightsitupB.shouldhavesatupC.couldsitupD.musthavesatup13.Don’tbesoanxiousaboutthat.Helen________anote.A.mayleaveB.shouldleaveC.mighthaveleftD.canhaveleft14.Itwouldbeimpossibleforhimtoleavehospitaltomorrowifhe________firstaidwhentheaccidenthappened.A.hadn’tbeengivenB.wasn’tbegivenC.shouldn’tbegivenD.wouldn’tbegiven15.Lastyear’sSARSoutbreaktellsusthatasoundpublichealthsystem________bebuiltupandstrengthenedinourcountry.A.shouldB.canC.willD.may16.Whydidn’tyoumakemeatelephonecallyesterday?I________aboutit.A.oughttotellB.oughttohavebeentoldC.mighthavetoldD.mighthavebeentold17.---Mum,IclimbedtogettheTeddyBearfromthetopoftheshelf.---Mygoodness!You________havehurtyourself.You________dothatnexttime.A.must,mustn’tB.should,can’tC.might,mustn’tD.might,won’tbeableto18.We________lastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.A.musthavestudiedB.mightstudyC.shouldhavestudiedD.wouldstudy19.You________scoldsuchapupilwhoalwayskeepssilentsoseriouslythatyou________hurthim.A.should,canB.may,willC.mustn’t,mayD.can’t,must20.---CanIgoskiingonthemountain,Mum?---Ofcourse.However,atnotime________youdosoalone.A.mustB.mightC.needD.could21.GM,ChryslerandFordexpressedtheirdesirethatthey________inwantofa$25billiongovernmentaidtopullthroughthefinancialcrisis.A.wereB.wouldbeC.beD.oughttobe22.IfIeverdecidedtoquit,thennothingmyparentsormycoaches________say________changemymind.It’smylife,nottheirs.A.could；wouldB.could；shouldC.would；mustD.would；should23.---Why!I________getyouonthephone.---We________basketballontheplaygroundwhenyouphoned.A.didn’t,mustbeplayingB.couldn’t,mustbeplayingC.couldn’t,musthaveplayedD.didn’t,musthavebeenplaying24.Recentlyquitealotofexperts________thatanotherlawonwildlifeprotection________assoonaspossible·A.suggested;mustbepassedB.havesuggested,bepassedC.weresuggestingwaspassedD.suggested,beingpassed25.---Thetrafficwassobad.I________homeby6o’clock,otherwise.---Whatapity!Henrywasheretoseeyou.A.wouldbeB.mightbeC.couldbeD.shouldhavebeen26.---There’ssomeoneoutside.Who________itbe?---ItmustbeMary.Shepromisedtocomeoverat8:00.A.mustB.canC.shallD.need27.Lisahasn’tlivedhereforlong.She________knowmanypeople.A.needn’tB.can’tC.shouldn’tD.didn’t28.---What’sthematterwiththemanhanginghisheadthere?---Well,ifyou________know,hewascaughtstealingmybike.A.mustB.mayC.canD.shall29.---What’sthematterwithPeter?---Hewasseencryingwhenhewascomingoutoftheteacher’soffice.He________bytheteacher.A.maybescoldedB.shouldhavebeenscoldedC.mustbescoldedD.musthavebeenscolded30.Hisfailureintheexperimentsuggestedthathe________histeacher’sproperinstructions.A.shouldnothavefollowedB.shouldnotfollowC.mustn’thavefollowedD.hadn’tfollowed情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣測(cè)試(二)1.Itriedtocallonyoulastweekbutyourdogsimply________notletmecomethroughthegate.A.could B.would C.might D.should2.---Don’tforgettowritetomewhenyougethome.---________.A.Imust B.Ishould C.Iwon’t D.Iwill3.Theywouldhaveboughtthathouse,whichstoodatthefootofthehill,________enoughmoneyatthattime.A.thoughtheyhadn’thad B.otherwisetheyhadn’tC.iftheyhad D.buttheydidn’thave4.Asittunedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we________soformally.A.needn’tdressup B.couldn’thavedressedupC.didn’tneeddressup D.needn’thavedressedup5.---Whatdoyouthinkofit?---Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit________donesoon.A.is B.istobe C.be D.tobe6.Inthesummervacationwe________oftentakeawalkalongtheriver.A.might B.could C.would D.should7.________Ihadtime,Iwouldhaverunroundthatlakeagain.A.If B.Unless C.Had D.When8.Ifyoureallywantyourselftobeingoodhealth,you________always________somuch.A.mustn’t;besmoking B.needn’t;smokeC.won’t;besmoking D.can’t;smoke9.Hewastakenawaybythepolice.He________forathief.A.mustmistake B.mustbemistakenC.musthavebeenmistaken D.musthavemistaken10.I________opera,butnowI’mgettinginterested.A.wasusedtolike B.didn’tusetolikeC.usedtolike D.wasusedtoliking11.She’salreadyanhourlate,what________toher?A.canhavehappened B.mayhappenC.shouldhavehappened D.mayhavehappened12.________itraintomorrow,weshouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangPuBridge.A.Were B.Should C.Would D.Will13.MrBushisontimeforeverything.How________itbethathewaslatefortheopeningceremony?A.can B.would C.should D.might14.MyEnglish-Chinesedictionaryhasdisappeared.Who________havetakenit?A.should B.must C.could D.would15.---IsJohncomingbytrain?---Heshould,buthe________not.Helikesdrivinghiscar.A.must B.can C.need D.may16.Hestruggledinthewaterandatlast________reachtheshore.A.could B.might C.wasableto D.must17.---Whichrug(爐邊地毯)didyourwifebuy?---Theblueone,butI________thebrownone.A.hadratherbuy B.wouldratherhadbought C.wouldratherhavebought D.wouldratherbuy18.Suchalittleboyasyou________ticket.A.needsnot B.doesn’tneed C.needn’ttoget D.needsno19.---IsthereaflighttoParisthisevening?---There________be,I’llphonetheairportandfinditout.A.must B.would C.might D.can20.Idon’tthinkit’sanyuse________withhim.Youmightaswell________himalone.A.talking;leave B.totalk;leavingC.talking;leaving D.totalk;toleave21.---Ican’tseethewordsontheblackboard.---Why!Youreyesneed________.Perhapsyouneed________glasses.A.toexamine;wear B.toexamine;towearC.tobeexamined;towear D.examining;wear22.Idon’tthinkthatthisdesk________.A.needtorepair B.needrepairing C.needtoberepaired D.needberepaired23.---IthinkI’llgiveBobaring.---You________.Youhaven’tbeenintouchwithhimforages.A.will B.may C.haveto D.should24.Theworkerswillgoonstrikeifthedemandsthey________putforwardareturneddown.A.could B.would C./ D.had25.________fired,yourhealthcareandotherbenefitswillnotbeimmediatelycutoff.A.Wouldyoube B.Shouldyoube C.Couldyoube D.Mightyoube26.We________haveprovedgreatadventurers,butwehavedonethegreatestmarchevermadeinthepasttenyears.A.needn’t B.maynot C.shouldn’t D.mustn’t27.TheWorldWideWebissometime