EnergyandtheTallBuildThetallbuildingisemblematicofthemoderncity.Tallbuildingsaresymbolic;theyarciconiccelebrationsofachievementforcorporations,citiesandentirenations.Thetallbuildingtypologyhasreachedascaleofenormityanddiversityofuse.Functionally,thetallbuildingrespondstovariableconditionsasaresultofourrapidlychangingworldmarketcconomy.Infmslructurc:mustsupportascalablercconfigurablcworkplacethatfacilitatesexpandinginformationandcommunicationnetworksandmustbedesignedtoperformatoptimumimpactontheenvironment.Buildingstodayconsumefarmoreresourcesthannaturecansustain,causinganextremeimbalanceillournaturalecosystemsSustainabledesigninarchitecturebalancestheebbsandflowsofnaturalecosystemswitheconomicandsocialmechanisms,sothatwhatabuildingconsumesinresourcesisbalancedwiththeresourcesabilitytorecover,leavingampleresentfortheneedsoffiiturcgenerations.Globally,totalenergydemandissettoincreaseby62%bytheyearof2030asrapideconomicgrowthcontinuestoexpandtheurbanboundariesofcitiesaroundtheworldC()2andsmogcausingemissionsfromfossilfuel-basedcncrgyrconsumptionThreatenthehealthofourcitiesandfeedtheintensifyingenvironmentaldc\7astationcausedbyglobalwarming?Neutralizingtheharmfuleffectsofsuchenergyuseandtransitioningtowardsalowcarboneconomyappearstobeadauntingtask?TheissueiseconomicallysensitiveandofanenormousscalethatcrossesinternationalJboarders?Asarchitectscanwereallyhaveapositiveimpactonthiscomplexissueandhelptransittheworldtoalowcarboneconomy.?Thebuildingindustryrepresents10%oftheworldeconomy.Hugeamountsofresourcesarcconsumedbythebuildingindustry:17%ofpotablewater,25%oftimber,and50%oftotalglobalC()2emissions,themostofanysector.Thisiswherearchitectshaveagreatopporlunity*Thisiswherearchitectshaveagreatopportunity:Architectshaveagreatopportunity:architectscancontrolandreducebuildingcncrgyTconsumptionbydesign?Theissuesrangingfromhowwecommutetoworktothekindoflightbulbweturnonwhenwearrivehomefromwork.TheCentralplantandMixedUseStandardenergydeliverysystemshavebecomeantiquatedandgrosslyinefficientConventionalthermoelectricstationsconvertonlyabout30%ofthefuelcncrgvtintoelectricity.Theremaining70%islostintoelectricity?Theremaining70%islostintheformofwasteheat.Mo\nngcncrgyTproductiontoacentralplantwithinthebuildingstarstoreducetheseinefficiencies*Addingtri-gcncrationtcchnok)gyrthatprovidessimultaneousproductionofpowerheatandcoolingfromasingleenergysourceyieldsadditionalsavings?wasteheatfromenergyproductionisrecoverandusedforfreedomestichotwaterandspaceheating,orinwarmerclimateswasteheatcanberunthroughheatabsorptionchillersforsupplementalcooling.MaximumreuseofwasteciicrgyTdependsonthebuildinguse?Thetypicaltallbuildingoftenfunctionasamono-usetowerforeithercommercialorresidentialuse.Thesingleusetypologyhasbeendrivenforthemostpartbyzoningandfloorplatessizerequirements?Officefloorplatesarcverydeeptomaximizestructuralefficiencywhileresidentialfloorplatesarcshallowertoallowforampleaccesstofreshair,daylightandviewsWiththenewgenerationofsupertower,Wearcnowseeingmulti-useprogramswithcombinedcommercialofficeandresidentialcomponents?Thebottomthirdmaycontainoffices,followedbycondominiums,thentoppedwithahotel.Whilethiscanbeadesignchallenge,thecncrgyruseprofileofthemixedusetoweryieldsgreatpotentialforcncrgvrsharing.DesignprocessTheenvironmentalimpactofbuildingisaglobalproblemthatmustbeaddressedregionallyUniqueclimatic,socialandeconomicconditionsandtheirpotentialimpactoilaprojectmustbecarefullyanalyzedforuniquedesignopporlunities.Forexample,thearidclimateofSpainisidealforpassiveventilationandcoolingsystems,whilethepervasivehumidityofHongKongmayproveatechnicalchallengeforsuchastrategy-.Atthedesignphase,thecncrgyrperformanceofaprojectmustbeapproachedintelligentlyandholistically?Thereisnosingleuniversalsolution,andeveryprojectisunique-Anintegratedmultidisciplinaryapproachthatviewsthebuildin若asasystemmadeupofinterdependentarchitecturalandengineeringcomponentyieldshigherperformanceandoptimizesthemanagementofenergy-andresources?InlookingatthecncrgyTuseprofileofatypicalofficebuilding,lighting,heatingandcoolingrepresent2/3ofthetotalload.Targetingreductionsinthesecategoriesyieldthemostvalue?However,indoorcmnronmcntalqualityfortheoccupanthasadirectrelationshiptotheseloads,andoccupantcomfortmustbenotbecompromised?TypicalBuildingenergyUseProfileThevalueoftechnologyisoftenmeasuredintermsofacostbenefitanalysis,orpaybackperiod?Asthepaybackextendsfbraspecificdesignstmtrgytheseislessfinancialincentiveforapplyingthetcchn()logyr?Inregionswherecncrg}7costsarclow,ExtendedpaybackperiodsremainanobstacletoinvestinginmanyhighperformancesystemHowever,therearcseverallowtcch/lowcoststrategicsthatcanhavesignificantimpactonabuilding'scncrgyTperformance?Buildingform,orientation,andfenestrationarccomponentofever}-building.Properbuilding"orientationalonecallreduceabuilding?scoolingloadsby5%?Properfenestrationandshadingcanhelpprotectastructurefromunwantedheatgaincausedbydirectsolarexposureduringcoldmonths?Welldesignedfenestrationcanalsomaximizedaylightpenetrationandreduceuseofartificiallighting.能源與高層建筑高層建筑是現(xiàn)代城市的象征。它們是一種符號(hào)，標(biāo)志著眾多企業(yè)、城市乃至整個(gè)國(guó)家所取得的成績(jī)。其類型巳經(jīng)達(dá)到前所未有的數(shù)量。應(yīng)用超級(jí)的廣。高層建筑從功能上回應(yīng)了外部環(huán)境的轉(zhuǎn)變。這都是由急速變換的世界市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)引發(fā)的。建筑的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)必需能夠支持可靈活從頭配置的工作場(chǎng)地。以利于擴(kuò)張信息與通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它還必需適應(yīng)新的建筑技術(shù)。同時(shí)，高層建筑必需具有最優(yōu)效能，盡可能降低對(duì)環(huán)境的影響?，F(xiàn)在的建筑所消耗的能量比大自然能經(jīng)受的要多的多，從而在咱們的自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中造就了一種嚴(yán)峻的不平衡狀態(tài)?？沙掷m(xù)性建筑設(shè)計(jì)能夠平衡自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的盛衰與經(jīng)濟(jì)體系、社會(huì)機(jī)制二間的關(guān)系，以便使一座建筑所消耗的能源與自然界的恢復(fù)能力吻合，并為于孫后代留下充沛的資源儲(chǔ)量。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速增加致使世界眾多城市邊界的擴(kuò)張，到2030年，全世界總能源需求估計(jì)會(huì)增加62%。燃燒礦物燃料所釋放出來(lái)的二氧化碳和煙塵正在要挾著城市居民的健康，并使由全世界變暖引發(fā)的環(huán)境破壞加重。消除能源利用的有害影響、轉(zhuǎn)而進(jìn)展低碳型經(jīng)濟(jì)，似乎是一項(xiàng)比較艱難的任務(wù)。該課題對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響專門大。而涉及面很廣，需要跨國(guó)合作。作為建筑師，咱們真的能對(duì)這一復(fù)雜課題產(chǎn)生正面影響，并對(duì)全世界經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)為低碳型經(jīng)濟(jì)做出奉獻(xiàn)嗎？建筑工業(yè)占據(jù)全世界經(jīng)濟(jì)總量的10%。它消耗著大量的自然資源：17%的飲用水、任何產(chǎn)業(yè)都多。這正是建筑師發(fā)揮作用的所在：建筑師能夠］通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)控制并降低建筑能源消耗。這一課題雖然相當(dāng)普遍，可是建筑是有能力來(lái)影響諸多方面的。中央設(shè)備和多功能設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的能源供給系統(tǒng)巳通過(guò)于陳腐，而且效率很低。傳統(tǒng)的電力發(fā)電站只能將燃料產(chǎn)生的能源得0%轉(zhuǎn)化為電能