LectureThree

UnitFourNathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)Lecturer:Dr.HuangLihua1/40

NathanielHawthorne

(1804-1864)“LikeEdgarAllanPoe,HawthornetookadarkviewofhumanNature.”Americannovelistandshortstorywriter，thefirstgreatestAmeicanfictionwriterinthemoralistictradition2/40Hawthorne’sBackgroundBorninSalem,MassachusettsPuritan（清教徒）backgroundAncestorofJohnHawthorne——oneofthethreejudgesintheSalemWitchTrials(塞勒姆驅(qū)巫案）BeganwritingaftercollegeatBowdionCollegeinMaineSpentmanyyearsinseclusion——starvingartist3/40Hawthorne’sBackgroundHeldmanyjobsincludingwriter,publisher,workingatacustomhouse,andconsultinEnglandMarriedSophiePeabodyin1825BefriendedHenryWadsworthLongfellow,RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,HermanMelville,andPresidentFranklinpierce4/40

Influenceson

Hawthorne

Salem-earlychildhood,laterworkattheCustomHouse.Puritanfamilybackground-oneofhisforefatherswasJudgeHawthorne,whopresidedovertheSalemwitchcrafttrials,1692.Beliefintheexistenceofthedevil.

Beliefindeterminism（宿命論）.5/40NathanielHawthorne'sgraveinSleepyHollowCemetery,Concord,Massachusetts

NathanielHawthorne’sHouse

6/40★Hawthorne’spointofviewHawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanism（清教主義）deeply.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.

Melville:“霍桑描寫黑暗巨大力量，是因為受到加爾文派關(guān)于與生俱來墮落與原罪思想影響。沒有一位思想深邃人能完全擺脫這種思想所發(fā)生各種形式影響?！?/p>

Hawthorne評Melville:“他既不愿信教，又對自己不信感到惶恐不安?！睂羯Ｒ粯舆m用。

7/40★(1)Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.

Hawthornesenseofsinandevilinlife,“black”visionoflifeandhumanishauntedEvilexistsinthehumanheart,humanheartisthesourceofevil.Everyonepossessessomeevilsecret.Evilisman’sbirthmark（胎記）.amostdisturbedandtormentedone,discussessinandevilinalmosteverybook

literaryworld

rejectstheTranscendentalistoptimism

looksmoredeeplyandmorehonestlyintolife,findingmuchsuffering&conflictinit

8/40★(2)Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.SinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogenerationTheHouseoftheSevenGables

《帶有七個尖角閣房子》Colonel（陸軍上校）PyncheontakesthelandofMatthewMauleandbuildsahouseontheland---ishauntedbyghost---hisoffspring（后代）witheranddieout

“Godwillgivehimbloodtodrink”

霍桑在探討罪惡時，不是宣揚加爾文教義，而是抨擊了它對人性摧殘，是要使人正視罪存在，并把人從泯滅人性罪惡感中解脫出來。

9/40★(3)Evileducates.Achievementis“undertheimpactofandbyengagementwithevil”

經(jīng)歷過犯罪，受到其影響，人們才能有所成就

Manisbetterforthecrimewhichbringsaboutthefall.

人在犯罪后才能更加好完善自己

10/40★(4)Hehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweening自負(fù)(tooproudofoneself)intellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-blooded.

E.g.RogerChillingworth

inTheScarletLetter11/40“Thereisnogoodonearth;andsinisbutaname.come,devil!fortotheeisthisworldgiven”-----YoungGoodmanBrown假如我是為了不可告人罪惡而隱藏自己面孔，那么請問，莫非有什么人能夠不這么做呢？”

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TheMinister’sBlackVeil12/40★Hawthorne’saestheticideas1)hetookagreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity(古物）.Tohimthesefurnish（提供）thesoilonwhichhismindgrowstofruition.Tryingtoconnectabygonetimewiththeverypresent,hemakesthedreamstrangethingslookliketruth.13/40★Hawthorne’sAestheticIdeas2)hewasconvincedthatromance(傳奇）wasthebestformtodescribeAmericaThepovertyofmaterials+theavoidanceofoffendingthepuritantaste——romancesratherthannovelstotellthetruthandsatirizeandyetnottheoffend14/40Hawthorne’sMajorWorksTwocollectionsofshortstories:Twice-toldTales

《故事重述》,1837+MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》,1843★TheScarletLetter《紅字》,1850Hismasterpiece,whichestablishedhimastheLeadingAmericannativenovelistofthe19thcentury15/40Hawthorne’sMajorWorksTheHouseoftheSevenGables,《七個尖角閣房子》,1851TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷傳奇》,1852TheMarbleFaun

《大理石雕像》,1860Shortstories:YoungGoodmanBrown《好小伙兒布朗》TheMinister’sBlackVeil《教長面紗》TheBirthmark《胎痣》16/40★ThemesinHawthorne’sWritingsMoralallegories（寓言）——astorywhereeverythingissymbol,usedcommonlytoinstructespeciallyinreligiousmattersThesinfulmanHypocrisyTheDarksideofhumannatureReligiousinnature17/40★Hawthorne’sWritingStyle：Amanofliterarycraftsmanship,typicalromanticwriterextraordinaryinTheuseofsymbol:symbolsserveasaweapontoattackreality.Itcanbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting.Revelationofcharacters’psychology:heisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.Thereisn’tmuchphysicalmovementgoingoninhisworks18/40★Hawthorne’sWritingStyleTheuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactualHisstoriesareparable(allegory)——toteachalessonUseofambiguity（意義含糊）tokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertainty——multiplepointofview19/40

★FeaturesofhisworkssettingthemesIdea

FeaturetechniquePuritanNewEnglandEvil&sin“blackvision”(黑暗視角)towardhumanbeingsAmbiguity（意義含糊）symbolism20/40TheScarletLetter《紅字》TheScarletLetterthatisnotableforitsallegoryandsymbolismisregardedasthefirstsymbolicnovelinAmericanliterature.

21/40TheScarletLetter《紅字》Setting(time):middleoftheseventeenthcenturySetting(place).Boston,MassachusettsProtagonist:HesterPrynneMajorconflicts:HesterVs.hercommunity（小區(qū)）;ChillingworthVs.Dimmesdale;Dimmesdale’sinnerconflict.22/40PlotHesterPrynne,awomantakeninadultery,shemustweartheletterAonherchestforalltosee,yetshesurroundsitwithbeautifulstitching,sothatitadvertisesnotonlyhershame,butalsoherskillasaseamstress.Sherefusestonameherlover,theReverendMr.ArthurDimmesdale;andraisesherdaughter,Pearlonherown.23/40Herhusband,RogerChillingworthspentallhislifetotakerevenge.Destroyedbyhislieandguilt,DimmesdalediesinHester’sarms,andsomeseeascarletAonhischest.24/40Destroyedbyhissingle-mindedquestforvengeance,ChillingworthbequeathshisvastestatestoPearl,wholeavesAmericatoliveabroad,deprivingAmericaofallsherepresents.25/40Peoplefoundwithasurprise,Hesterreturnedtothelittletown,stillwearingtheScarletLetter,andthenafterherdeath,shewasburiedbesidesDimmedale’s.26/40★ThemeofTheScarletLetterToescapethebondageofreligioneitheronpeople’sspiritoronpeople’snaturaldesire.Thethemeofthestoryshouldbethemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsorconsequencesofthesinonpeople.27/40★Symbol（象征）Generallyspeaking,asymbolisanythingwhichisusedtorepresentsomethingotherthanitself.Inliterature,itismostoftenaconcreteobjectwhichisusedtorepresentsomethingbroaderandmoreabstract---oftenamoral,religious,orphilosophicalconceptorvalue.

TheScarletLetterisusuallyregardedasthefirstsymbolicnoveltobewrittenintheUnitedStates.28/40SymbolsinthenovelThescaffold（絞刑臺）:aSymbolofpenitence（贖罪）andGod’splatformontheDayofJudgementPrison:asymbolofisolation（隔離）andalienation（異化，疏遠(yuǎn)）TheRoseBush:aconstantreminderofsalvationandhopetoalltheprisoners.TheForest:herinabilitytofindhappinessorwarmth;hopeColor:dark-herdull,gloomylifeBrightcolor-thechild’sfreespiritStream:thesymboloflinebetweenevilandpure.29/40Symbolsinthenovel(name)HesterPrynne:1)soundslikeHestier,whoisaverybeautifulgoddess,andsisterofZeus,inGreekmythology;2)ahomophoneofhastyArthurDimmesdale:1)AD-adultery;2)a“symbolofdimsumhouse”ofthepastor（牧師）RogerChillingworth:1)chilly-aruthless（無情）avenger;2)avenger’slifeisworthless.30/40Symbolicmeaningsoftheletter“A”Aatfirstitisatoken(象征)ofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuine(真正）sympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagerschangesitto“Able”.Laterinthestory,theletter“A“appearsinthesky,signifying“Angle”,itmayalsorepresentAdamic,anarchetypal（原型）vicesuggestiveof“originalsin”（原罪）31/40★Symbolicmeaningsoftheletter“A”AdulteryAbleAngelAdmirableAloneAdamicAvengeAloneAlienation…32/4033/40HesterPrynneCourageous,pretty,compassionate（富有同情心）,readytohelp,tolerant,（寬容），charitableKeepdignity;sufferfromshame,tortureandagony;intellectualgrowthStrengthofwill,seekfortruelove.34/40ArthurDimmesdalePhysicallyandpsychologicallyfeeble,WeakSensitiveHasastrongsensesofguilt.Ascholar-likeyoungman35/40RogerChillingworthCold-blooded,chillingPsychologicallyperverse（墮落）Cruel,ugly,old,deformed（畸形）,mean（卑劣）AlwayswanttorevengeAnimageofscienceman36/4037/40當(dāng)那年輕婦女——就是嬰兒母親——全身佇立在人群面前時，她第一個沖動似