Englishgrammarantonymquestion目錄BasicconceptsofantonymousaggressiveintentionsDetailedexplanationofdeclarativeintentions目錄DetailedexplanationofadditionalaggressiveintentionsTheconsistencyproblemoftension,person,andnumberCommonerrorsandcorrectionmethodsPracticequestionsandansweranalysis01BasicconceptsofantonymousaggressiveintentionsDefinitionAnantagonisticpresenceisatypeofpresencestructureinEnglishgrammarthatposesaquestionusingants(wordswithopposingmeanings)tocreatecontrastandhighlightthedifferencesbetweentwoopposingconceptsCompositionAnantagonisticsenseofaquestionword(suchas"what,""where,""when,"etc.),asubject,andapredicatethatcontainsantagonistsorcontrastingideasDefinitionandCompositionFunctionThemainfunctionofanantonymousaggressivepresenceistodrawattentiontothecontrastbetweentwoopposingideasorconcepts,emphasizingthedifferencesandencodingdeepthoughtanddiscussionUsageAntonymousaggressiveintentionscanbeusedinvariouscontexts,suchasacademicwriting,creativewriting,publicspeaking,andeverydayconversation,toaddinterest,clarity,anddepthtothediscussionFunctionandUsageClarityWhenusingantonymousaggressiveintentions,itisimportanttoensurethatthecontrastingideasorconceptsareclearlydefinedandunderstoodbythereaderorlistenerContextTheuseofantonymousaggressiveintentionsshouldbeappropriateforthegivencontextoraudienceForexample,inaformalacademicpaper,theuseofsuchsensesmayneedtobemoresubduedandlessfrequentthaninacasualconversationAvoidingFusionItisimportanttoavoidfusionwhenusingantonymousaggressiveintentionsbyensuringthattheantonymsorcontrastingideasarerelevantandmakesensewithintheoverallcontextofthediscussionMattersneedingattention02DetailedexplanationofdeclarativeintentionsDefinition01AnaffirmativedeclarativepresenceisastatementthatassetsorclaimssomethingtobetrueIttypicallyendswithaperiodandhasasubjectandapredictionExample02"Thesunrisksintheeast."Usage03Affirmativedeclarativeintentionsareusedtomakestatementsorassignmentsaboutpeople,places,things,ideas,etc.Theycanexpressfacts,opinions,orbeliefsAffirmativedeclarativepresenceDefinitionAnegativedeclarativepresenceisastatementthatdeniesorreflectssomethingIttypicallyincludesanegativewordsuchas"not,""no,""never,"etc.,andalsoendswithaperiodExample"Iamnotgoingtotheparty."UsageNegativedeclarativeintentionsarebeingusedtoexpressdenials,rejusals,ordisagreementsTheycanbeusedtocorrectmisinformationorexpresscontemporaryopinionsorbeliefsNegativedeclarativesensesUsage:SpecialpresencestructuresareoftenusedforstylisticpurposestocreateacertaineffectoremphasisTheycanbeusedtoaddinterest,variety,orimpacttowritingorspeechHowever,theyshouldbeusedsparselyandonlywhenappropriatetoavoidfusionormisunderstandingDefinition:SpecialpresencestructuresaredeclarativesensesthathaveauniqueorunusualstructureThesesensesmayincludeinvertedwordorder,ellipsis,orothergraphicaldevicesExample:"Onthehillstockalonelytree."Specialpresencestructure03DetailedexplanationofadditionalaggressiveintentionsStructureItinsistsofadeclarativepresence+anaggressivepresenceThedeclarativepresenceisusuallyinthepresenttense,andtheinvasivepresenceisusedtoaskforadditionalinformationaboutthedeclarativepresenceExample"Johnisadoctor,isn'the?"Inthispresence,"Johnisadoctor"isthedeclarativepresence,and"isn'the?"istheaggressivepresenceaskingforconfirmationAffirmativeadditionalaggressivepresenceItinsistsofanegativedeclarativepresence+anaggressivepresenceThenegativedeclarativepresenceexpressionsareanegativefactoropinion,andtheinterpositivepresenceisusedtoaskforadditionalinformationortoexpressdoubleorsurpriseStructure"MaryDoesn'tlikecoffee,doesshe?"Inthispresence,"MaryDoesn'tlikecoffee"isthenegativedeclarativepresence,and"doesshe?"istheintermediatepresenceaskingforadditionalinformationaboutMary'scoffeepreferenceExampleNegativeadditionalaggressiveintentionsItisashortenedformofanadditionalaggressivepresencewheresomewordsarecommittedThecommittedwordscanbeunderstoodfromthecontextStructure"Johnisadoctor,isn'the?"canbeshortenedto"Johnisadoctor,isn'the?"orevenfurtherto"John,isn'the?"Inbothshortenedforms,thecommittedwordscanbeunderstoodfromthecontext,andthemeaningofthepresenceremainsthesameExampleEllipsisform04Theconsistencyproblemoftension,person,andnumberVerbtensionsmustagreewiththetimeoftheactionorstatedescribedForexample,"Ieatanappleeveryday"(presenttense)vs."Iateanappleyesterday"(pasttense)SenseconsistencyiscriticalinmaintainingclarityandcohesioninapresenceorparagraphMixingtensionscancreatefusionandambiguity,makingitdifficultforthereadertounderstandtheintendedmeaningTemporaryconsistencyVerbsmustagreewiththeirsubjectsinperson(first,second,orthird)Forexample,"Iam"(firstperson)vs."youare"(secondperson)vs."he/she/itis"(thirdperson)InconsistentuseofpersoncanleadtographicalerrorsandmisunderstandingsPronounsmustalsoagreewiththeiropponentsinpersonForexample,"Shehavemeabook"(thirdpersonpronoun"she")vs."Youhavemeabook"(secondpersonpronoun"you")Personalconsistency01Verbsmustagreewiththeirsubjectsinnumber(singularorplural)Forexample,"Thecatisblack"(singularsubject"cat")vs."Thecatsareblack"(pluralsubject"cats")02PronounsmustagreewiththeiropponentsinnumberaswellForexample,"Thedogchasesitstail"(singularpronoun"its")vs."Thedogschasestheirtails"(pluralpronoun"their")03IncorrectagreementofnumbercanresultinawardsorungrammaticalintentionsConsistencyofnumbers05CommonerrorsandcorrectionmethodsManystudentsmistakenlyuseantonyms(wordswithpotentialmeans)assynonyms(wordswithsimilarorrelatedmeans)Forexample,using"disinterested"insteadof"uninterested"tomean"notinterested."Sometimes,thewrongwordischosenbecauseitsoundssimilartothecorrectantonymbuthasadifferentmeaningForinstance,using"flammable"insteadof"flammable"todescribesomethingthateasilycatchesfireAntonymscanhavedifferentmeaningsdependingonthecontextFailingtoconsiderthecontextcanleadtoincorrectusageForexample,"left"canmean"retaining"inonecontextand"optionofright"inanotherConfusingantonymswithsynonymsIncorrectwordchoiceContextmisunderstandingsCommontypesoferrorsCorrectivemethodsandtechniquesFamiliarizeyourselfwithcommonantagonistpairsandtheirmeaningsPracticeusingtheminsensestoreinforceyourunderstandingContextanalysisAlwaysconsiderthecontextwhenchoosinganantagonistReadthesurroundingtexttodeterminetheappropriatemeansandusageDictionaryandThesaurususeRefertoadictionaryorThesaurustoconfirmthemeaningsofwordsandfindsuitableantonymsLearningantagonistpairs"Theteacherwasdisturbedinthetopic,soshedidn'tcoveritinclass."Correct:"Theteacherwasuninterestedinthetopic,soshedidn'tcoveritinclass."Explanation:Inthisexample,"disinterested"isimproperlyusedasasynonymfor"uninterested."Thecorrectantagonistfor"interested"is"uninterested,"whichmeans"notinterested."Exampleanalysis06PracticequestionsandansweranalysisWhatistheantagonistof"easy"?Whatistheantagonistof"beautiful"?Whatistheantagonistof"happiness"?Whatistheantagonistof"big"?Whatistheantagonistof"new"?Exercisequestions0103020405Theantagonistof"happiness"is"sad"or"unhappy"Thesewordshaveoppositemeanings,with"happy"indicatingastateofjoyandcontent,while"sad"or"unhappy"indicatingastateofsowordissatisfactionTheantagonistof"beau