英譯漢理論與實踐教程

第一章報刊文章選段漢譯

第一節(jié)1OutsidetheUnitedNations,humanrightsmattershavebeendiscussedwiththeGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovementattheirsummitmeetings,aswellaswiththeOrganizationofAmericanStates,theOrganizationofAfricanUnity,theAssociationofSouth-EastAsianNations,EuropeanUnion,theCommonwealthofIndependentStates,theRioGroupandinotherimportantregionalandsubregionalforums.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:

1.Sentencestructure:Theselectionconsistsofanunusuallylongsimplesentence,whosebackbonestructure

couldbereducedto…h(huán)umanrightsmattershavebeendiscussedwith…aswellaswith….2.Additionalcomplication：Thesentencebeginswithaprepositionalphrase.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Asrevealedinthegrammaticalanalysis,theselectionconsistsofonlyasinglesimplesentenceanditisaperiodicsentence,beginningwithaprepositionalphrase.Inaddition,theselectionsoundexotictotheChineseearwithsomanynamesofinternationalorganizations.2.Structuralcomplication：Theselectionisstructurallycomplicatedwiththetwocoordinateprepositionalphrasesattheendofthesentence,anditisstructurallyformalforitsstructuralcomplication,grammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromanycolloquialstructures.3.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,with…,aswellaswith…;theGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovement;theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theOrganizationofAfricanUnity,theAssociationofSouth-EastAsianNations,EuropeanUnion,theCommonwealthofIndependentStates,theRioGroup;andregionalandsubregional.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:thepattern…discussedwith…andwith…isusedtoreinforcethecoherenceandunityaswell;thepossessivepronountheirisusedtorefertoGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovement;namesofinternationalorganizationsarelistedoneafteranother;subregionalandregionalareusedaspartialrepetitions,andsoon.5.Lexicalformality：Theselectionischaracterizedbythefrequentemploymentofsuchformalwords,includingnominalizations,asmatter,discuss,major,industrialize,summit,movement,organization,association,commonwealth,independentandothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:聯(lián)合國之外，人權方面的事務已經(jīng)討論過了，和七個主要工業(yè)國集團、不結盟運動，在它們的峰會上；也已經(jīng)討論過了，同美洲國家組織、非洲統(tǒng)一組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨立國共同體、里約集團以及在其他重要的地區(qū)和次地區(qū)的論壇上。Comments:Suchatranslationisawkwardinthatinthecaseofexpressingthesimilarideasastheselectioncontains,theusualChinesewaywillbe:某某問題已經(jīng)在某某地點和某某、某某以及某某討論過了.Ifthediscussionpartnerlististoolong,theChinesemightturntosuchexpressionas某某問題已經(jīng)在某某地點和某某與某某討論過了，也已經(jīng)在某某地點和某某、某某……等討論過了，…….ThealternativeChinesepatternspointtothenecessitythatsuchphrasesas和七個主要工業(yè)國集團、不結盟運動;在它們的峰會上;同美洲國家組織、非洲統(tǒng)一組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨立國共同體、里約集團以及在其他重要的地區(qū)和次地區(qū)的論壇上shouldbefrontedorreorganized.B)Translation2:

在聯(lián)合國之外，人權問題已經(jīng)在峰會上同七大工業(yè)國集團、不結盟運動討論過了，也已經(jīng)同美洲國家組織、非統(tǒng)組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨立國共同體和里約集團討論過了，在其他地區(qū)性和次地區(qū)性的論壇上也已經(jīng)討論過了。Comments:Thepresenttranslationistotallydifferentfromthepreviousinthatbyrepeating同……討論過了with在……也已經(jīng)討論過了asareinforcement,allthediscussionparticipantsarenowwellorganizedinanorderlypattern.However,abbreviationscouldhavebeenusedforthenamesoftheinternationalorganizations,andothermeasurescouldalsobetaken.C)Translation3:人權問題在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外都已經(jīng)討論過了。例如，在聯(lián)合國機構之外，在七國集團和不結盟運動的峰會上，在美洲國家組織、非統(tǒng)、東盟、歐盟、獨聯(lián)體、里約集團中，在重要的地區(qū)與次地區(qū)論壇上，都已經(jīng)討論過了。Comments:Inthepresentversion,abbreviationsareused,therepetitionof討論過了isavoidedbyrepetitionof在….上（中）threetimes,andadditionof人權問題在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外都討論過了。例如fortheclarityoftheideas,coherenceofthetextandimprovementonthestructureofthetranslationasawhole.Theadditionof在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外,togetherwiththerepetitionof討論過了,ismeaningfulinthatfirst,theimpliedmeaningismadeexplicit;second,thetranslationnowassumesanexplicitdeductivepatternofdevelopment,thatis,developmentfromgeneraltospecific.2Paralleltothis,theHighCommissionerhasinitiatedandvigorouslypursuedtherestructuringoftheCentreforHumanRightswiththeaimofensuringasecretariatcapableofprovidingthehigheststandardsofworktorespondeffectivelytoanever-growingnumberofmandatesandhumanrightschallengesaroundtheworld.TheCommissiononhumanRightsisauniqueworldforumwithprimaryobjectivebeingtomaketheenjoymentofhumanrightsarealityforallpeople.Thiscanonlybeachievedbytranslatingprinciplesandnormsintoconcretedeedsaffectingthewaypeoplelive.Indoingso,theCommissiononhumanrightscanalsogivegreaterimpetustotheinitiativesbeingundertakenbytheHighCommissioner.ItisessentialthattheCommission,asthemostimportantforumdedicatedtohumanrights,accordtheHighCommissionerthesupportneededforforginggreaterdeterminationinpromotingandprotectingallhumanrights.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentencesinall,withthelongestrunningthreeandahalflines,andtheshortestoneandahalflines.Ofthefivesentences,thefirstisasimplesentence;thesecondisalsoasimplesentencebutwithanabsolutenominalconstructionembedded;thenexttwoarealsosimplesentencesbutthelastisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandasubjectclause.2.Additionalcomplication：Thefirstsentencebeginswithanadjectivephraseandthestructureofthesentencecouldbereducedtosuchabackbonestructureas…theHighCommissionerhasinitiatedandpursued…withtheaimof….3.Notes：Inthesentence,asecretariatcapableof…meansasecretariatthatiscapableof….Andalsointhesentence,…provide…to…meansto…provideinorderto….Inthesecondsentence,…withprimaryobjectivebeingtomaketheenjoyment…isanabsolutenominalconstruction.Againinthesecondsentence,…make…arealityforallpeopleassumesthestructureofmake+object+objectcomplement.InItisessentialthat…inthelastsentence,thethatclauseservesastherealsubject,anditservesastheformalsubject.Theclauseisinsubjunctivemood.Alsointhesentence,thereisapatternofaccordsomebodysomething.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Ofthefivesentencestheselectionconsistsof,thefirst,thefourthandthelastareperiodicwhiletheothertwoareloosesentences.Thethreesentencesareregardedasperiodicinthatthefirstsentencebeginswithanadjectivephrase;thefourthbeginswithaprepositionalphrasewhilethelastbeginswithaformalsubject,keepingtherealsubjectfurtherback.Alsointhelastsentence,thereisaparentheticstructureembedded,asdiscussedinthegrammaticalanalysis.2.Structuralcomplication：allthesentencesarestructurallycomplicatedtosomeextentthoughmostofthemarecomplicatedatphrasallevelratherthanatsententiallevel.Forexample,inthefirstsentence,thetwopastparticiplesinthepredicateareincoordination;andthereareanumberofprepositionalphrasestogetherwithanadjectivephraseandaninfinitivephrase.Inthesecondsentence,thereisanabsolutenominalconstructiontogetherwithotherstructuralcomplications;andothersentencesarecomplicatedinsimilarways.Inaddition,allthesentencesvaryinlength,rhetoricstructureandgrammaticalstructure.3.Structuralformality：Allthesentencesarestructurallyformalfortheirgrammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromanycolloquialstructure.4.Parallelstructure：Parallelstructurearefrequentlyused,forexample,initiatedandvigorouslypursued;anever-growingnumberofmandatesandhumanrightschallengesaroundtheworld;principlesandnorms;andpromotingandprotecting.5.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:theHighCommissioner,commissionandhumanrightsarerepeated;initiativeisusedasapartialrepetitionforinitiate;andsoon.6.Lexicalformality：Formalwords,includingnominalizations,canbeeasilylocatedsuchascommissioner,initiate,vigorously,pursue,restructuring,andmanyothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:與此平行，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動了并不遺余力地追求人權中心改組，目的是確保書記處能夠提供最高的工作標準，以有效地回應不斷增長的官方要求和世界范圍內(nèi)的人權挑戰(zhàn)。人權專署是世界上唯一的論壇，其主要目的是讓享受人權成為所有的人的一種現(xiàn)實。這個目的的達到，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們生活方式的具體的做法。在這樣做的時候，人權專署也可以提供更大的動力，為正在采取的啟動行動的高級專員。下面的做法是有必要的，專署，作為致力于人權工作的最重要的論壇，必須為高級專員提供支持，為他更加增強決心來促進和保護所有的人權。Comments:Thetranslationofthefirstthreesentences,thoughwordforword,sentenceforsentence,arebasicallyacceptable.Forinthetranslatingprocess,whatshouldbefrontedandreadjustedhasbeenfrontedandreadjustedalready.However,thatofthelasttwosentencesarebeyondtheChinesenorm,which,inthecaseofexpressingthesimilarideas,wouldrequiretwosentenceslikethis:在這樣做的時候，人權專署也可以為……提供更大的動力;and作為……，專署必須為……提供更多的支持，以便他……。這樣做是很有必要的.Thisanalysispointstothenecessityforimprovementtobemadeonthetranslation.Inaddition,與此平行attheverybeginningisnotatypicalChineseexpressionforthecontext;這個目的的達到，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們生活方式的具體的做法couldbereadjusted,andsoon.B)Translation2:同樣，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動并正在竭力追求重組人權中心，以確保書記處能夠提供最好的工作標準來有效地回應日益增長的官方指令和世界范圍內(nèi)的人權挑戰(zhàn)。人權專署是唯一的世界論壇，其主要目的是將人人都享有人權變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。這個目標，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范都轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們的生活方式的具體行動，才能達到。這樣做，人權專署就能為高級專員做好正在啟動的工作提供更大的動力。作為致力于人權工作的最重要的論壇，專署必須為高級專員提供必要的支持，以便他在促進和維護所有的人權事務中能下更大的決心。Comments:Improvementshavebeenmadeonthereadability,coherenceandauthenticitywiththeproperchoiceofwordsandsentencepatterns.Forexample,thepatternsproposedintheabovecommentsarenowused;同樣issubstitutedfor與此平行;andreadjustmentsaremadeinaccordancewithwhatispreviouslycommentedonaboutothertranslations.Consequently,thetranslation,nowwithoutanyforeignizedstructure,ismuchmorereadable,coherentandauthentic.C)Translation3:與此同時，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動并孜孜以求于改組人權中心，以便秘書處能以最高工作標準去有效應對聯(lián)合國官員日益增長的要求和世界范圍的日益增長的挑戰(zhàn)。專署是世界上的唯一人權論壇，主要致力于實現(xiàn)人人享有人權。這個目標，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范變?yōu)橛绊懭藗兊纳罘绞降木唧w行動，才能實現(xiàn)。在實現(xiàn)目標的過程中，人權專署就能進一步推動高級專員做好正在啟動的工作。作為最重要的人權論壇，專署必須為高級專員提供必要的支持，以便他痛下決心，來推進和保護一切人權。Comments:Improvementsarefurthermadeonauthenticityandcoherencebyusingsuchexpressionsas與此同時；以便；主要在于，andsoon;andbyemployingthesentencepattern這個目標，只有……，才能實andbysubstituting主要致力于實現(xiàn)人人享有人權and在實現(xiàn)目標的過程中，人權專署就能進一步推動高級專員做好正在啟動的工作fortheprevious.Consequently,thetranslationsoundsmorelikeapieceofChinesewriting.3Thediverseramificationsoftheendofthecoldwarremainapalpablefactorintheworldeventoday,nearlyadecadelater.Thecessationofsuper-Powerrivalsandmilitaryconfrontationsetintrainawholehostofprogressivechangeswithinandamongcountries.Atthesametime,theinternationalcommunityisstillstrugglingwiththeadverseconsequencesofbipolarity’scollapse.Theinner-ethnicconflictsthatfollowedthebreak-upofseveralmulti-ethnicStates,whetherincentralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia,aretragiccasesinpoint.SomeoftheformerproxybattlegroundsofthecoldwarinAsiaandAfricacontinuetoreelfrominstability.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentences,andallofthesentencesaresimpleinstructureexceptforthefourth,whichisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanattributiveclause.2.AdditionalcomplicationInthefirstsentence,nearlyadecadelaterisinappositiontotodaybeforeit,servinggrammaticallyastheappositiveandfunctionallytoexplainwhentodayis.Inthesecondsentence,thephrasesetintrainmeanscause…tohappen.Thethirdsentencebeginswithaprepositionalphrasewhilethefourthsentencehasaparentheticstructureembedded,thatis,whetherincentralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentences,ofwhichthefirsttwoandtheverylastareloosesentenceswhilethetwointhemiddleareperiodic,forthebeginningwithaprepositionalphraseandtheinsertionofaparentheticstructurerespectively.However,attheendofthefirstsentence,thereisanounphraseservingasappositivetowhatgoesbeforeandaddingcomplexitytothesentencestructure.2.Structuralcomplication：Thestructurecomplicationofthethirdsentenceliesinitsbeginningwithaprepositionalphrase.Andthefourthsentencecontainsasubordinateclauseandaparentheticstructure.3.Structuralformality：Allthesentencesintheselectionareformalinstructureinthattheyareallgrammaticallycompleteandfreefromanycolloquialstructure.4.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,super-Powerrivalsandmilitaryconfrontation;withinandamong;centralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia;andAsiaandAfrica.5.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbeidentifiedasfollows:super-Powerrivalsisusedasaspecificationforcoldwar;internationalcommunityisusedasanearsynonymfortheworld;coldwarandmulti-ethnicarerepeated;conflictisusedasanearsynonymforconfrontation,andsoon.6.Lexicalformality：Formalwords,includingnominalizations,canbefoundthroughouttheselectionsuchasdiverse,ramification,palpable,cessation,confrontation,bipolarity,progressive,adverse,andmanyothers.C)Backgroundknowledge:(1)ThecoldwarreferstothecoldwarbetweentheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates;(2)ThesuperpowersalsorefertotheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates;(3)BipolarityreferstothetwopolesleadingbytheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:冷戰(zhàn)的結束的各種分支甚至在今天的世界也能感受得到，已經(jīng)快十年過去了。超級大國的競爭和軍事對抗的停止，使國家內(nèi)部和國家之間發(fā)生了一系列循序漸進的變化，變化的安排是恰當?shù)?。同時，國際大家庭仍然在同兩極對抗崩潰的壞的后果作斗爭。跟著幾個多民族國家的解體，內(nèi)部民族沖突，不管是在中亞還是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲劇的例子。在亞洲和非洲的某些從前的冷戰(zhàn)代理戰(zhàn)場由于不穩(wěn)定仍在繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。Comments:Theaboveisbasicallyaword-for-wordtranslationthoughsomeoftheprepositionalphrasesarefrontedinthetranslatingprocessaccordingtoChinesenorms.Consequently,improperstructuringandwordingcanbefoundhereandthere.Forexample,已經(jīng)快十年過去了isinappropriatelyplacedattheendofthesentenceandisnecessarytobetranspositioned;變化的安排是恰當?shù)膇semployedasthetranslationofsetintrain,whichsoundsexoticandmayprobablybeamistranslation;thepuzzlingexpressionof某些從前的冷戰(zhàn)代理戰(zhàn)場由于不穩(wěn)定仍在繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn),puzzlingforitsexoticness,shouldberetranslated.B)Translation2:將近十年過去了，冷戰(zhàn)結束后的各種分化瓦解，在今天的世界上仍然可以感覺得到。超級大國之間的競爭和軍事對抗的停止，使國家內(nèi)部和國家之間發(fā)生了一系列循序漸進的有利變化。同時，國際社會仍然在同兩極對抗崩潰后的負面影響作斗爭。隨著某些多民族國家的解體，國內(nèi)的民族對立，無論是在中亞還是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲劇的例子。在亞洲和非洲某些從前的冷戰(zhàn)次戰(zhàn)場由于不穩(wěn)定仍然危機四伏。Comments:Improvementsaremadeonthefirsttranslationwhen將近十年過去了istranspositioned;變化的安排是恰當?shù)腶nd某些從前的冷戰(zhàn)代理戰(zhàn)場由于不穩(wěn)定仍在繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)areretranslated,andsoon.Consequently,allthestructuralproblemsaresolvedandthetranslationisimprovedintermsofauthenticity,coherenceandreadability.However,thereisstillmuchroomforfurtherimprovement.C)Translation3:隨著冷戰(zhàn)的結束，各種力量分崩離析，將近十年過去了，其影響在今天的世界上仍難以消除。超級大國停止了競爭和軍事對抗，促使國家內(nèi)部和國家之間發(fā)生了許多有利的變化。盡管如此，國際社會仍然在同兩極對抗崩潰后的負面影響作斗爭。某些多民族國家解體之后，國內(nèi)發(fā)生民族對抗，無論是在中亞還是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲劇。在亞洲和非洲，某些從前冷戰(zhàn)時期的第二戰(zhàn)場，由于兩級對抗崩潰了，力量均衡打破了，依舊危機四伏。Comments:Thepresenttranslationischaracterizedbythefrequentuseofverbsfornounsandoftheexplicationtechniquetobringouttheimpliedmeaningsoftheoriginal,forexample,都是悲劇性的;冷戰(zhàn)時期的第二戰(zhàn)場;由于兩極對抗崩潰了，力量均衡打破了,依舊危機四伏,etc.Inaddition,盡管如此isnowemployedtotranslateatthesametime,achoicemadeinaccordancewiththecontextratherthanwiththeoriginalwording.4Statesthatwereheldtogetherbytheirperceivedstrategicutilitytoonesideortheotherinsomeinstanceshavesufferedgravelyasaresult;thiswastrue,forexample,intheHornofAfricaearlierinthedecade,andmostrecentlyintheformerZaire.ThehelpofallStates,especiallythosethatplayedleadingrolesincoldwar,isnecessarytoundoitsremainingsocial,economicandpoliticaldistortions.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoftwosentences,ofwhichthefirstisacompoundcomplexsentence,containingtwocoordinateclausesconnectedbyasemi-colon,andinthefirstclause,thereisanattributiveclauseembedded.Thesecondisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanattributiveclausebutembeddedintheparenthesis.2.Additionalcomplication：Thesubjectandthepredicateofthemainclauseofthefirstsentenceiskeptfarapartbytheattributiveclauseandforexampleisembeddedasaparenthesis3.Notes：Thebackbonestructureofthefirstclauseinthefirstsentencecanbereducedintosomethinglikethis:states…h(huán)avesuffered….Thesecondsentencehasespeciallythosethatplayedleadingrolesincoldwarembeddedasaparenthesis,andthebackbonestructureofthesentencewouldbesomethinglikethis:thehelp…isnecessarytoundo….B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Theselectionconsistsoftwoperiodicsentences,eachfortheinsertionofaparentheticstructurerespectivelyandeachofthetwosentencesisstructurallyfurthercomplicatedbytheembeddingofasubordinateclause.2.Structuralformality：Thetwosentencesareformalinstructureinthattheyarebothgrammaticallycompleteandfreefromanycolloquialstructure.3.Parallelstructure：Theselectionismadefurtherpeculiarinthatitispopularwithparallelconstructions,forexample,toonesideortheother;intheHornofAfricaearlierinthedecade,andmostrecentlyintheformerZaire;social,economicandpolitical.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：examplescouldbefoundasfollows:theotherisanellipticstructureoftheotherside;thewordstatesisrepeated;thoseisasubstituteforthestates,andsoon.5.Lexicalformality：Itisalsopopularwithformalwords,includingnominalizations,suchasperceive,strategic,utility,instance,especially,economic,political,distortionandsoon.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:那些被見到的戰(zhàn)略利益將它們在有些場合同這邊或同那邊捆在一起的國家結果已經(jīng)遭遇得很嚴重。這是真的，例如，這十年中的頭幾年的非洲的好望角和最近的原扎伊爾。幫助所有這些國家，尤其是那些在冷戰(zhàn)中起領頭作用的國家是必要的，以便它們解除仍然存在在那兒的政治的、經(jīng)濟的和政策的扭曲。Comments：Translation1isapureword-for-wordtranslationexceptforthetranspositionofsomeoriginallysubordinateclausesintoproperpositionsintheChinesesense.Consequently,thereadabilityofsuchatranslationcouldbechallenged.Forexample,thefirstsentenceinthetranslationistoolong;someexpressionssuchas遭遇得很嚴重;這十年中的頭幾年的非洲的好望角;解除……扭曲andothersarenottypicalChineseandarenotreadableeither.B)Translation2:由于明顯的戰(zhàn)略利益，那些在有些場合同這邊或那些捆綁在一起的國家，結果遭遇很慘。例如，在前幾年的非洲好望角和最近的前扎伊爾都是如此。幫助所有這些國家，尤其是那些在冷戰(zhàn)中起領頭羊作用的國家，是必要的，以便它們擺脫社會的、經(jīng)濟的和政治的影響。Comments:Thepresenttranslationismuchimprovedintermsbothofsentencepatternandvocabularybyfrontingthe由于……clause;using例如，……都是如此totranslateitwastrue,…;幫助……擺脫…

是必要的,etc.andsuchexpressionsas領頭羊;擺脫……影響,etc.Consequently,thepresenttranslationismuchmorereadableandauthenticintheChinesesense.C)Translation3:出于眼前的戰(zhàn)略需要，有些國家時而站在冷戰(zhàn)的這一方，時而站在冷戰(zhàn)的那一方，結局都很凄慘。前幾年非洲的好望角和最近的前扎伊爾都是這樣。幫助這些國家，尤其是那些在冷戰(zhàn)中沖鋒陷陣的國家，從政治上、經(jīng)濟上、政策上擺脫冷戰(zhàn)的陰影，是必要的。Comments:Thepresenttranslationfindsitselfdifferentfromthepreviousintheemploymentofsuchnewsentencesasthefirsttwoandtheemploymentofsuchnewexpressionsas出于眼前的戰(zhàn)略需要;時而站在……,時而站在……;沖鋒陷陣;擺脫陰影,etc.Consequently,thetranslationismuchmorereadable,coherentandauthentic,thoughintheChinesesense.Apparently,intheprocess,explicationtechniqueisrepeatedlyused,forexample,冷戰(zhàn)的isrepeatedlyinserted;沖鋒陷陣isusedtotranslateplayedleadingroleswithmeaningamplified,andsoon.5Asecondfundamentalforcereshapingtheworldtodayisglobalization,itisperhapsthemostprofoundsourceofinternationaltransformationsincetheindustrialrevolutionbegantoturnexternaltradeintoaroutinefeatureofinternationallife.Beginninginthe1960s,withthelimitedliftingofcapitalcontrolsandthegradualemergenceofmultinationalmanufacturingfirms,financialmarketshavebecomeincreasinglyintegratedandtheproductionofgoodsandservicestransnationalized.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Thepresentselectionconsistsoftwosentences,ofwhichthefirstisacompoundcomplexsentence,containingtwocoordinateclauses,ofwhichthesecondiscomplexinstructure,composedofamainclauseandanadverbialclauseoftime.Thesecondsentenceissimpleinstructure.2.Additionalcomplication：thecoordinateclausesinthefirstsentencearelooselyconnectedandtheycanbechangedintoeitheracompoundsentence:Asecondfundamentalforceis…globalizationanditisperhapsthemostprofoundsourceof…orintoacomplexsentence:Asecondfundamentalforce…isglobalization,whichisperhapsthemost….Thesecondsentencebeginswithapresentparticiplephrasefollowedbyaprepositionalphrase,whichisparentheticinstructure.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Thefirstsentenceislooseinstructurewhilethesecondisaperiodicsentenceforthebeginningwithapresentparticiplephraseandtheembeddingofaparenthesisintheformofaprepositionalphrase.2.Structuralcomplication：Thetwosentencesarecomplicatedinthatthefirstsentencehasasubordinateclauseembeddedwhilethesecondhasacomplicatedbeginning.Inaddition,theselectionisformalinstructureforthegrammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromcolloquialstructures.3.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructurescanbeidentified,forexample,thelimitedliftingofcapitalcontrolsandthegradualemergenceofmultinationalmanufacturingfirms;andfinancialmarketshavebecomeincreasinglyintegratedandtheproductionofgoodsandservicestransnationalized.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：

examplescanbeeasilyfound,forinstance,internationaltransformationisusedwiththemeaningofreshapingtheworld;andglobalization,international,multinational,andtransnationalizedareusedassynonymsthoughofdifferentpartsofspeech.5.Lexicalformality：Theselectioncontainsmanyformalwords,includingnominalizations,suchasfundamental,reshape,globalization,profound,international,revolution,transformation,multinational,translationalize,andmanyothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:第二個改變今天的世界的基本力量是全球化，這或許是國際改造的最深刻的源泉，自從工業(yè)革命開始將對外貿(mào)易變成國際生活的一種日常特征。1960年代開始，由于資本限制的有限解除，由于多國生產(chǎn)公司的漸漸出現(xiàn)，金融市場已經(jīng)在不斷整合，物資生產(chǎn)、服務生產(chǎn)也跨國化了。Comments:Thetranslationofthefirstsentencerunsaslongastheoriginalwithoutanystructurechangeandthatofthesecondsentenceisalsoaword-for-word,clause-for-clausetranslation.Thetwotranslationssoundawkwardtosomeextentthoughtolerablyacceptable.Butstrictlyspeaking,自從工業(yè)革命開始將對外貿(mào)易變成國際生活的一種日常特征shouldbefrontedwithrewordings.However,inotherparts,readjustmentsaremade,thoughlocally,forexample,inthelastsentenceofthetranslation,由于and生產(chǎn)arerepeatedforthesakeofauthenticity.B)Translation2:當前，第二個重組世界的基本力量是全球化，這或許是自工業(yè)革命開始將對外貿(mào)易變成國際生活的日常特征以來的最深刻的國際改組的力量之源。從二十世紀六十年代起，由于資本限制的有限解除，由于跨國生產(chǎn)公司的逐步出現(xiàn)，金融市場日趨整合，物資與服務生產(chǎn)也日趨國際化。Comments:Improvementsaremadeinthefirstsentenceofthetranslationinthat自工業(yè)革命開始isnowfrontedtoitsusualpositionintheChinesesense,andinthesecondsentenceofthetranslationinthatlocalreadjustmentsaremade.However,這或許是自工業(yè)革命開始將對外貿(mào)易變成國際生活的日常特征以來的最深刻的國際改組的力量之源isunusuallylong,evenlongerthanthecorrespondingpartintheprevioustranslation,andwithoutanyrewordingidentified.C)Translation3:今天，全球化成了重組世界的第二大基本力量。由于工業(yè)革命，對外貿(mào)易在國際生活中不可或缺，自那以來，全球化就成了國際關系重組的重要的源泉。自二十世紀六十年代起，由于資本限制的有限解禁，由于多國制造公司的逐步出現(xiàn)，金融市場日趨整合，物資生產(chǎn)和服務也日趨跨國化了。Comments:Greatchangescannowbewitnessedinthetranslationofthefirstoriginalsentencetogetherwithsomelocalreadjustmentsmadeonthetranslationofthesecond.Specificallyspeaking,thelongclauseisnowchoppedshortwithnecessaryreadjustmentsmade;and今天，全球化成了重組世界的第二大基本力量。由于工業(yè)革命，對外貿(mào)易在國際生活中不可或缺，自那以來，全球化就成了國際關系重組的重要的源泉isatotallynewtranslation.Andinthelastsentenceofthetranslation,物資生產(chǎn)和服務issubstitutedfortheprevious,andsoon.Consequently,thepresenttranslationismorereadable,coherentandauthentic.Exercises:1Theyconsideredthatsuchworkisofparticularrelevanceinhelpingdevelopingcountries,inparticulargovernmentsandSMEs,tobetterunderstandandparticipateinprocessesunderwayinotherintergovernmentalorganizationsdealingwithtelecommunicationsandtheirtradeapplications,inparticulartheInternationalTelecommunicationsUnionandWorldTradeOrganization.2ThemeetingconsideredthattherecommendationsmadebytheUnitedNationsInternationalSymposiumonTradeEfficiencyinthesectoroftelecommunicationsremainavalidbasisforthecontinuationofintergovernmentalactivitiesintheareaofthetelecommunications,businessfacilitationandtradeefficiency.TheexpertsunderlinedthatUNCTADshouldpursueitsworkinthisareabycomplementingUNISTErecommendationsthroughtheconsiderationofanumberofrecenttrendsandevents,whichhavebeenandwillcontinuetobeofcriticalimportanceforthecompetitivenessofenterprises,especiallysmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,intheyearstocome.3Suchtrendsandeventsincludeinparticular:(a)Thecontinuationoftheliberalizationandprivatizationprocessespursuedbyagrowingnumberofcountriesinthesectoroftelecommunicationsservicesandequipment;theseprocesseshavebeenreinforcedbytherecentWTOAgreementsonInformationTechnologyandonBasicTelecommunicationsServices.(b)Thecontinuationofthetrendtowardslowerpricesforinternationaltelecommunicationsservices;(c)Theacceleratedadventofnewinfrastructuressuchaslowearthorbitingsatellitesystems;(d)TherapidexpansionoftheInternet,whichwillhavefar-reachingconsequencesonthewaysinwhichindividualsandenterprisesaccessandprovideinformation,inparticularforthepurposeofbusinesstransactions.4Sincedialogueisaninteractionprocess,notanevent,itmustbestructured,relevant,transparent,andrepresentative,and