建筑項目招投標(biāo)外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)建筑項目招投標(biāo)外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)BuildingengineeringbiddingYangCaoa,*,ShuhuaWangb,HengLiaaDepartmentofBuildingandRealEstate,HongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HongKong,ChinabStateKeyLaboratoryofNovelSoftwareTechnology,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093,ChinaAbstractNowadaysintheengineeringconstructionindustry,themarketwhichischaracteristicforprojectbidding,hasformed.Theconstructioncompanies,whichwanttocreategoodbenefits,havetocontroltheircostandimprovemanagementtoenhancethecapacityofadaptingandcompetinginthismarket.Thisarticlefocusesonhowtodecreasecostandincreaseincomesoastocontroltheconstructioncosteffectively.biddingdocumentsshouldbewellformulated,whichistheimprotmenttoasuccessfulbiddinganddirectinfluencethesuccessorfailureofthebiddingwork.Becasuethesuccessorfailureofthebiddingforthesurvivalanddevelopmentofenterprisehasadirectimpact,sowehaveahighquality,improvethebiddocumentsoftheunit,preventinvalidandsuccessfulpassmarkappear,becomearesearchtopic.[key]:biddingdrawbacksofunfaircompetitioncountermeasuresBiddingisaformofprojecttransactions,projectbiddingprocessistodeterminethesuccessfulbidderandthecostoftheprocessandthepriceoftheproject,projectbiddingworkofaveryimportantlink,doagoodjobbiddingtodeterminetheprice,wecaneffectivelycontrolconstructioncosts,andcreateafairandequitablemarketenvironment,createorderlycompetitionmechanism.Biddinginconstructionactivities,constructionenterprisesinordertotenderinvincibleworkstobesuccessful,Andfromthecontractedprojectsprofitable,itneedstointegratevarioussubjectiveandobjectiveconditions,thetenderresearchstrategydeterminetender.Tenderbiddingstrategy,includingpricingstrategiesandskills.Allofthestrategiesandskillsfromthenumerouscontractorsbiddingontheaccumulatedexperienceandobjectiveunderstandingofthelawandoftheactualsituationunderstanding,butalsowiththecontractor'sdecision-makingabilityandcouragearecloselyrelated.Biddingdocumentsisthegeneralprogrammeandplaybookofthebiddingactivitythroughtheprocessofbidding.ThebiddingdocumentswillspecifythatHowtoconducteachbiddingwork,howtodispatchbiddingdocuments,therequirementsfortenderer,howtorateanddecidebiddingandtheproceduresofbidding.Therefore,thepersonnelwhoisresponsibleforpreparebiddingdocumentsshouldfirsthaveageneralviewofthebiddingwork,includealltherequirementsandarrangementsintothebiddingdocuments.Ifmeetproblemsthathavenotbeenconsideredpreviously,thenresolvethemonebyoneduringthepreparation.Thecourseofbiddingdocumentspreparationisalsothecourseofmakingbiddingscheme.Inanotherrespect,biddingdocumentsisalsothelegalinstuments.Besidesrelevantlawandrules,thebiddingdocumentsarethecommongamerulesthatbidder,biddingagentandtenderershouldsubjecttothroughthebidding.Biddingdocumentsarethelegalinstumentsthatallthethreebiddingrelatedpartiesshouldsubjectto,havelegalforce,therefore,thebiddingdocuments-makingpersonnelrequiredtohavetheawarenessandqualityofleagalinordertoreflectthefair,justandlegalrequirementinthebiddingdocuments.InbuildingengineeringbiddinglawenforcementandthepracticeofprojectconstructionsupervisionsystemonstandardizingChina'sconstructionmarket,improvetheconstructionqualityandplayedanactiverole.Butintheprocessofimplementingexistsomedisadvantages,needstoperfect,enrichandimprove.ThisprojectbiddingdocumentsinaccordancewiththebiddinglawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaforbidders,biddingregulation,enterprisestrictly,putforwardtobiddersprofessionalrequirementsofprojectprofilewasillustrated.Nowadaysintheengineeringconstructionindustry,themarketwhichischaracteristicforprojectbidding,hasformed.Theconstructioncompanies,whichwanttocreategoodbenefits,havetocontroltheircostandimprovemanagementtoenhancethecapacityofadaptingandcompetinginthismarket.Thisarticlefocusesonhowtodecreasecostandincreaseincomesoastocontroltheconstructioncosteffectively.InbuildingengineeringbiddinglawenforcementandthepracticeofprojectconstructionsupervisionsystemonstandardizingChina'sconstructionmarket,improvetheconstructionqualityandplayedanactiverole.Butintheprocessofimplementingexistsomedisadvantages,needstoperfect,enrichandimprove.ThisprojectbiddingdocumentsinaccordancewiththebiddinglawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaforbidders,biddingregulation,enterprisestrictly,putforwardtobiddersprofessionalrequirementsofprojectprofilewasillustrated.Thepracticeofprojectbiddingpurposeistomarketcompetitionofopenness,fairnessandjustice.However,duetotheconstructionmarketdevelopmentisnotstandard,managementsystemandtheexperienceofinadequate,architecturalengineeringbiddinginconcreteoperationexistinACTSofunfaircompetition,andsomedrawbacks.Thisobviouslyviolatethebidding,thebiddingprocess,andwillloseitssignificanceforotherbidderfailstobidisunjust,disturbedthebidding(projectcontractingmarketeconomicorder,foractivities),thiskindofbehaviormustbeprohibited,onlyinthiswaycanwemakeconstructionengineeringcompetitivetradingactivitylawfullyhealthy.ThissubjectwillIlearnedandsocialpractice,presentsituationandconstructionprojectbiddingsystemisexpounded,andthedisadvantagesofbiddingforconstructionprojectwithACTSofunfaircompetitionphenomenonandanalysisofcauses,andfinallymakecorrespondingpreventivecountermeasures.Constructioncostmanagementsystem,boththeoreticaldiscussion,butalsoneedtopracticeinnovation.Undertheconditionsofmarketeconomy,projectcostmanagement,competitiveandorderlymarketforconstructionmanagementservicesplatformstructures.Insuchapremise,theoriginalscaleandmethodofvaluationisinappropriate,andthisneedstobereformedandimproved.Thespiritof"thegovernment'smacroregulationandcontrol,enterpriseautonomyoffer,themarketwillprice"principle,toimplementtheimplementationspecificationbillofquantity.InventoryValuationbiddingactivitiesarebasedonmarketeconomymechanism,basedonlegal,scientific,fair,openandreasonablewaytodeterminethewinningbidderofaneconomicactivity.Biddingisbiddingactivitiesconstitutetwobasicaspects.ThebiddingactivityismerelythatbybiddingtochoosetheonewiththeworkConstructionprocesscapability,moderatecost,qualityisexcellent,shortdurationofconstructionenterprises,andthisistheultimategoaltender.Ihaveparticipatedininternshipsoverthecourseoftheprojectbidding,andcompletedoverpartofthecalculationofquantities,combinedwithgraduateexperienceinthedesignprocess,abriefanalysisofthemodeQuantitiesCallforTenderThemeaningofriskandriskcharacteristicsofthegeneralconstruction,thelowestpricesealedbiddingconstructionmethodproducesseveralrisksandincentives,accordingtotheircharacteristicsdiscussedthefeasibilityofriskcontrolandprevention.Comparisonofengineeringandengineeringsecurityriskmanagement,insurance,similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwoprojectsandbenefits;constructionprojectbiddingandtenderingprocesscharacteristicsofhumanbehaviorisanalyzedtorevealthebidder'sriskappetiteandbehavioralcharacteristicswithchangesintheexternalenvironmentchange,whenthedefaultpunishmentislight,thebidderpreferenceappetiteforriskanddefaultpenalties,withtheincreaseexceedsacertainvalue,theriskofbidderstoshowpreferenceforbehaviorchangetoavoidtheriskofpenalties,thegreaterthebidderbiasedinfavorofamorerisk-aversebehavior,theresultsofthecontrolandpreventionofriskbehaviorofbiddershasanimportantandpracticalsignificanceConstructionCostManagementfromthe"quantity-oneprice"planmodelto"priceofseparationvolume"modelofthemarket,andgraduallyestablishamarketprice-basedpriceformationmechanism,thepriceofthedecisioninthehandsofthepartiesinvolvedinthemarket,andultimatelytheallocationofresourcesthroughthemarketinordertorealizethroughthemarketmechanismtodecideonprojectcost.Thiswillstandardizetheconstructionmarket-competitivebehaviorandthepromotionofprojectbiddingmechanismsplayanimportantroleininnovation.Itcanbesaidthattheimplementationoftheprojectbillofquantitiesisaprojectcostmanagementsysteminourcountryabigstepforward,butalsoinChina'saccessiontotheWTO,theglobalconstructionindustryapowerfultoolforpeercompetition.Withtheconstructionofin-depthdevelopmentofthemarket,thetraditionalfixedpricingmodelnolongersuitedtomarket-orientedeconomicdevelopmentneeds.Inordertoadapttothecurrentprojectbiddingbythemarketneedsofaprojectcost,wemustworkontheexistingvaluationmethodsandpricingmodelforreform,theimplementationofprojectsbillpricing.Engineeringisalistofpricingmodelandadapttothemarketeconomy,allowingindependentcontractorpricingthroughmarketcompetitiondetermineprices,withtheinternationalpracticeofpricingmodel.Withthebillpricingmodelprojectstopromote,inaccordancewithinternationalbiddingpracticesisimperative.Therefore,"thelowestreasonablepriceofthesuccessfulbidder"Myfutureisthemostimportantevaluationmethods.AtthisstageduetotheimplementationofprojectsbillpricingmodelandtheproblemsmainlyagainstChinaatthisstage"intheminimumreasonablepriceoftheprinciplesofthesuccessfulbidder,mostcontractorshavenotyetsetuptheirownenterprisesofscale,companiesunabletodeterminethereasonableCost.Thisarticleisascientificandfastset"reasonablecost"tostudythekey.First,fromtheprojectcostofthebasicconcept,oftheengineeringbillpricingmodelunderthecoststructure,toaccuratelypredictcostsoftheprojectprovidedthebasis,consideringtheaveragecostofthesocialcosttoindividualenterprisesandthetenderstageofthecostestimates.Followedthroughonfuzzymathandtechnologyforsmoothin-depthanalysis,through"close-degree,"theconceptofreasonablefuzzymathandexponentialsmoothingtechnologies,constructionoftheprojectcostvaguepredictionmodel,andinaccordancewiththerelevantinformationandstatisticsInformationandexperiencetoestablisha"frameworkstructure,"thecomparisonworksConstructionCostManagementfromthe"quantity-oneprice"planmodelto"priceofseparationvolume"modelofthemarket,andgraduallyestablishamarketprice-basedpriceformationmechanism,thepriceofthedecisioninthehandsofthepartiesinvolvedinthemarket,andultimatelytheallocationofresourcesthroughthemarketinordertorealizethroughthemarketmechanismtodecideonprojectcost.Thiswillstandardizetheconstructionmarket-competitivebehaviorandthepromotionofprojectbiddingmechanismsplayanimportantroleininnovation.Itcanbesaidthattheimplementationoftheprojectbillofquantitiesisaprojectcostmanagementsysteminourcountryabigstepforward,butalsoinChina'saccessiontotheWTO,theglobalconstructionindustryapowerfultoolforpeercompetition.Ahealthybiddingsystemshouldbeinaccordancewiththe"open,fairandjustice"andtheprincipleofgoodfaith,andestablishaunified,open,competitiveandorderlyconstructionmarket.Inviewofthecurrentproblemsexistinginthebiddingprocess,adoptregulations,andformulateandperfecttheinstitution,strengtheningprocesssupervisionmeasures,theycanbetterregulateconstructionmarketorder,preventcorruptionfromitssource,purifyconstructionmarket,promotetheconstructionmarketorderprogressivelytowardstandardization,institutionalized,andconstantlyimprovethequalityandlevelofthebiddingwork.References[1]R.G.Casey,D.R.Ferguson,Intelligentformsprocessing,IBMSystemJournal29(3)(1990)435–450.[2]T.Watanabe,Q.Luo,N.Sugie,Layoutrecognitionofmultikindsoftable-formdocuments,IEEETransactionsonPatternAnalysisandMachineIntelligence17(4)(1995)422–445.[3]J.L.Chen,H.J.Lee,AnefficientalgorithmforformstructureExtrctionusingstripprojection,PatternRecognition31(9)Fig.9.Tablewithnoobviousseparatingsymbolbetweenrecords.(1998)1353–1368.Y.Caoetal./AutomationinConstruction11(2002)573–584583[4]L.Y.Tseng,R.C.Chen,Recognitionanddataextractionofformdocumentsbasedonthreetypesoflinesegments,PatternRecognition31(10)(1998)1525–1540.[5]K.C.Fan,J.M.Lu,G.D.Chen,Afeaturepointclusteringapproachtotherecognitionofformdocuments,PatternRecognition31(9)(1998)1205–1220.[6]S.Chandran,R.Kasturi,Structurerecognitionoftabulateddata,Proceedingsof2ndInternationalConferenceonDocumentAnalysisandRecognition,TsukubaScienceCity,Jap20–22,1993,pp.516–519.[7]K.Itonori,Tablestructurerecognitionbasedontextblockarrangementandruledlineposition,Proceedingsof2ndInternationalConferenceonDocumentAnalysisandRecognition,TsukubaScienceCity,Japan,Oct.20–22,1993,pp.765–768.[8]J.H.Shamilian,H.S.Baird,T.L.Wood,Aretargetabletablereader,Proceedingsof4thInternationalConferenceonDocumentAnalysisandRecognition,Ulm,Germany,Aug.18–20,1997,pp.158–163.[9]J.Y.Chiang,S.C.Tue,Y.C.Leu,Anewalgorithmforlineimagevectorization,PatternRecognition31(10)(1998)1541–1549.建筑項目招投標(biāo)楊曹*,王建民,b,李亨a建筑部門和房地產(chǎn)、香港理工大學(xué)、香港、中國b國家重點實驗室的小說軟件技術(shù)、南京大學(xué)、南京210093,中國摘要目前在工程建設(shè)項目行業(yè)中，以工程招投標(biāo)為特征的建筑市場已經(jīng)形成，施工企業(yè)為創(chuàng)造良好經(jīng)濟效益，必須嚴(yán)格控制成本，加強成本控制管理，才能提高市場適應(yīng)能力和競爭力。本文從降低成本、增加收入兩方面闡述對施工成本的有效控制。投標(biāo)文件的編制是投標(biāo)工作的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，直接影響投標(biāo)工作的成敗，投標(biāo)的成敗對企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展有著直接的影響，因此要編制出高質(zhì)量的投標(biāo)文件，提高單位的中標(biāo)率，防止無效標(biāo)及廢標(biāo)出現(xiàn)?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】：招投標(biāo)不正當(dāng)競爭防范對策招標(biāo)投標(biāo)是一種工程交易形式，工程招投標(biāo)的過程就是確定中標(biāo)人和工程價格的過程，而工程價格的確定，是工程招投標(biāo)工作中非常重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)，搞好招投標(biāo)工程的價格確定工作，可以有效地控制工程造價，創(chuàng)造公平、公正的市場環(huán)境，營造有序競爭的機制。在建筑工程招標(biāo)投標(biāo)活動中，建筑施工企業(yè)要想在投標(biāo)中立于不敗之地，中標(biāo)得到工程，然后又要從承包工程中贏利，就需要綜合考慮各種主觀條件與客觀因素、研究投標(biāo)策略，確定投標(biāo)方法。投標(biāo)策略包括投標(biāo)策略和作價技巧。所有的策略和技巧來自承包商的無數(shù)次投標(biāo)的經(jīng)驗積累以及對客觀規(guī)律的認(rèn)識和對實際情況的了解，同時也與承包商的決策能力和魄力息息相關(guān)。從招標(biāo)進(jìn)程上講，招標(biāo)文件是招標(biāo)活動的總綱和劇本。每項招標(biāo)工作如何開始，如何發(fā)出招標(biāo)文件，對投標(biāo)人有什么要求，如何評標(biāo)，如何決標(biāo)，招標(biāo)程序是什么，都在招標(biāo)文件中做出規(guī)定，所以編制招標(biāo)文件的人員首先要對本次招標(biāo)工作有一個全局性的認(rèn)識，把本次招標(biāo)的要求和安排反映到招標(biāo)文件當(dāng)中，在編制當(dāng)中也會遇到事先沒有想到的問題，那就在編制當(dāng)中逐一解決，編制招標(biāo)文件的過程也是制定招標(biāo)方案的過程。從另一個意義上來講，招標(biāo)文件也是法律文件，除了相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)外，在招標(biāo)的全過程中招標(biāo)人，投標(biāo)人，招標(biāo)代理機構(gòu)共同遵循的游戲規(guī)則就是招標(biāo)文件，這是參加招標(biāo)工作三方人士必須遵循的法律文件，具有法律效力，所以編制招標(biāo)文件的人員須有法律意識和素質(zhì)，在招標(biāo)文件中體現(xiàn)出公平、公正、合法的要求。我國建筑工程招投標(biāo)法實施以及工程施工監(jiān)理制度的實踐，對規(guī)范我國建筑市場、提高建筑工程施工質(zhì)量，起到了積極的作用。但是在實施過程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充實和提高。本工程招標(biāo)文件根據(jù)《中華人民共和國招投標(biāo)法》規(guī)定，對投標(biāo)人，投標(biāo)企業(yè)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格把關(guān)，對競標(biāo)者提出了專業(yè)性的要求，對工程的概況進(jìn)行了說明。目前在工程建設(shè)項目行業(yè)中，以工程招投標(biāo)為特征的建筑市場已經(jīng)形成，施工企業(yè)為創(chuàng)造良好經(jīng)濟效益，必須嚴(yán)格控制成本，加強成本控制管理，才能提高市場適應(yīng)能力和競爭力。本文從降低成本、增加收入兩方面闡述對施工成本的有效控制。我國建筑工程招投標(biāo)法實施以及工程施工監(jiān)理制度的實踐，對規(guī)范我國建筑市場、提高建筑工程施工質(zhì)量，起到了積極的作用。但是在實施過程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充實和提高。本工程招標(biāo)文件根據(jù)《中華人民共和國招投標(biāo)法》規(guī)定，對投標(biāo)人，投標(biāo)企業(yè)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格把關(guān)，對競標(biāo)者提出了專業(yè)性的要求，對工程的概況進(jìn)行了說明。實行工程招投標(biāo)的目的是為了市場競爭的公開、公平、公正。但是，由于建筑市場發(fā)育尚不規(guī)范，管理體制的束縛以及經(jīng)驗不足等原因，建筑工程招標(biāo)投標(biāo)在具體操作中還存在不正當(dāng)競爭行為和一些弊端。這顯然違背了招投標(biāo)的目的，整個招標(biāo)投標(biāo)過程也就失去了意義，對其他未中標(biāo)的投標(biāo)人來講也是不公正的，擾亂了招投標(biāo)（工程承發(fā)包市場）經(jīng)濟活動秩序，對于這類行為必須予以禁止，只有這樣，才能使建設(shè)工程競爭性交易活動依法健康運行。因此本課題將結(jié)合本人所學(xué)及社會實踐，對目前的建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)制度及現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行闡述，并針對建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)存在的弊端與不正當(dāng)競爭行為現(xiàn)象及產(chǎn)生原因進(jìn)行分析，最后做出相應(yīng)的防范對策研究。造價管理體系的建設(shè)，既包括理論上的探討，又需要實踐中的創(chuàng)新。市場經(jīng)濟條件下的工程造價管理，要為建筑市場有序競爭搭建管理服務(wù)平臺。在這樣一個大前提下，原有的定額和計價方法是不適應(yīng)的，這就需要改革和完善。本著“政府宏觀調(diào)控、企業(yè)自主報價、市場形成價格”的原則，來推行實施工程量清單計價規(guī)范。清單計價模式下招投標(biāo)活動是建立在市場經(jīng)濟運行機制下，依據(jù)法律程序，以科學(xué)、公正、公開合理的方法確定中標(biāo)人的一種經(jīng)濟活動。招投標(biāo)是構(gòu)成招標(biāo)投標(biāo)活動中兩個最基本的環(huán)節(jié)。而招投標(biāo)活動，無非是想通過招標(biāo)，選擇一家具有工工程施工能力、造價適中、質(zhì)量較優(yōu)、工期較短的施工企業(yè)，這也是進(jìn)行招標(biāo)的最終