高中英語高考沖刺語法專題5：謂語動詞語態(tài)【問題查找】單句語法填空“Thenight________(be)verydark.Someneighborswillealonglaterinthedarkandwillfallagainstthestone.”Atmyschool,“dressdown”tickets________(sell)onschooldays.3.Trulyelegantchopsticksmight________(make)ofgoldandsilverwithChinesecharacters.4.Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks,noagreement____________(reach)sofarbythetwosides.5.Katieisreadingthenotewhich____________(leave)inthedrawertheotherday.6.ChinatogetherwithsomeAsiancountries_______________(strike)byTyphoonHaiyanonNovember8th,causinggreatdamageanddeaths.7.Aboutonefourthofthefamiliesinthecityhaveprivatecarsandthisnumber_____________(expect)todoubleinfiveyears.Keys:1.willbe2.aresold3.bemade4.hasbeenreached5.wasleft6.wasstricken7.isexpected【要點精講】學習目標：學生能全面掌握謂語動詞被動語態(tài)的用法,2.學生能夠靈活運用被動語態(tài)在語法填空與書面表達。目標分解：(1)掌握被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化；(2)掌握被動語態(tài)的特殊結構形式；(3)掌握不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況；(4)掌握主動形式表示被動意義的情況。教學過程：激發(fā)動機、激發(fā)已有知識、解決問題、內化過程、總結優(yōu)化一、用合適的活動激發(fā)學生動機。（需要老師進行個性化設計）外部動機：選擇合適的方法激發(fā)學習動機內部動機：好激發(fā)激發(fā)已有知識教師提問：上次課我們講了時態(tài)，你們還記得有哪些時態(tài)嗎？被動語態(tài)是什么？你知道什么時候才需要用被動語態(tài)嗎？被動語態(tài)用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關系。英語的語態(tài)共有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。漢語往往用"被"、"受"、"給"等被動詞來表示被動意義，英語中則由被動語態(tài)表示。解決學習問題：目標對應的活動（目標的問題化分解）：考點一被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化教師提問：被動語態(tài)在不同時態(tài)下的結構該如何表示？觀察例句總結被動語態(tài)在不同時態(tài)下的被動語態(tài)結構。Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeenpleted,andwe'rereadytostart.Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere.IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeenpletedinBeijing.AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasitarrived.TheprojectwillhavebeenpletedbeforeJuly.Hetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadeverysoon.被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式，被動語態(tài)由be＋過去分詞構成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：時時體現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedone進行is/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendone教師提問：謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)除了不同時態(tài)下的基本結構外，你還知道別的形式結構嗎？先讓學生觀察例句再總結用法?？键c二、被動語態(tài)的特殊結構形式

1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結構。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞。

例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebabysitter.2)有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結構時，可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。

例Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改為Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結構變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構中的主語，其余不動。

例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改為Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.4）在使役動詞have,make,get以及感官動詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結構中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構時，要加to。

例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改為Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.5)有些相當于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞＋介詞”，“動詞＋副詞”等，也可以用于被動結構，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.教師提問：是不是所有動詞都能夠用被動語態(tài)？有沒有什么情況是不能用被動語態(tài)結構的？通過觀察例句，引導學生歸納總結不能用被動語態(tài)要點?？键c三不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況：【例1】1）He

went

home.

2）Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

The

teachers

and

the

students

listened

carefully.

*不及物動詞(vi.)后面跟上介詞時相當于及物動詞(vt.)，就可以用于被動語態(tài)了。如：

Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

The

teachers

and

the

students

listened

to

him

carefully.

→Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

He

was

listened

to

carefully

by

the

teachers

and

the

students.

結論1：所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)?！纠?】The

bus

holds

fifty

people.

√

這個汽車能坐50人?！鶩ifty

people

were

held

by

the

bus.

×

結論2：表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last、hold（容納）、benefit、contain、equal、fit等?！纠?】1）I

have

some

new

books.

√

→Some

books

are

had

by

me.

×

2）This

car

belongs

to

my

uncle.

√

→Thiscarwasbelongedtomyuncle.

×

結論3：表示歸屬的動詞，如have、own、belongto等?！纠?】Iwouldlikesomeapples.Iwishmyparentswillbuymeanapplephoneformybirthday.結論4：表示＂希望、意圖＂的動詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等?！纠?】They

warned

themselves

to

be

careful.

They

help

each

other

in

study.結論5：賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。教師提問：除去不能用被動語態(tài)結構的情況，我們是否存在本身主動語態(tài)即可表達被動意義的情況？具體有哪些？通過觀察例句，歸納總結主動形式表被動意義的情況?？键c四主動形式表被動意義的情況：【例1】①Thefishsmellsgood.②Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.③Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.④Mypenwritessmoothly.⑤Thedoorwon’tlock.結論：系動詞沒有被動形式，但有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel，sound，taste，book，feel等在主系表結構中常以主動形式表示被動意義。當cut，sell，read，write，fill，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep等詞帶狀語修飾語時常被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征，常用其主動形式表達被動意義，主語通常是物?！镒⒁猓褐鲃诱Z態(tài)表被動強調的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強調外界作用造成的影響。試比較：ThebookHarryPottersellswell.（指HarryPotter這本書暢銷的特征）

ThebookHarryPotterissoldineverybookstoreinUK.（強調書“被賣”的動作是人為原因）【例2】①Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.②Thelampsonthewallturnedoff.③Thebikeneedsrepairing.＝Thebikeneedstoberepaired.④Thepicturebookiswellworthreading.＝Thepicturebookisveryworthytoberead.⑤Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.⑥Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?結論：當breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等動詞詞組表示＂發(fā)生、關閉、制定＂等意思時；(4)want，require，need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義。(5)beworthdoing用主動形式表示被動含義。(6)在＂be+形容詞+todo＂中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動?！⒁猓哼@些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。另外：betoblame(受譴責)，betorent（出租）也用主動形式表被動。拓展補充：被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別：此處的系表結構指“連系動詞＋用作表語的過去分詞”結構，它與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣。要注意它們的區(qū)別：被動語態(tài)強調動作；系表結構表示主語的特點或狀態(tài)。Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被動語態(tài))Thebookiswellsold.(系表結構)【查漏補缺】單句語法填空1.1.She_________(divorce)herhusbandafteryearsofunhappinessandmarriedagainsoon.2.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,___________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.3.Whenfatandsalt(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifismissingsomething.4.Astimewenton,Einstein’stheory__________(prove)tobecorrect.5.Greatchanges_____________(take)placeinChinasincethePeople’sRepublicofChina_____________(found)in1949.6.Thepen_____________(notbelongto)me.Itishers.7.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,____________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.8.Aftergettinglostinastorm,amemberofthenavyteam________(rescue)fourdayslater.9.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea______________(serve)withmilkandsugar.Keys:1.divorced2.isregarded3.areremoved4.proved5.havetaken;wasfounded6.doesn’tbelongto7.isregarded8.wasrescued9.isserved【梳理優(yōu)化】一、?？碱}型：1.語法填空題2.書面表達二、解題技巧◆謂語動詞與語法填空被動語態(tài)是?？嫉膬热?，會涉及一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。應對策略1句中若缺少謂語，注意要考慮所給動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。判斷時態(tài)首先要確定時間，然后根據動作發(fā)生的狀態(tài)來判斷應該運用哪種時態(tài)。有時也可以根據空格后和該句中已經存在的謂語動詞的并列關系來確定時態(tài)。句中缺少謂語，且與主語存在被動關系，考慮根據時間和動作存在的方式，確定相應時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。注意只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。在確定謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時，我們可從四個方面來進行判斷：看句子中的時間狀語或時間狀語從句?？瓷舷挛牡闹^語動詞的形式。看是否是特殊的句型。如：①was/wereabouttodo...when...did...②Itis/hasbeen＋時間段＋since從句(一般過去時)③It/This/Thatisthefirsttimethat...have/hasdone...或It/This/Thatwasthefirsttimethat...haddone...④It’s(hightime)that...did/shoulddo...⑤Hardlyhad＋主語＋done...when...did...或Nosoonerhad＋主語＋done...than...did...這樣的句型還有很多，平時要注意積累?？磁c主語存在主動關系還是被動關系。若是被動，還需看所給詞是否為及物動詞，是否考查主動表被動等。注意主謂是否一致?！緩娀柟獭空Z法填空ThenationalcollegeentranceexaminationinRussia,UnifiedStateExam,willincludeChineseas1._______________electiveforeignlanguagestartingfrom2019.ChinesewillbeethefifthelectivetestitemfortheUnifiedStateExam2.______________(follow)English,German,FrenchandSpanish.ThenumberofChineselearnersinRussia3.______________(grow)quicklyinthepasttenyears,accordingtoasurvey4._______________(make)byalinguisticresearchcenterinRussia.ApproachestolearningChinesechangefrompersontoperson,5.______________moreandmorepeoplechoosinguniversitycoursesinRussia.ThethreehourlongChinesetestwillquizstudents6._______________theirlistening,readingandwritingabilities,andafourthsectionwillexaminestudentsongrammar,vocabularyandChinese7.________________(character).SomepartsintheexamareevenalittlebitdifficultfornativeChinesespeakers.AccordingtotheOfficeofChineseLanguageCouncilInternational(Hanban),asof2017some100millionpeople,excludingnativespeakers,useChinese8.________________(global).TheUnitedNations(UN)in2010suggestedaChineseLanguageDay9._______________fallsonApril20eachyear10._______________(celebrate)culturaldiversity(多樣性）aswellastopromotetheequaluseofallofficiallanguages.Keys:1.an2.following3.hasgrown4.made5.with6.on7.characters8.globally9.that/which10.tocelebrate【課后練習】一、單句語法填空1.Medicine

should___________(keep)indrawers

children

can't

reach,

and

allcleaningliquidsinhigh

cupboards.This

opening

led

to

a

cave,

so

the

historians

decided

to

have

a

look

around

it.

The

walls

ofthecave___________(cover)

with

ancient

art.In

US

high

school,

everything___________(record)andgraded,including

your

grades

onquizzes,tests

and

final

examinations.Every

day

the

chef

makes

sure

that

fresh

vegetables

and

high

quality

oil

___________(use)for

cooking.The

door

can't___________(shut),so

take

all

your

valuable

things

with

you.Nowalltheemployeesexceptthemanager____________(encourage)toworkonlineathome.Itisreportedthataspacestation____________(build)onthemooninyearstoe.Ihadastrongdesiretoreachinandplaywiththetoy,but____________(hold)backthankfullybytheshopwindow.Moreexpressways____________(build)inSichuansoontopromotethelocaleconomy.Inmyhometown,thereisalwaysaharvestsupperforthefarmersafterallthewheat____________(be)cut.Tomydelight,I____________(choose)fromhundredsofapplicantstoattendtheopeningceremony.Keys:1.bekept2.werecovered3.isrecorded4.areused5.shut6.areencouraged7.willbebuilt8.washeld9.willbebuilt10.hasbeen11.waschosen二、語法填空ThePacificOceanThePacificOceanisthe__1__(large)oftheEarth'soceans,coveringabout46%oftheEarth'swatersurfaceand32%ofitstotalsurfacearea.Itextends__2__theArcticinthenorthtotheAntarcticainthesouth,__3__(surround)byAsiaandAustraliainthewestandtheAmericasintheeast.ThePacificOceancontainsabout25,000islands.The__4__(major)ofthemarefoundsouthoftheequator.__5__waterneartheequatorislesssaltythanthatfoundinthemid-latitudes(中緯度)for__6__(abundance)equatorialprecipitation(赤道降水)throughouttheyear.ThesurfacecirculationofPacificwatersis__7__(general)clockwiseintheNorthernHemisphereandcounter－clockwiseintheSouthernHemisphere.TheexploitationofthePacific'smineralwealthisvarious,__8__isinfluencedbytheocean'sgreatdepths.InshallowwatersoffthecoastsofAustraliaandNewZealand,naturalgasisproduced,andpearls__9__(harvest)alongthecoastsofAustralia,JapanandthePhilippines.Onemorethingworth__10__(mention)isthatthePacific'sgreatestwealthisitsfish.Keys:說明文，主要介紹了世界上最大的大洋——太平洋。1.largest2.from3.surrounded4.majority5.The6.abundant7.generally8.which9.areharvested10.mentioning三、閱讀理解Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobviousyetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.4.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.5.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.6.WhatdoesCurtin’spanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.7.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.CGoshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.Keys:1.B2.B3.D4.A說明文。文章介紹了我們日常生活中的食物浪費現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費而采取的努力。1.推理判斷題。根據第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關注那些被浪費的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但隨著時間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買了太多東西；我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過講述芝麻菜的故事來表明我們有時會無意間浪費食物。故選B。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生產沒人吃的食物會浪費用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費成為一個環(huán)境問題。事實上，羅伊特寫道，“如果食物浪費是一個國家，它將是世界上第三大溫室氣體排放國。”)”可知，根據文中的說法，浪費食物的一個后果是對環(huán)境的危害。故選B。3.細節(jié)理解題。根據倒數(shù)第二段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物復原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵的農產品，收回了超過807500磅的食物，否則這些農產品就會在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥它們，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制作食物。故選D。4.細節(jié)理解題。根據最后一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.(“每個人都可以在減少浪費方面發(fā)揮作用，無論是在每周的購物中不購買不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷說)”可知，科廷建議人們只買需要的東西來避免浪費食物。故選A。四、七選五Theworldisacolorfullandscapeofdifferentlanguages,skincolors,anddifferentcultures.It’simportanttohaveagoodunderstandingofdifferentculturesinordertobeeawellroundedperson____1____Onewayistoreadhookswrittenbyauthorsfromaparticularculture.Readingworksbyauthorswhohaveacloserelationshipwithaparticularcultureallowspeopletogainanauthenticglimpseintothefood,music,language,religion,andwayofalifeofaparticulargroupofpeople.____2____Anotherwaytolearnaboutdifferentculturesistotrytolearnaforeignlanguage.____3____Apersoncanchoosealanguageshehasalwayswantedtolearnandlocatelearningprogramstohelphermasterthelanguage.Besides,onecanenrollinaforeignlanguageclassinordertolearninamoreformalsetting.Onecanalsotrytovisitareasofthecitytoestablishsocialconnectionwithnativespeakersofthelanguage.____4____Seekoutrestaurantsthatfeatureauthenticfoodfromavarietyofcountries.Foodisanimportantpartofdifferentculturesandallowspeopletogaindeepunderstandingintoaparticularculturalgroup’swayoflife.municatingwithpeoplefromothercountriesthroughemailorsnailmailisanotherusefulwaytobeefamiliarwithdifferentcultures.____5____Variouswebsitesofferpenpalservices,offeringtoconnectindividualswithpenfriendsaro