Unit5SilentSpring

ByGroup4

Members:

1:AuthorRachelCarsonIntrodction

(1907-1964)writer,biologistecologistBorninSpringdalePennsylvania（賓夕法尼亞州）in1907anddiedin1964afteralongbattleagainstbreastcancer.Influencedbyhermother,shedevelopedanintenselovefornature.StudiedbiologyandreceivedherMAinzoologyfromJohnHopkinsUniversity.Workedformanyyearsaseditorandscientist,andwrotemanyarticlesaswellasbooksaboutconservation,naturalresources,andaboveallthewonderandbeautyoftheleavingworld.Runningthroughallherwritingsistheviewthathumanbeingsareonlyonepartofnaturedistinguishedprimarilybytherepowertoalterit,insomecases,irreversibly.Ananti-humanitariancrank,apriestessofnature,andahystericalwoman.Butshecourageouslywentonfightinguntilherideacaughtonandmoreandmorepeoplejionedin.Themotherofmodernenvironmentalmovement.Achievements1941195519521964Herthreebooks-especialythebestsellingThe

SeaAroundUs-establishedherreputationasafirst-ratewriter.Thebook,SilentSpring,hasagreatimpactontheworld'senvironmentprotectionprogram,andmeanwhile,shewasbitterlyattacked.Inlate1963,sherecievedaflurryofawardsandhonors:theAudubonMedal(fromtheNationalAudubonSociety),andtheCullumMedal(fromtheAmericanGeographicalSociety),andinductionintotheAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetters.2."SilentSpring"andItsInfluence1.IntroductiontoSilentSpringSilentSpringisanenvironmentalsciencebookwrittenbyRachelCarsonandpublishedin1962.Thethemeofit----thepowerfulandnegativeeffectshumanshaveonthenaturalworld.Ourtextisabout----theevilsofpestcideoveruseintheUSinthe1950s.

Theprimeexample----DDTcarefullydescribedhowDDTenteredthefoodchain,accumulatedinthefattytissuesofanimalsandhumanbeings,andcausedcancerandgeneticdamage.

EffectivenessofDDT：1)Asingleapplicationonacrop,mostpowerfulpestcide;2)killedinsectsforweeksandmonths,notonlythetargetedinsectsbutcountlessmore;3)remainedpoisonsintheenvironmentevenafteritwaswashedbyrainwater.-----Conclusion:DDTandotherpestcideshadirrevocablyharmedbirds,animalsandpollutedtheentireworldfoodsupply.2.ProcessofWritingtheBook1)1958,interestwasrekindledwhenreceivedaletteraboutthelargebirdkillsasaresultofDDTsprayings.2)since1945,theuseofDDTproliferatedgreatly,Carsonagaintried,againfailed,buttointerestamagazineinassigningherarticle,withlesseffects.3)by1958,abest-sellingauthor,stillcouldn'tobtainamagazineassignmenttowriteaboutDDT.4)havingamassedalargequaintityofresearchonthesubject,CarsondecidedtogoaheadandtackletheDDTissueinabook.3.LiteratureSuccess“SilentSpring”becamearunawaybestseller,withinternationalreverberations（反響）...wellcrafted,fearlessandsuccinct...Evenifshehadnotinspiredagenerationofactivists,CarsonwouldprevailasoneofthegreatestnaturewriterinAmericanletters"-----PeterMatthiessen4、TheImpactsofSlientSpring1，MainContributions1),Carson'sworkandtheactivismitinspiredarepartlyresponsibleforthedeepecologymovementandthestrengthofthegrassrootsenvironmentalmovementsincethe1960s.2),Itwasalsoinfluentialontheriseofecofeminismandonmanyfeministscientists.3),Carson'smostdirectlegacyintheenvironmentalmovementwasthecampaigntobantheuseofDDTintheUnitedStates,andrelatedeffortstobanorlimititsusethroughouttheworld.The1967formationoftheEnvironmentalDefenseFundwasthefirstmajormilestoneinthecampaignagainstDDT.4),Inthe1980s,thepoliciesoftheReaganAdministrationemphasizedeconomicgrowthandremovedmanyoftheenvironmentalpoliciesadoptedinresponsetoCarson'swork.FormerVicePresidentoftheUnitedStatesandenvironmentalistAlGorewroteanintroductiontothe1992editionofSilentSpring.

2,LegacySilentSpringhasbeenfeaturedinmanylistsofthebestnonfictionbooksofthetwentiethcentury.ItwasfifthintheModernLibraryListofBest20th-CenturyNonfictionandnumber78intheNationalReview's100bestnon-fictionbooksofthe20thcentury.In2006,SilentSpringwasnamedoneofthe25greatestsciencebooksofalltimebytheeditorsofDiscoverMagazine.In1996,afollow-upbook,BeyondSilentSpring,co-writtenbyH.F.vanEmdenandDavidPeakall,waspublished.In2011,AmericancomposerStevenStuckywroteaneponymouslytitledsymphonicpoem,“SilentSpring”,tocommemoratethefiftiethanniversaryofthebook'spublication.ThepiecewaspremieredinPittsburgh,February17,2012,withconductorManfredHoneckleadingthePittsburghSymphonyOrchestra.HazeweatherTheeffectofsolidrainSandstormDeforestationandsoilerosion4.TranditionalandModernInsecticidesPPTmaker:方麗Tranditionalinsectcides

Moderninsectcides目錄CONTENTSTranditionalInsecticidesInChina,QiminYaosuandShennongherbshaverecordedthatcankillallkindsofinsectsTranditionalInsectcidesDuringthe1980sandearly1980s,tranditionalinsecticidesincludeorganicchlorine(有機(jī)氯),organicphosphorus(有機(jī)磷）,carbamicesters（氨基甲酸酯）andpyrethrin（除蟲(chóng)菊酯）TranditionalInsectcides

.Chinesecabbageoftenhasmanyaphids.Theseaphidsoftenwerekilledbyimidacloprid(吡蟲(chóng)啉）andacetamiprid（啶蟲(chóng)脒）.Thesepesticideshavelowtoxic.Forleeks,itiseasilycontaminatedbypesticidesbecauseleekpestsoftengrowinthewombsofarmersoftenusealargeamountofinsectidestokillthesepests.Andthiskindofpestswerekilledbypesticidesnamedphorate(甲拌磷）.Itisakindoforangicphosphorussystemicspesticides.(有機(jī)磷內(nèi)吸劑農(nóng)藥）.ModernInsecticidesNowadays,therearesomenewnicotineinsecticide,insectgrowthregulator,insectpheromone新煙堿殺蟲(chóng)劑，昆蟲(chóng)生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑，昆蟲(chóng)信息素說(shuō)明Allkindsofpesticidesareusedsuchasappleandpeartreesoftenusechlorpyrifos(毒死蜱）tokillpestsonfruittrees.

.ModernInsecticides

.Inmyopinion,nomatterwhatkindofpesticidewasusedonvegetablesandfruits,theycanalldamageourbodybecausetheycanenterthebodythroughthedigestivetractsystemanddamageouracetylcholinesterase(乙酰膽堿酶酯）sothatwehaveachokingoracardiaxarrest.“”5.ThePriceHumanBeingsHavePaidEnvironmentalproblemsAir-relatedenvironmentalproblemsGlobewarmingOzonedepletionHorizonSandstormGlobewarming

Climate

model

projectshave

summarized

that

during

the

21st

century

the

global

surface

temperature

is

likely

to

rise

a

further

0.3

to

1.7

°C

for

their

lowestemissions

scenario

using

stringent

mitigation

and

2.6

to

4.8

°C

for

their

highest.Ozonedepletionsteady

decline

of

about

4%

in

the

total

volume

of

ozone

in

Earth‘s

stratosphere

(the

ozone

layer),

and

a

much

larger

springtime

decrease

in

stratospheric

ozone

around

Earth's

polar

regions.

StandstormOn

the

afternoon

of

July

28,

2015

Inner

Mongolia

suffered

sandstorms.Water-relatedenvironmentalproblemsAcidrainWastewaterpollutionUrbanrun-off

(storm)DroughtAcidrainAcid

rain

covers

80%

areas

in

Sichuan

-

annual

losses

of

up

to

11,300,000,000WastewaterpollutionThree

examples

of

wastewater

pollution

crisis

in

China

are

the

City

of

Tianjin,

Chaohu

and

Xi’an

.City

of

Tianjin

is

the

third

largest

industrial

city

in

China.Urbanrun-off(storm)In

the

summer

of

2012,

torrential

rainsstruckthenorthernpartofourcountry.Beijing,

Tianjin

and

other

cities

werewaterlogged,

causing

a

great

economic

loss

and

casualties.DroughtThe

drought

continued

inIndia,causingincreasingoffood

prices

in

rural

areas.

thedrought

inSouth

Africa

and

neighboring

countriesreduced27000000

peopleto

beingfacedwith

foodproblems.droughtLand-relatedenvironmentalproblemsProblemsarisingfrominefficientlanduse(urbansprawl,habitfregmentation,habitdestruction.)Problemsarisingfromlandpollutionanddegradation(desertification,landpollution,soilpollution)HealthproblemsSkindiseaseLungcancerSaturnismCongenitalmalformationLeucemiz80%ofhuman

diseasescausedbyenvironmentpollution.According

to

statistics,

every

year

more

than

25000000

children

died

from

drinking

contaminated

water.57.3%ofwaterispollutedinChina.LungcancerAccording

to

China

Economic

Net

health

channel,

in

recent

years,

lung

cancer

has

been

the

number

one

killer,

the

latest

data

show

that

about

600,000

people

die

from

lung

cancer

in

China

every

year.According

to

the

National

Cancer

Center,

the

2012

China

cancer

registration

annual

report

shows

that

the

national

cancer

registration

area

of

the

first

place

of

malignant

tumor

is

lung

cancer.

In

our

country

the

third

residents

death

cause

sampling

survey

results

showthatinthe30

years,

lung

cancer

mortality

hashurricanedto

465%,

accounting

for

22.7%

of

all

cancer

deaths.China

cancer

villageAnewphenomenonhasappearedinChina:AizhengCun,orcancervillages.VariousformsofChinesemediaandInternetsourceshavereportedatotalof4