PartⅤWritingWorkshop,ViewingWorkshop&ReadingClub【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】話題語(yǔ)境人與自然之人與環(huán)境的探討課時(shí)詞匯involve,claim,sum,memorial,institute,instance,essay,opponent,drug,chemical常用短語(yǔ)involvesb.insth.,beinvolvedin,claimon,makeaclaim,inmemoryofsb.,tosumup,sufferfrom,ontheotherhand,forinstance,haveanimpacton,inadditionto,inmyopinion,resultin,attherateof,agreatnumberof重點(diǎn)句式(1)that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句(2)despite(doing)sth.(3)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)(4)現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)(5)whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句單詞巧練寫(xiě)準(zhǔn)記牢Ⅰ.核心單詞練習(xí)：請(qǐng)根據(jù)所給的詞性和詞義寫(xiě)出單詞1．________________adj.農(nóng)業(yè)的2．________________adj.古老的；歷史上重要的3．________________adj.景色優(yōu)美的4．________________n.紀(jì)念館；紀(jì)念碑a(chǎn)dj.(對(duì)逝者)紀(jì)念的，追悼的5．________________n.委員會(huì)6．________________vt.概括，總括n.金額，款項(xiàng)；總數(shù)7．________________n.藥物，藥材；毒品8．________________n.化學(xué)品adj.化學(xué)的9．________________vt.聲稱；斷言；主張n.聲稱；(根據(jù)權(quán)力而提出的)要求10．________________n.例子，實(shí)例11．________________adj.殘忍的12．________________n.反對(duì)者；對(duì)手，敵手13．________________n.機(jī)構(gòu)；研究院14．________________vt.包含，需要15．________________n.論說(shuō)文；散文Ⅱ.常用單詞練習(xí)：根據(jù)句意和所給的首字母或中文提示寫(xiě)出符合句中單詞的正確形式1．Thisisthepenwithwhichhesignedthe________(歷史性的)document.2．Todaywe'regoingtohaveatourofthis________(景色優(yōu)美的)island.3．Scientistshavefoundthattherearemountainsand________(山谷)onthemoon.4．Thestatuewas________(雕刻)outofasinglepieceofstone.5．HaveyouvisitedtheLincolnM________inWashington,D．C.?6．Theyelectedhertorepresentthemonthec________.7．Iwonderwhyyou'vedonesowellineveryc________experiment.8．Theyc________manyadvantagesfortheirnewproduct.9．Hedefeatedallhiso________inthiselectionandbecamethenewpresident.10．Thesebagsaregenerallyrecyclable,butb________ofthemarethrownawayeveryyear.11．Thejobi________metravellingalloverthecountry.Ⅲ.閱讀本部分內(nèi)容，翻譯相關(guān)短語(yǔ)1．許多的，大量的________________2．以……速度，以……比率________________3．導(dǎo)致________________4．在我看來(lái)，依我看________________5．概括，總結(jié)________________6．對(duì)……有影響________________7．除……之外，此外________________8．例如________________9．另一方面________________10．忍受，遭受________________?第一版塊：重點(diǎn)單詞1.involvevt.包含，需要；涉及；使參與(教材P62)Factoryfarminginvolveskeepingfarmanimalsinsidebuildingstoincreasetheproductionofmeatoreggs.工廠化養(yǎng)殖包括在建筑物內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)動(dòng)物，以增加肉類(lèi)或蛋類(lèi)的產(chǎn)量。involvesb.in(doing)sth.使某人參與(做)某事be/getinvolvedin/with參與；卷入；投入?The$85millionprogrammewillinvolveanextensiverebrandingoftheairline.這個(gè)8500萬(wàn)美元的項(xiàng)目將包含全面重塑該航空公司的形象。?Alatebookingmayinvolveyouinextracost.晚預(yù)訂可能會(huì)給你增加額外的費(fèi)用。?WhenIwasfacingadecisionthatinvolvedhighrisk,Ioftenturnedtomyfriend.當(dāng)我要作出有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的決定時(shí)，我經(jīng)常向我的朋友求助。?Johnwould,soonerorlater,involvehimselfinserioustrouble.約翰遲早會(huì)把他自己卷入嚴(yán)重的麻煩中。?Mikehadnodesiretobeinvolvedwith/inanythingdangerousorviolent.邁克不想卷入任何危險(xiǎn)或暴力的事情中去。詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想：involvementn．參與；卷入；牽連高考鏈接：①Hisjobinvolvesspendingalotoftimewithotherpeople.②Shewassoinvolvedinthebookthatshedidn'theartheknock.③Weneedtoconsiderallthecostsinvolvedintheprojectfirst.[即學(xué)即練]用involve的正確形式填空/翻譯句子①I(mǎi)tisreportedthattherearemanyhealthproblems________withsmoking.②Thankstoyour________，wesucceedinpletingtheproject.③父母應(yīng)當(dāng)參與子女的教育。________________________________________________________________________④不要把我牽扯到解決你的問(wèn)題里。________________________________________________________________________2.claimvt.聲稱；主張vt.&vi.(根據(jù)權(quán)利)要求；索要vt.認(rèn)領(lǐng)；對(duì)……宣示所有權(quán)n.[C]主張；聲稱；斷言；所有權(quán)；索賠；索要(教材P62)Peoplewhofightforanimalrightsclaimthattheseanimalssufferterriblestress.為動(dòng)物權(quán)益而戰(zhàn)的人們聲稱這些動(dòng)物承受著可怕的壓力。常用搭配：claimsth.back索回/要回某物claimonsth.要求……；索取……claimtodo/be...聲稱做/是……claimtohavedonesth.聲稱做過(guò)某事claim(that)．..聲稱……Itis/wasclaimedthat...有人主張……h(huán)aveaclaimonsth.擁有……的所有權(quán)makeaclaimforsth.對(duì)……提出要求/索賠?Scientistsareclaimingamajorbreakthroughinthefightingagainstcancer.科學(xué)家們稱在抗癌方面取得了重大突破。?Idon'tclaimtobeanexpert.我沒(méi)自稱是專家。?SomepeopleclaimthatsurfingtheInternetisawasteoftime.有些人聲稱上網(wǎng)就是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。?Sofarnobodyhasclaimedthemoneydiscoveredinthelibrary.目前為止，還沒(méi)有人來(lái)認(rèn)領(lǐng)在圖書(shū)館撿到的那些錢(qián)。?Youcanclaimbackthetaxonyourpurchases.你可以要求退回購(gòu)物時(shí)繳納的稅款。?Whatfalseclaimsdidtheadvertisementmake?這則廣告做了哪些虛假宣傳？比較：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(claimtobe/do...聲稱是/做……,claimtobedoing...,聲稱正在……,claimtohavedone...,聲稱做過(guò)……))claimthat...聲稱……如：①HeclaimstobeanexpertinEnglishliterature.＝HeclaimsthatheisanexpertinEnglishliterature.他聲稱是英國(guó)文學(xué)專家。②Heclaimstobetellingthetruth.＝Heclaimsthatheistellingthetruth.他聲稱自己在講的是實(shí)話。③HeclaimstohavebeentotheU．S.＝HeclaimsthathehasbeentotheU．S.他聲稱自己去過(guò)美國(guó)。[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空/翻譯句子①Twoyounggirlsclaimed________(see)thefairies.②Thelawyerclaimed________thedefendantwasnotguilty.③It________(claim)thatsomedoctorswereworking80hoursaweek.④Thepolicesaidthatifnobodycametoclaimthewatch,youcouldkeepit.________________________________________________________________________⑤Heshouldbeabletoclaimbackhismoney.________________________________________________________________________3.sumvt.概括；總結(jié)n．[C]全部；和，總和；總數(shù)(教材P62)Tosumup,despiteproducingcheapfood,factoryfarmingisbadfortheplanetandfortheanimalsthemselves.總之，盡管生產(chǎn)廉價(jià)食物，但工廠式農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)星球、對(duì)動(dòng)物本身都是有害的。alargesumof(money)一大筆；大量的sumof款項(xiàng)，金額insum總而言之，大體上sumup概括，總結(jié)；作概述?Wepaidalargesumofmoneyforthehouse.我們花了一大筆錢(qián)買(mǎi)了這棟房子。?Thesumoffiveandthreeiseight.5加3的和是8.?Attheendoftheclass,theteachersummedupthemainpoints.老師在下課前總結(jié)了要點(diǎn)。?Tosumup,wemustproducethebestproductsforcustomers.總之，我們必須為消費(fèi)者生產(chǎn)最好的產(chǎn)品。名師點(diǎn)津：句中tosumup，作獨(dú)立成分，獨(dú)立于句子之外，表示說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度、語(yǔ)氣等，又稱評(píng)論性狀語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)作獨(dú)立成分的不定式有：totellyouthetruth說(shuō)實(shí)話tobehonest誠(chéng)實(shí)地說(shuō)tobefrank坦誠(chéng)地說(shuō)tospeakfrankly坦誠(chéng)地說(shuō)tocapitall總之tobeginwith首先tostartwith首先toputitbriefly簡(jiǎn)言之tobesure確切地說(shuō)注意：這種獨(dú)立成分也可用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，如：franklyspeaking坦率地說(shuō)[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①我可否就我們目前已經(jīng)達(dá)成的共識(shí)作個(gè)概括？CanIjust________________whatwe'veagreedsofar?②總而言之，兩國(guó)目前是真正的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作伙伴。________________，thetwocountriesarenowtrueeconomicpartners.③她為我的服務(wù)付給了我一大筆錢(qián)。Shepaidme________________________formyservices.4.memorialadj.紀(jì)念的n．[C]紀(jì)念物；紀(jì)念碑a(chǎn)memorialstatue/prize紀(jì)念雕像/獎(jiǎng)theMemorialHalltoPresidentMao毛主席紀(jì)念堂MonumenttothePeople'sHeroes人民英雄紀(jì)念碑eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(inmemoryofsb.,tothememoryofsb.))為了紀(jì)念某人/作為對(duì)某人的紀(jì)念haveagood/poormemory(for...)他(對(duì)……)的記憶力很好/差speak/paintfrommemory憑記憶說(shuō)/畫(huà)mitsth.tomemory＝putsth.intoone'smemory記住某事相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)：memoryn．[C，U]記性；記憶力memorisevt.記??；記憶＝putsth.intoone'smemory?Thisstatueisamemorialtoagreatstatesman.這尊雕像是紀(jì)念一位偉大的政治家。?Hefoundedacharityinmemoryofhiswife.他舉辦那項(xiàng)慈善事業(yè)為紀(jì)念他已故的妻子。[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空①Anactormustbeableto________(memory)hislines.②Hehad________goodmemoryforfaces,andhewassurehehadn'tseenherbefore.③Thechurchwasa________(memory)tothedisastervictims.④Hefoundedthecharity________memoryofhislatewife.?第二版塊：重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)1.getridof(1)getridof...擺脫，去除；丟棄(2)rid(rid;rid)vt.(教材P64)It'snotlikelyforhumanstogetridofroads,powerorpipelinesnow.現(xiàn)在對(duì)于人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)，擺脫道路、能源或管道是不可能的。ridsb.ofsth.使某人擺脫/去除……(壞習(xí)慣等)beridofsth.擺脫……?Thegovernmentistryingtoridthecityofpollution.政府正在努力使城市免受污染。?ThebossridhimselfofDavidbecausehewassolazy.老板開(kāi)除了大衛(wèi)，因?yàn)樗珣辛恕?Iwasfinallyridofthecold.我的感冒終于好了。?It'snoteasytogetridofmybrother.HefollowsmewhereverIgo.想甩掉我弟弟不容易，我走到哪兒他跟到哪兒。詞語(yǔ)拓展：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(remembertodo...,記住去做……,rememberdoing/havingdone,……記得做過(guò)某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(forgettodosth.,忘記去做……,forgetdoing/havingdone...,忘記做過(guò)某事了))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(regrettodosth.,遺憾地去做某事,regretdoing/havingdone...,為做過(guò)某事而感到遺憾))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(trytodosth.努力去做某事,trydoingsth.試著做某事))[即學(xué)即練]單句寫(xiě)作/完成句子①我們的沙發(fā)太舊了，我們需要把它扔了。Oursofaisreallyold.Weneed________________.②鍛煉是消除壓力的最好辦法。Exerciseisthebestway________________stress.③壞習(xí)慣一旦養(yǎng)成，就難以改掉。Onceabadhabitisformed,itishard________________.④醫(yī)生把我的病治好了。Thedoctorhasridme________thedisease.v．＋sb.＋of＋sth.短語(yǔ)robsb.ofsth.搶劫某人某物curesb.ofsth.治好某人……病warnsb.of/againststh.告誡某人某事convincesb.ofsth.使某人相信某事informsb.ofsth.通知某人某事accusesb.ofsth.指控某人某事remindsb.ofsth.提醒某人某事assuresb.ofsth.確保某人某事cheatsb.ofsth.騙取某人某物clearsb.ofsth.清除某人某事persuadesb.ofsth.使某人相信某事breaksb.ofsth.使某人改掉……tellsb.ofsth.給某人講述某事deprivesb.ofsth.剝奪某人某物2．opponentof...……的反對(duì)者/對(duì)手(教材P62)Ontheotherhand,opponentsoffactoryfarmingsaythatitiscrueltotheanimals.另一方面，工廠式農(nóng)業(yè)的反對(duì)者說(shuō)這對(duì)動(dòng)物很殘忍。opponentn.[C]對(duì)手；反對(duì)者theopponentof...……的反對(duì)者opponentat/insth.……方面的對(duì)方/對(duì)手sb.'sopponent某人的對(duì)手apoliticalopponent政敵Youropponentwillhelpyougrowstrongerthroughpetition.通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，你的對(duì)手會(huì)使/讓你變得更強(qiáng)大。[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①我們星期六比賽對(duì)手很強(qiáng)大。Ouropponents________Saturday'sgameareverypowerful.②強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)核武器的人將在會(huì)上提出一個(gè)新法案。Afierceopponent________nucleararmswillputforwardanewbillattheconference.3.resultin導(dǎo)致(教材P66)ReducedrainfallinCanadaresultedinahugeforestfireinMay2016.加拿大國(guó)內(nèi)減少的降雨量導(dǎo)致了2016年5月的一場(chǎng)森林大火。resultin...(＝leadto或contributeto...)導(dǎo)致……resultvi.發(fā)生，由……導(dǎo)致resultn.[C，U]結(jié)果，成果?Hiscarelessnessresultedinthekitchenfire.他的粗心大意引起了一場(chǎng)廚房火災(zāi)。?Hissuccessresultedfromhardwork.他的成功是努力的結(jié)果。?Herdietresultedinweightloss.她的節(jié)食導(dǎo)致了體重下降。?Hissuccessisaresultofhardwork.他的成功是努力的結(jié)果。?Ifyoubelieveinyourselfandworkhard,youwillachievegreatresults.如果你相信自己并付出努力，你就會(huì)得到好的結(jié)果。用法歸納：(1)resultfrom...由……造成resultin...導(dǎo)致……asaresultof...＝becaouseof作為……的結(jié)果；由于……；asaresult因此；所以；結(jié)果(2)leadto...通向，導(dǎo)致，造成contributeto...促成；導(dǎo)致[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①他犯了錯(cuò)誤。因此，他丟了工作。Hemadeonebigmistake.________________，helosthisjob.②由于這場(chǎng)雨，野餐被取消了。________________oftherain,thepicnicwascancelled.③他考試不及格是由于粗心大意。Hisfailureintheexamresulted________hiscarelessness.④他的粗心大意導(dǎo)致了他考試不及格。Hiscarelessnessresulted________hisfailureintheexam.4.turnonsb.突然攻擊某人(教材P66)Sowhyisnaturebeginningtoturnonus？那么為什么大自然開(kāi)始向我們突然發(fā)起攻擊？turnonsb.突然攻擊某人turnonsth.以某事為主要議題turnonsth./doingsth.(＝dependonsth.)依某事物而定turnsb.on使某人激動(dòng)或興奮(尤指異性方面)turnsth.on扭開(kāi)(烤箱、收音機(jī)、電燈等)?Hisnormallyplaciddogturnedonhimandbithimintheleg.他那條平常很溫順的狗，突然發(fā)作咬了他的腿。?Whyareyouallturningonme？你們?yōu)槭裁炊纪蝗粵_我來(lái)了？?Thediscussionturnedontheneedforbetterpublichealthcare.討論的主要議題是必須改善大眾保健服務(wù)。?Thesuccessofapicnicusuallyturnsontheweather.參加野餐是否盡興，通常要看天氣好壞。?Jazzhasneverreallyturnedmeon.我從未對(duì)爵士樂(lè)產(chǎn)生過(guò)興趣。詞語(yǔ)拓展：turnout結(jié)果是turnup把聲音調(diào)大；露面，到場(chǎng)turndown把聲音調(diào)小；拒絕turnoff關(guān)掉turnaround轉(zhuǎn)身turnto轉(zhuǎn)向……；求助于turnover把……翻過(guò)來(lái)waitinturn排隊(duì)等候waitone'sturn等待某人的順序It'ssb.'sturntodosth.輪到某人做某事了turntosb.forhelp向某人求援eq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(taketurnsatsth.,taketurnsatdoingsth.))輪流做某事[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①有胡子的男子每每引起她的興趣。She'soften________________bymenwithbeards.②打開(kāi)煤氣開(kāi)關(guān)，點(diǎn)燃烤箱。________________thegasandlighttheoven.③是否去郊游依天氣而定。Whethergoingforanoutingornot________________theweather.④由于人類(lèi)對(duì)地球的非善意的行為，大自然已經(jīng)開(kāi)始懲罰我們了。Asaresultofunkindbehaviourhumanstotheearth,natureisbeginningto________________us.⑤今天的講座主題是地球各種類(lèi)型的污染。Today'slectureisto________________thepollutionofallkindsontheearth.?第三版塊：典型句式1.that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句(教材P62)Themainargumentforfactoryfarmingisthat,apartfrombeingalotcheaperthantraditionalororganicfarming,itprovidesmorefoodforaworldpopulationthathasalreadyreachedsevenbillion,accordingtotheUnitedNations.對(duì)工廠化農(nóng)業(yè)的主要觀點(diǎn)是，除了比傳統(tǒng)或有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)成本低廉很多之外，按照聯(lián)合國(guó)的說(shuō)法，它還為已經(jīng)達(dá)到70億的世界人口提供了更多的食物。that作為表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在表語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，無(wú)意義，但一般不能省略。?ThereasonwhyheisabsentisthathehasgonetoLondon.他缺席的原因是他已經(jīng)去了倫敦。?ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.問(wèn)題是我把他的地址丟了。特別注意：在表示“建議、勸告、命令”含義的名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可省略。常見(jiàn)的有：advice,suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea等。Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)makeanearlystarttomorrow.我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空①Oneofthereasonswhyhelikesreadingpoetryis________helikesthelanguageofit.②Myplanisthatwe________(go)totheparktogethertomorrow.③Theproblemis________wecannotgetsomeonetoreplaceher.2.despitedoing...盡管……(教材P62)Tosumup,despiteproducingcheapfood,factoryfarmingisbadfortheplanetandforanimalsthemselves.總之，盡管生產(chǎn)出便宜的食品，工廠式農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)星球和對(duì)動(dòng)物本身是有害的。despiteprep.盡管，雖然。用法同inspiteof，后面可跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)。?Despite(＝Inspiteof)hisyoungage,hedidaverygoodjob.盡管他很年輕，但是他工作做得很好。?It'sunbelievablethatSophialeadsasimplelifedespite(＝inspiteof)hergreatwealth.難以讓人相信的是，索菲亞盡管擁有大量的財(cái)富，但他過(guò)著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活。?Despitehavingbeentherebefore,hestillknowslittleabouttheplace.盡管從前曾去過(guò)那里，但是他對(duì)此處了解甚微。名師點(diǎn)津：(1)despite/inspiteof是兩個(gè)介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，其后面跟名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞。(2)though/although是兩個(gè)從屬連詞，后面要跟從句，表示“盡管”“雖然”之意。句型轉(zhuǎn)換：Despite/Inspiteofbeinglate,shefinishedtheworkontime.＝Although/Thoughshewaslate,shefinishedtheworkontime.[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①盡管他從未上過(guò)學(xué)，但他通過(guò)自學(xué)獲得了博士學(xué)位。________________nevergoingtoschool,hehasgotadoctor'sdegreebystudyingonhisown/teachinghimself/selfstudy.②盡管年紀(jì)大了，但他早晨從未停止過(guò)跑步。________________hehasneverstoppeddoingrunninginthemorning.3.過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)(教材P65)Surroundedbyfields,mountainsandrivers,theOldTownofLijianglookslikeajadeinkstoneinspringandsummer.麗江古城四面是田野、山川、河流，在春天和夏季看上去像一塊玉硯。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)Surroundedby...作狀語(yǔ)，修飾句子謂語(yǔ)，表示條件。過(guò)去分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ)可表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、結(jié)果、方式、條件等。(1)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：可置于句首、句中和句尾。(2)原因狀語(yǔ)：一般置于句首，偶爾見(jiàn)于句尾或句中。(3)伴隨或方式狀語(yǔ)：可位于句首、句中或句尾。(4)條件狀語(yǔ)：常位于句首。?Askedabouthisfamily,theyoungmanmadenoanswer.＝Theyoungman,askedabouthisfamily,madenoanswer.＝Theyoungmanmadenoanswer,askedabouthisfamily.當(dāng)問(wèn)到有關(guān)他家庭情況時(shí)，他沒(méi)有回答。?Havinglivedabroadforyears,Iamlongingtoreturn.在國(guó)外多年，我一直盼望著回國(guó)。?Thechildlearnsfast,wellbroughtupbyhisparents.父母教育得法，這個(gè)孩子學(xué)得很快。?Thehunterwalkedslowlyintheforest,followedbyhiswolfdog.＝Followedbyhiswolfdog,thehunterwalkedslowlyintheforest.＝Thehunter,followedbyhiswolfdog,walkedslowlyintheforest.獵人在森林里慢慢走著，后面跟著一條狼狗。?United,westand;divided,wefall.聯(lián)合起來(lái)我們就能站立；分裂我們必然倒下。要點(diǎn)拓展：根據(jù)需要，ed形式前面也可加上when,while,until,once,though,although,aslongas,solongas,unless,asif,asthough,evenif,eventhough等詞。在before,after,without詞后必須用beingdone結(jié)構(gòu)。典型例句：(1)Whenaskedabouthisfamily,hemadenoanswer.當(dāng)被問(wèn)到有關(guān)他家庭情況時(shí)，他沒(méi)回答。(2)Unlessinvited,Iwon'tattendthegettogether.除非受到邀請(qǐng)，否則我不會(huì)參加聚會(huì)。(3)Theboylefttheplayhousewithoutbeingseen.這男孩沒(méi)被發(fā)現(xiàn)就離開(kāi)了游戲室。(4)Beforebeingcalled,remainwhereyouare.叫你之前，待在原地別動(dòng)。[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空①When________(ask)abouthisname,hekeptsilence.②Unless________(invite),Iwon'tattendthegettogether.③Theboylefttheplayhouse,without________(see)．④Before________(call),remainwhereyouare.⑤________(write)carefully,thearticleis________(praise)bytheteacher.⑥________(see)bynobody,hekeptsilenceabouthistheft.4.whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句(教材P66)Theybuildhomesfromwhatevermaterialstheycanfind.他們用能找到的任何材料修建房屋。(1)whatever(＝anythingthat)pron.任何事/物(引導(dǎo)名詞性從句)(2)whatever(＝any)adj.任何(通常這種用法在句中作定語(yǔ))(3)whatever(＝nomatterwhat)無(wú)論什么(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)(4)whever類(lèi)引導(dǎo)詞的用法whever可作主句的疑問(wèn)詞，也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)?？蓳Q成“nomatter＋相應(yīng)的wh詞”，在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，只能用whever。?Idon'tbelievewhateverhesaid.我不相信他說(shuō)的任何事兒。?I'llgiveyouwhateverbooksyouneed.我會(huì)給你所需要的任何書(shū)。?Wehavetogoon,whatevertrouble/nomatterwhattroublewemeetwith.無(wú)論我們遇到什么困難，我們都要堅(jiān)持下去。?WheneverI'munhappy,itismyfriendwhocheersmeup.＝NomatterwhenI'munhappy,itismyfriendwhocheersmeup.不管什么時(shí)候我不高興，總是我的朋友給我鼓起勇氣。?Whateverhappens(＝Nomatterwhat)happens,Iwillbewithyou.不管發(fā)生什么事，我都會(huì)和你在一起。?Wherevershegoes,therearecrowdsofpeoplewaitingtoseeher.無(wú)論她到哪里，都有成群的人等著見(jiàn)她。?Whateverhedidyesterdayiswrong.＝Anythingthathedidyesterdayiswrong.他昨天做的事都錯(cuò)了。名師點(diǎn)津：(1)含有nomatterwho/what等的從句跟含有whoever,whatever等的從句頗為相像。如：Nomatterwhatyousay/whateveryousay,Iwon'tbelieveyou.不管你說(shuō)什么，我都不會(huì)相信你。(2)含有whoever/whatever等的從句同含有nomatterwho/what等的從句之間，有些差別。含有nomatter的從句不能用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；而含有whoever/whatever等的從句則可以用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如：I'lleatwhateveryougiveme.不管你給我什么我都吃。(whatever＝anythingthat)但不能說(shuō)I'lleatnomatterwhatyougiveme.[即學(xué)即練]單句語(yǔ)法填空①I(mǎi)tisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild________(任何東西)heorshewants.②—Whataboutcampingthissunday?—Ok,________youwant.③Thebusinessmanalwayswearsasuit________theseasonis.④________Ididwasforyou.⑤Youcantake________youlike.⑥D(zhuǎn)innercanbe________youwantittobe.5.現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)(教材P66)AmassiveearthquakehitcentralItalyinAugust2016,killingatleast247people.2016年8月，意大利中部發(fā)生大地震，至少247人喪生。現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，通過(guò)放在句子末尾，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生后，自然出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞也可用并列謂語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如句中“killingatleast247people”可轉(zhuǎn)換成“andkilledatleast247people”。Thefirelastednearlyamonth,leavingnothingvaluable.大火持續(xù)了將近一個(gè)月，幾乎沒(méi)有剩下什么有用的東西。知識(shí)拓展：現(xiàn)在分詞的一般形式放在句子末尾，除表示結(jié)果外，也還用來(lái)表示目的、方式或伴隨。如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示原因，條件則通常放在句首。表示讓步時(shí)則置于句首、句尾皆可。[即學(xué)即練]指出各句子畫(huà)曲線部分的現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作什么樣的狀語(yǔ)①I(mǎi)huntedaroundfromcitytocity,hopingtogetajob.________________②Istoodbythedoor,notdaringtosayaword.________________③Talkingandlaughing,thechildrenwalkedonebyoneintotheclassroom.________________④Behavingyourself,youshallgetaniceaward.________________⑤Workinghardatyourlessons,youaretosucceed________________⑥Takingmorecare,Istillmadequiteafewmistakes.________________⑦Workinghardasheusedto,hestillcouldn'tsucceed.________________?第四版塊：寫(xiě)作專題——正反觀點(diǎn)型議論文[素材儲(chǔ)備]1．文體介紹正反觀點(diǎn)型文章，也稱觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型文章，屬于議論文的一種。文章通過(guò)討論一種現(xiàn)象或剖析事物來(lái)論述道理、發(fā)表意見(jiàn)或提出主張。作者往往從兩方面闡明觀點(diǎn)，擺事實(shí)、講道理、給論據(jù)，辯證地說(shuō)明某種現(xiàn)象，并簡(jiǎn)單陳述自己的觀點(diǎn)。這種體裁的文章觀點(diǎn)明確，句式較為整齊。在時(shí)態(tài)方面，陳述正反兩方面觀點(diǎn)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，人稱以第三人稱為主。2．篇章結(jié)構(gòu)這種類(lèi)型的文章一般可分為四段：第一段：開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山引入話題；第二段：列舉正方(一方)觀點(diǎn)及理由；第三段：列舉反方(另一方)觀點(diǎn)及理由；第四段：表明自己的觀點(diǎn)。3．常用表達(dá)①Recently,we'vehadahotdiscussionabout...最近，我們就……進(jìn)行了熱烈的討論。②Opinionsaredividedonthetopic.在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，意見(jiàn)存在分歧。③Peopletakedifferentviewsonthisproblem.人們對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題有不同的看法。④Peoplewhoarefor/againsttheideathinkthat...贊成/反對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)的人認(rèn)為……⑤However,...holdadifferentview/theoppositeopinion.然而，……持有不同的/相反的觀點(diǎn)。⑥However,eachcoinhastwosides.然而，事物都有兩面性。⑦Peoplewhoareagainstitdon'tthinkso.反對(duì)它的人不這么認(rèn)為。⑧Frommypointofview，...在我看來(lái)，……⑨AsfarasIamconcerned,Iamfor/infavouroftheformer/latterview.就我而言，我贊成前一/后一種觀點(diǎn)。[模擬演練]假定你是李華，你的英國(guó)朋友Ben來(lái)信詢問(wèn)你對(duì)學(xué)生上網(wǎng)交友的看法。請(qǐng)你用英文給他回一封信，介紹人們的觀點(diǎn)并表達(dá)自己的看法，要點(diǎn)包括：1．贊成的理由：可廣交朋友、自由表達(dá)思想、利于外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)；2．反對(duì)的理由：浪費(fèi)時(shí)間、影響學(xué)習(xí)、可能上當(dāng)受騙；3．你的看法。注意：1．詞數(shù)80左右；2．可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________請(qǐng)總結(jié)你學(xué)到的有用表達(dá)：[高級(jí)詞匯]________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[高級(jí)句式]________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[詞語(yǔ)積累]①[英語(yǔ)釋義]heritage:thehistory,traditionsandqualitiesthatacountryorsocietyhashadformanyyearsandthatareconsideredanimportantpartofitscharacter②mittee/k?'m?ti/n.委員會(huì)③temple/'templ/n．[C]廟宇，寺院④Confucius/k?n'fju???s/n．孔子TempleofConfucius孔廟⑤memorial/m?'m??ri?l/n.[sing.]紀(jì)念物；[C]紀(jì)念碑(常與to搭配)⑥groundn.[pl.](建筑物周?chē)?場(chǎng)地，庭院⑦surroundvt.圍繞；包圍besurroundedby/with...被……環(huán)繞⑧ajadeinkstone玉硯石⑨valley/'v?li/n.[C]山谷，溪谷⑩scenic/'si?n?k/adj.風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的anareaofscenicbeauty風(fēng)光秀麗的地區(qū)ascenicdrive驅(qū)車(chē)觀光?historic/h?'st?r?k/adj.歷史上著名(或重要)的?springn．[C]泉?behometo...是……的棲息地/產(chǎn)地?protectedadj.受保護(hù)的WORLDHERITAGESITESINCHINATheofficialtitleof“WorldHeritage①Site”isgivenbytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganisation(UNESCO)mittee②toplacesintheworldthatareoutstandingexamplesofculturalornaturalhistory.Upto2019,thereare55worldheritagesitesinChina,whichhasthesamenumberofsitesasItaly.Herearethreeofthem.TheTemple③andMansionofConfucius④ThissiteislocatedinQufu,ShandongProvince,andisamemorial⑤toConfucius.Thesiteishuge.Ontheground,therearemorethan900hallsandrooms.ThebuildingthatpeoplevisitmostistheTempleofConfucius.Besidesthetemple,visitorscanenjoythegrounds⑥outside,wheretherearemorethan1,000stonetabletsandover100,000tombs.TheOldTownofLijiangThissiteisafewhoursbusrideawayfromtheancientcityofDaliinYunnanProvince.Surrounded⑦byfields,mountainsandrivers【1】，theOldTownofLijianglookslikeajadeinkstone⑧inspringandsummer.【1】“Surroundedby...rivers”為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，句子的主語(yǔ)theOldTownofLijiang和surround之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Eachyear,manyforeigntouristsvisittheOldTown,andtheplaceislike“VeniceintheEast”tothem.Therearenarrowalleys,prettystreams,smallstonebridgesandhouseswithcarveddoorsandpaintedwindows【2】．【2】carved和painted均為單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作前置定語(yǔ)，分別修飾doors和windows。JiuzhaigouValley⑨Scenic⑩andHistoric?InterestAreaThisarea,northofSichuanProvince,isauniquenaturalwonder.Everyyear,visitorsfromallovertheworldetoadmirethemountains,lakes,streams,trees,undergroundsprings?andwaterfalls,whichmakeJiuzhaigouValleyanareaofoutstandingnaturalbeauty.Thevalleyisalsohometo?manyprotected?speciesofplantsandendangeredanimals.中國(guó)的世界遺產(chǎn)“世界遺產(chǎn)”是由聯(lián)合國(guó)教育、科學(xué)及文化組織(教科文組織)委員會(huì)授予世界上一些地方的官方稱號(hào)，這些地方都是文化或自然歷史方面的杰出典范。截至2019年，中國(guó)有55處世界遺產(chǎn)，這與意大利的遺產(chǎn)數(shù)量相當(dāng)。這里介紹其中三處?？讖R和孔府該遺址位于山東省曲阜市，是孔子的紀(jì)念館。遺址占地面積很大。在那片場(chǎng)地上有900多個(gè)大廳和房間。人們參觀最多的建筑是孔廟。除了孔廟，游客還可以欣賞外面的庭院，那里有1000多塊石碑和10萬(wàn)多座墳?zāi)?。麗江古城該遺址離云南大理古城只有幾個(gè)小時(shí)的車(chē)程。麗江古城被田野、山脈和河流環(huán)繞，在春天和夏天它看起來(lái)就像一塊玉硯。每年許多外國(guó)游客來(lái)參觀古城，這個(gè)地方對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)就像“東方的威尼斯”——狹窄的小巷、美麗的溪流、小石橋以及有著雕刻門(mén)和涂色窗戶的房子隨處可見(jiàn)。九寨溝風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)該地區(qū)位于四川省北部，是一個(gè)獨(dú)特的自然奇觀。每年，來(lái)自世界各地的游客都會(huì)來(lái)欣賞這里的群山、湖泊、溪流、樹(shù)木、地下泉水和瀑布，這些景觀使九寨溝成為自然風(fēng)景極美的地區(qū)。九寨溝也是許多受保護(hù)的植物和瀕危動(dòng)物的家園。[詞語(yǔ)積累]①onagrandscale大規(guī)模②worsen．[U]更多的問(wèn)題，更壞的消息③changeable/'t?e?nd??bl/adj.易變的，常變的④weatherpattern天氣模式⑤thunderstorm/'θ?nd?st??m/n．[C]雷雨，雷暴⑥typhoon/ta?'fu?n/n.[C]臺(tái)風(fēng)⑦h(yuǎn)itvt.&vi.危害，產(chǎn)生不良影響，打擊AtornadohitonTuesdaynight.星期二晚上發(fā)生了一次龍卷風(fēng)。⑧severedrought嚴(yán)重的干旱⑨resultin導(dǎo)致resultfrom由……引起⑩turnonsb.突然攻擊某人?overpopulation/???v??p?pju'le??n/n．[U]人口過(guò)多?agricultural/??gr?'k?lt??r?l/adj.農(nóng)業(yè)的agriculturen．[U]農(nóng)業(yè)，農(nóng)學(xué)?collapse/k?'l?ps/vi.(突然)倒塌，坍塌?slipvi.滑落?downhill/?da?n'h?l/adv.向山下，向下?landsliden．[C](山坡或懸崖的)崩塌，滑坡?ontopof...除……之外?Wemissedourflight，andontopofthatwehadtowaitsevenhoursforthenextone.我們沒(méi)趕上飛機(jī)，而且下一班還得再等七個(gè)小時(shí)。?playapart起作用?claimvi.奪走，奪去(生命)?Thecarcrashclaimedthreelives.那次撞車(chē)事故導(dǎo)致三人死亡。NATUREISTURNINGONUSInthelastfewyears,wehaveseenenvironmentaldisastersonagrandscale①，andexpertsarepredictingworse②toe.JinLireportsonourEarth'schangeable③weatherpatterns④.Thunderstorms⑤，floods,earthquakes,typhoons⑥，volcaniceruptions,tsunamis,andforestfireshavebeeincreasinglymon.TherehavebeenterriblefloodsinAsia,Africa,AmericaandOceania.Stormshavebeengettingworseeverywheretoo,withmorehurricaneshitting⑦theUSandCentralAmerica【1】．ReducedrainfallhasaffectedAfricaforyears,withseveredroughts⑧inSomaliaandKenyain2017,aswellasmanyotherzonesbeingdrier.ReducedrainfallinCanadaresultedin⑨ahugeforestfireinMay2016.Volcaniceruptionsandearthquakeshavealwaysbeenathreat.In2016,therewerethreevolcaniceruptionsatalmostthesametimeinIndonesia.TherehavebeenseriousearthquakesinmanypartsofAsia,EuropeandSouthAmerica.AmassiveearthquakehitcentralItalyinAugust2016,killingatleast247people【2】．【1】畫(huà)線部分為“with＋名詞＋v.ing”結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)?！?】畫(huà)線部分為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。Sowhyisnaturebeginningtoturnoneq\o(○,\s\up1(10))us?Oneanswerisoverpopulation?.Thepopulationoftheworldisgrowingattherateof10,000peopleanhour,nearly90millionayear.Mostofthegrowthisinthedevelopingworld.Poorpeopleinagricultural?areasoftenmovetothecities.Theybuildhomesfromwhatevermaterialstheycanfind【3】.Thesehomescaneasilycollapse?duringearthquakesorslip?andslidedownhill?inlandslides?，especiallyafterheavyrain.Ontopof?that,thereistheaddedaspectofglobalwarming.Thishasmainlybeencausedbythehugeamountsofcarbondioxideproducedbyfactoriesandvehicles.Thedestructionoftheworld'sforestsplaysapart?，too.Asaresult,ahotteroceancausesstrongerwinds.Atlantichurricanesare40%strongernowthantheywere30yearsago.【3】畫(huà)線部分為whatever引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。Landslidesandearthquakesareevenmoredangerousnowthaninthepastbecausearoundhalfoftheworld'spopulationnowliveincities.ManypeopleincitiesandtownsinSouthAmericaandAsiaareatriskfromlandslides.InApril2017,thecityofMocoainColombiawashitbyalandslide,leavingmanydeadandinjured【4】.Agreatnumberofpeopleliveatriskfromearthquakestoo.Thesehaveclaimed?morethan1.6millionlivesinthelasthundredyears.【4】畫(huà)線部分為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，屬于“l(fā)eave＋代詞＋形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。Mostdisasterexpertsbelievethatthingscouldgetalotworse.ProfessorHouMingofPekingUniversitystudiesvolcanoes.Hewarnsthattheworldhasnotseentheworstyet.TheworsteruptioninhumanhistorywasprobablyMtTamborain1815,inIndonesia.DustfromthevolcanorolledacrosstheEarth'sskies.TherewasnosummerinEuropeandAmericathefollowingyear.Butevidenceshowsthat73,000yearsagotherewasamuchgreatereruption.“Itreducedtemperaturesbymaybe6℃insomeplaces,andthewholeplanetwassentintowinterforyears.Andthereareabouttwooftheseeventsevery100,000years...”大自然正在報(bào)復(fù)我們過(guò)去的幾年里，我們目睹了大規(guī)模的環(huán)境災(zāi)難，而專家們正預(yù)測(cè)，更糟的問(wèn)題還在后頭。李今在此匯報(bào)地球多變的天氣模式。雷暴、洪水、地震、臺(tái)風(fēng)、火山噴發(fā)、海嘯和森林火災(zāi)已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越常見(jiàn)。亞洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲都發(fā)生了可怕的洪水。各地的暴風(fēng)雨也越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重，更多的颶風(fēng)襲擊了美國(guó)和中美洲地區(qū)。降雨量的減少已影響非洲多年，2017年，索馬里和肯尼亞發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的旱災(zāi)，其他許多地區(qū)也正在變得更干旱。加拿大降雨量的減少引發(fā)了2016年5月的森林大火?；鹕絿姲l(fā)和地震則一直在威脅人類(lèi)。2016年，印度尼西亞幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生了三次火山噴發(fā)。亞洲、歐洲和南美洲的許多地方都發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的地震。2016年8月，意大利中部發(fā)生大地震，造成至少247人死亡。那么，為什么大自然開(kāi)始報(bào)復(fù)我們呢？答案之一是人口過(guò)剩。世界人口正以每小時(shí)1萬(wàn)人的速度增長(zhǎng)，每年增長(zhǎng)接近9千萬(wàn)人。大多數(shù)人口增長(zhǎng)都發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)的窮人經(jīng)常遷徙到城市中。他們用能找到的任何材料建造住所。這些房屋很容易在地震中倒塌，或者在山體滑坡時(shí)滑下山坡，尤其是在大雨過(guò)后。此外，還有全球變暖造成的附加因素。這主要由工廠和車(chē)輛產(chǎn)生的大量二氧化碳造成。世界各地森林的破壞也是原因之一。這導(dǎo)致更溫暖的海洋產(chǎn)生了更強(qiáng)的風(fēng)?，F(xiàn)在，大西洋颶風(fēng)的強(qiáng)度比30年前增加了40%?，F(xiàn)在，山體滑坡和地震比過(guò)去更加危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在世界上大約一半的人口生活在城市里。許多南美和亞洲城鎮(zhèn)的居民面臨山體滑坡的危險(xiǎn)。2017年4月，哥倫比亞的莫科阿市發(fā)生了山體滑坡，大量人員傷亡。許多人也生活在地震的危險(xiǎn)中。過(guò)去的一百年里，地震已經(jīng)奪去了160多萬(wàn)人的生命。大多數(shù)災(zāi)害專家認(rèn)為，情況可能會(huì)變得更糟。北京大學(xué)侯明教授專門(mén)研究火山。他警告說(shuō)，地球上的人類(lèi)還沒(méi)有經(jīng)歷過(guò)最糟糕的情況。人類(lèi)歷史上最嚴(yán)重的火山噴發(fā)可能是1815年印度尼西亞的坦博拉火山噴發(fā)?；鹕交覐浡诘厍蛏峡?。第二年，歐洲和美洲沒(méi)有經(jīng)歷夏天。但是證據(jù)表明，7.3萬(wàn)年前有一次更大的噴發(fā)?！八挂恍┑胤降臏囟冉档土舜蠹s6攝氏度，整個(gè)星球多年來(lái)一直處于冬季。而每10萬(wàn)年就會(huì)發(fā)生大約兩次這樣的事件……”Ⅰ.單詞拼寫(xiě)1．Factoryfarming________(包括/涉及)keepingfarmanimalsinsidebuildingstoincreasetheproductionofmeatoreggs.2．Moreover,factoryfarmedanimalssufferfromfewer________(病痛)thanthoselivingoutside.3．Ontheotherhand,________(對(duì)手，反對(duì)者)offactoryfarmingsaythatitiscrueltotheanimals.4．Inadditiontoit,factoryfarminghasa________(負(fù)面的)impactontheenvironment.5．Tosumup,despite