學習必備歡迎下載學習必備歡迎下載學習必備歡迎下載四級說明議論類作文的九種功能段落及句型9種功能段落：圖表、現(xiàn)象、原因、意義、危害、舉例、建議（方法）、提出觀點、對比觀點。1、圖表例(02.6)：Asisshowninthechart,theaveragehoursastudentspendsusingcomputershasgrownuptremendously.Foronething,from1990to1995,theaveragehoursthatstudentsspentoncomputersineveryweekonlydoubled.Foranother,in2000,collegestudentsaveragelyspent20hoursperweekoncomputers,whichisfivetimesaslargeasthatof1995.Itisobviousthatcollegestudentsbecomeincreasinglycrazyaboutcomputers.圖表模板Asisshown/depicted/describedinthepicture/chart/cartoon,概括圖表內容或反映的趨勢.Foronething,支持這一內容的一個方面.Foranother,支持這一內容的另一個方面.Itisobviousthat圖表所反映的問題.描述圖表句型：（不要面面俱到地描述，把所有的數(shù)字都報告一遍。只描述趨勢、上升或下降，比較,排名即可。）“從圖表中可以看出”(1)Accordingto/Ascanbeseenfrom/Asshownin/Itisclear/apparentfromthechart（餅狀圖，柱狀圖）/graph（曲線圖）/table（表格）/figure（數(shù)字）/statistics（數(shù)據(jù)）,….(2)Thechart/graph/tablereveals/shows/suggeststhat...(3)Fromthestatistics/informationgiveninthechart/graph/table,wecanestimate/see/concludethat...趨勢(4)Duringtheperiod1970—1999/From1910to1974/Since1980/Sincetheearly1980s,therewas/hasbeensudden/sharp/dramatic/steady/slight/gradualjump/rise/increase/fluctuation（波動）/decrease/decline/reduction/dropinthenumberofpeoplewho/personalincome/collegepopulation.數(shù)字上升或下降(5)Thenumber/figure/percentageof…nearly/almostdoubled/tripled,ascomparedwiththose/thatoflastyear.(6)Thenumber/figure/percentageincreased/dropped/decreasedmorethan/almostsixtimes/twice/twoandahalftimes,comparedwith...(7)Bycomparisonwith1990,itshotup/jumped/increased/rose/decreased/dropped/fellinthepastfewyears/in1998占百分比(8)Itaccountsfor15percentofthetotal.排名(9)(如China)rankedthefirstintermsof(如GDP)followedby(如U.S.A.).…rankedintheworld'stopfiveasacarmanufacturerin1985.2、現(xiàn)象例1（03.1）：Inthistimeandage,theproblemofdishonestyhasarousedpublicattention.Whatamazesusmostisthatalotofstudentscheatinexams.Andpeopleseemtogetaccustomedtomanydishonestbehaviors.Wecanseethattherearedishonestpracticesinallwalksoflife.描述現(xiàn)象段模板1Inthistimeandage（=recently）,描述現(xiàn)象，引起話題.Whatamazesusmostis表現(xiàn)較為典型的一個方面.And對于現(xiàn)象作出評論.Wecanseethat總結現(xiàn)象普遍性.例2（12.6）：Withtheamazingimprovementoflivingstandard,commoditieswithexcessivepackaginghavepouredintothemarketsandstores,suchasluxuriousmooncakesandtraditionalChineserice-pudding（粽子）.Suchaprevailingphenomenonleadstosuchaseriouswastethatithasarousedpeople’swideconcernandstrongcriticism.描述現(xiàn)象段模板2Withtheamazingimprovementoflivingstandard,現(xiàn)象_havepouredinto….Suchaprevailingphenomenonleadstosuch結果thatithasarousedpeople’swideconcernandstrongcriticism.描述現(xiàn)象常用句型：中立現(xiàn)象：Inthistimeandage,thephenomenon/problemof…h(huán)asarousedpublic/world-wideattention.Oneofthepressingproblemconfrontingoursocietytodayis…Withtheamazingdevelopment/improvement/expansionof…,peopleincreasingly/anincreasingnumberof…(4)Withthegrowingrecognition/realization/acknowledgementof…,(5)With…playinganincreasinglybigrolein…,(6)Thesedaysthereisa(n)increasing/growingtendencyto/concernover…(7)Overthelastseveralyears,alongwiththeimprovement/rapiddevelopmentofeconomy,anincreasingnumberofstudents/parents/residents/peoplehavebeenV+ing…(8)Inaneraofeconomicglobalization,…isemergingasaninevitabletrend.壞現(xiàn)象:(9)XXregretfullyobservethat…(玩游戲)Manyparentsregretfullyobservethattheirkidsseemunabletocomeupwithanythingtodointheirsparetimebesidesplayingvideogames.（不安全的食品）Manyresidentsregretfullyobservethattheyseemunabletofindsafefoodtofeedthemselves.（空氣污染）Manyresidentsregretfullyobservethattheyseemunabletofindcleanairtotakein.(10)Inthepast5years,manynationshavebeenconfrontedwiththeseriousproblemof…3、原因（要素）例1（03.1）：Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthesedishonestbehaviors.Amongthemostconvincingreasonsidentifiedisthatcountlesspeopleneglectthemoralvaluesinpursuitoftheirowninterests.Anothercontributingfactoristhatwelackeffectivelawsandregulationsofsupervisionsothatagreatmanydishonestpeoplecanescapepunishment.Consequently,theproblemofdishonestybecomesveryserious.原因模板1Anumberoffactorscouldaccountfor主題.Amongthemostconvincingreasonsidentified原因一.Anothercontributingfactoristhat原因二.Asaresult/Consequently,講述導致的結果例2（12.6）：Itisnosimplemattertorenderthereasonsforthisphenomenonwhichinvolvesmany/severalcomplicatedfactors.Foronething,anincreasingnumberofcompaniesandstoresholdtheideathatfancypackagingmayattractpotentialcustomersandstimulatetheirpurchasingdesire,thusearningmoreprofits.Foranother,manycustomershaveawrongnotionthatthemoredelicatethepackagelooks,thebetterqualitythecommoditywillhave,whichencouragestheeviltrendofexcessivepackaging.Stillanother,theprevailingphenomenonispartlyduetothelackofrelatedlawsandregulationsandstrictenforcementofthem.原因模板2Itisnosimplemattertorenderthereasonsforthisphenomenonwhichinvolvesmany/severalcomplicatedfactors.Foronething,.理由一Foranother,理由二.Stillanother,theprevailingphenomenonispartlydueto理由三.原因句型：Thereareprobablymany/several/anumberof/avarietyofreasons/causesforthisdramaticincrease/decline/growth/changein….First….Second….Itisnoeasy/simplejob/task/mattertooffer/identify/renderthereasonsforthisphenomenon/tendency/changewhichinvolvesmany/severalcomplicatedfactors..Anumberoffactorscouldaccountfor/contributeto/leadto/resultinthechangeof….Tobeginwith,….Inthesecondplace,….Finally,….Thanksto/Owingto/Dueto/Becauseof/Asaresultof+NOnemayattribute/ascribe/owetheincrease/decrease/changeto+NOnetendstoview/see/regard/thinkofthetrend/increase/success/changeasaresultof/signof/responseto….(7)Amongthemostimportant/sound/convincingreasonsgiven/cited/identifiedbypeoplefor…is…Thefirst/primaryreasonwhy…isrootedinthefactthat+從句(8)Oneofthemostpopular/common/primaryreasons/explanationsfor…isthat…(9)Anothercontributory/contributingfactor/reasonis…(10)…isalso/partly/solely/chieflyresponsiblefortheincrease/problem.(11)Beyondenormousobviousreasons,thereliesamorein-depthcause.(12)Itiscrucialthatweanalysethecausesofthisdisturbingissue.Frommyownperspective,thecausesaremultiple.Foronething,(首先)…Foranother,(第二)….Stillanother,(第三)….4.意義(重要性、必要性、好處、利、支持方觀點)例（08.12）：Asamatteroffact,peopleinmountingnumbershavecometorealizethesignificanceoflimitingtheuseofdisposableplasticbags.Foronething,itenablesustoprotectthelivingsurroundings,buildahealthysocietyandpromotelow-carbonlife.Foranother,itwilldefinitelypromotethedevelopmentofenvironmentallyfriendlymaterialsbymanufacturers,thusmakingthedevelopmentsustainable,whichotherwisewouldbeimpossible.意義模板：Asamatteroffact,peopleinmountingnumbershavecometorealizethesignificanceof______（意義主題句）.Foronething,itenablesusto______(意義支持句1).Foranother,itwilldefinitelypromotethedevelopmentof______(意義支持句2),thusmakingthedevelopmentsustainable,whichotherwisewouldbeimpossible.意義句型意義主題句：Anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealize／beawareoftheimportanceof…Apparentlyenough,itisofgreatsignificancefor…to…Itisnothardforonetorealizethefar-reachingsignificanceof…Somearguethatitisabsolutelynecessaryto______(because________).☆Actually/Asamatteroffact/Infact,___peopleinmountingnumbershavecometorealizetheimportance/convenienceof______.☆Toengagein_____isarewardingpursuitthatnooneshouldbeallowedtomiss.意義支持句：拓展框架：Foronething,(意義支持句1).Foranother,(意義支持句2).（1）Withoutthisquality/virtue/awareness,itisimpossiblefor_____to_______.（2）Itis______thatenables/helpsustobuildup(ourspeedandefficiency).（☆強調句式）（3）_____isamustforanyonewhowants/intendstosurpassothersinahighlycompetitivesociety.（4）_____willdefinitelypromotethedevelopment/efficiency/awarenessof_____,whichotherwisewouldbeimpossible.（5）Asa_____,_______bringsus_____,arousesourenthusiasmfor_______,andhelpsusto____________.（6）：Anotherevidentadvantage/merit/strength/benefitisthat____mayoffer/provide/bringentertainment/pleasure/anenjoyablelife.5.危害（問題、壞處、弊）例（09.6）：Apparentlyenough,therearesomenegativeimpactswhichweshouldnotignore/neglect.Tobeginwith,morevisitorsmayimpairtheobjectsinexhibition.Besides,freeadmissionstomuseummeansagraveamountofeconomicburdenformuseumstorunasusualwithoutanyprofitsfromthevisitors.Ifweletthissituationcontinueasitis,thequalityofmuseumexhibitionwillnotbeassatisfactoryasexpected.危害模板Apparentlyenough,therearesomenegativeimpactswhichweshouldnotignore/neglect（危害主題句）.Tobeginwith,…mayimpairthe…(危害支持句一).Besides,…meansagraveamountofeconomicburdenfor…(危害支持句二).Ifweletthissituationcontinueasitis,…willnotbeassatisfactoryasexpected（危害總結句）.危害句型：危害主題句(1)Thereareanumberofnegative/undesirable/seriouseffectson/consequencesof..(2)Thiswillentail/bring/involvesomedreadful/serious/perniciousconsequences.(3)Itmaycreate/leadto/giverisetoahost/multitudeofproblems(4)Ifwekeepturningablindeye,thistrendisboundtogenerate/resultin/leadtoseriouseffects.(5)Apparentlyenough,therearesomenegativeimpactswhichweshouldnotignore/neglect.(6)Quiteobviously,itisofgreatnecessitytofigureoutthenegativeinfluencesbehindit.(7)Totacklethisproblem,itisofgreat/vitalsignificancetoanalyzethepotentialnegativeimpactsofthismatter.(8)Itwillhave/exert/produceaconsiderable/profound/beneficial/favorable/undesirable/negativeinfluence/effecton…危害支持句☆(1)Tobeginwith,_____maydamage/hurt/injure/harm/impair/underminetheover-alldevelopmentof______,(because____________).☆(2)Moreover,(強調句式)itis_____thatdoesnotenable______tobuildup/expand________.(3)Thistrendisparticularlyworthconcernforthebackgroundthat____focustoomucheyesighton____,totallyturningablindeyetothesignificanceof_____.(4)Besides,(itcanbearguedthat)_____meansagraveamountoftime/energy/naturalresources;however,theresult/quality/realityof_____isnotalwaysassatisfactoryasexpected.☆危害總結句(1)Unfortunately,manyof____havebecometoo____,andifweletthissituationcontinueasitis,wewillnotknowwhere____willbeintheforthcomingfuture.(2)Toconclude,itisundeniablethatthebadimpactsof_____canneverbeturnedablindeyeto.6、舉例例（97.1）：IcanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheideathantheexampleofEnglishstudy.Peoplecanlearnthewordsandgrammaticalruleswellonlyiftheyfollowthesaying“practicemakesperfect”.Furthermore,morepracticewillenableustospeakEnglishfluently.Tosomeextent,thekeytosuccessfullanguagelearningliesinpracticing.舉例模板Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheideathantheexampleof主題.Peoplecan人們的習慣做法.Furthermore,其他相關的事實.Tosomeextent,總結例子說明的道理。舉例句型：(1)…isoften/frequentlycited/quoted/mentionedasacommonexampleof…(2)Agoodcaseinpoint/exampleofthisisbestprovidedby…(3)Themostdramatic/familiar/tellingexampleofthisis…(4)Thisoffersatypical/concreteinstance/illustrationof….(5)Asanexampleof/illustrationof/caseinpoint,wemaysee…(6)Take…asatypicalexampleIcanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheideathantheexample/caseof…(8)Turning/Takingalookaround/at_______,wecannotice/findagreatmany/plentyof/agooddealofexampleslikethis:兩個例子.7、建議(方法)例（11.6）：Asacustomer,Iamconvincedthattherearevariouswaysinwhichwecanenhanceonlineshopping.Firstandforemost,itisessentialthatregulationsshouldbeworkedoutandenforcedtoguidetheonlinetransactions.Then,weshouldeducate,advocateandencourageourfriends,classmates,andacquaintancestobealertwhenshoppingonline.Ifwetryourutmosttodoso,thefutureofshoppingonlinewillbepromisingandhopeful.建議（方法）模板：Asa…,Iamconvincedthattherearevariouswaysinwhichwecanenhance…（主題句）.Firstandforemost,itisessentialthatregulationsshouldbeworkedoutandenforcedto…(具體建議句1).Then,weshouldeducate,advocateandencourageourfriends,classmates,andacquaintancesto…(具體建議句2).Ifwetryourutmosttodoso,thefutureof…willbepromisingandhopeful(總結句：積極展望).建議（方法）句型：主題句：(1)Wehavefiguredoutmanyapproachesto…Weshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestosolvetheproblem.(2)Inviewoftheseriousnessofthesituation,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.(3)Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly,itishightimethatwetookfeasiblestepstostop/limit/restrainthistrend.(4)Itissuggestedthatconsiderable/concerted/persistent/sustainedeffortsshouldbemade/exertedtoattain/achievethegoal(of/that…).(5)Itisevident,therefore,thattheproblemof…deserves/demands/requiresimmediateattention/efforts/consideration(6)Thefollowingsuggestionsshouldbewelltakenintoconsiderationwhenweareseekingsolutionstocopewiththeproblem.(7)Consideringtheseverityofthisissue,wehavenooptionbuttotakestringentmeasurestoaddressthisproblem.具體建議句（支持句）：（1）Firstandforemost,itissuggestedthatpublicshouldenhance/promote/cultivate/strengthentheirawarenessof__________.☆(2)Generalawarenessof/Commonrecognitionof/Publiccommitmenttotheproblemisthefirststeptowardthesolution.（3）Inthesecondplace,itisessentialthatregulationsshouldbeworkedoutandenforcedto___________.（4）Then,itisadvisable/significantfor________to________（4）Inaddition,_______arehighlyhoped/expected/well-advisedto__________.☆(5)Lastly,________shouldeducate,advocateandencourage___________(not)to______________.總結句（展望未來）(1)Weshouldstartactingrightnowtobring（壞問題）undercontrolsothat(2)Onlybydoingso/Onlythroughthesemeasures,canwe__________________________.☆(3)Ifwetryourutmosttodoso,thefutureof____willbepromising/hopeful/rosy.(4)Dobearinmind:no__________,no______________.8、提出觀點(Inmyopinion)開頭段提出觀點：例1（99.1）：ItisacommonconceptionthatItiswellknownthatweshouldnothesitatetosay“No”onmanyoccasions.Thetruthofitisself-evident.Noonecandenythatwhenweareunabletoofferhelp,weshouldsay“No”.Therefore,adirectreply“No”shouldbeusedtoavoidmisunderstandingamongus.practicemakesperfect.Thetruthofitisself-evident.Noonecandenythatthemoreyoupractice,themoreskillfulyouwillbe.Therefore,weshouldbedown-to-the-earthandpracticealotbeforewecanactuallyacquiresomeskills.開頭段提出觀點模板一Itisacommonconceptionthat論點.Thetruthofitisself-evident.Noonecandeny觀點的理論依據(jù).Therefore,總結句.例2（97.1）：Itisacknowledgedthatpracticemakesperfect.Thetruthisdeepandprofound.Asweknow,thatthemoreyoupractice,themoreskillfulyouwillbe.Consequently,weshouldbedown-to-the-earthandpracticealotbeforewecanactuallyacquiresomeskills.開頭段提出觀點模板二Itisacknowledgedthat論點.Thetruthisdeepandprofound.Asweknow,觀點的理論依據(jù).Consequently,總結句.開頭段提出觀點句型：Itisacknowledgedthat…Thereisnodenyingthat…Noonedeniesthat…Itisacommonconception/belief/misconceptionthat…結尾段提出觀點：起始句+原因+積極展望未來例（03.9）：Frommyownperspective,loveisthemostbeautifulthingintheworld.Ontheonehand,Lucyisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Ontheotherhand,wewilltryourbesttohelpherwhensheisinneed.Inconclusion,everyoneofusshouldloveeachotherandmakeoursocietyawarmfamily.結尾段提出觀點模板：Frommyownperspective,提出個人觀點.Ontheonehand,原因一.Ontheotherhand,原因二.Inconclusion,everyoneofusshould…andmakeoursocietyawarmfamily.(積極展望未來)結尾段提出觀點句型：起始句：（盡量不要用Inmyopinion，換成下面的表達）Asforme/Frommyownperspective/AsfarasIamconcerned/AsIseeit,Iwouldpointoutthat______.Formypart,Istandon/agreewiththelatteropinion.Tomyunderstanding,theformer/latteropinionholdsmoreweight.Asacollegestudent,Iamconvincedthatitisofgreat(no)necessityforusto____.Byandlarge,theadvantagesderivedfrom_______faroutweighthedisadvantages.（折中型）Whoisright?Ithinkthereissomethingrightinbotharguments.However,whatconvincesmeisthatweshould____firstly.Then,wearealsoexpectedto_______.積極展望未來（同方法建議）：(1)Onlybydoingso/Onlythroughthesemeasures,canwe___________________.(2)Ifwetryourutmosttodoso,thefutureof____willbepromising/hopeful/rosy.9.對比觀點：引出話題（現(xiàn)象類）+引出人們對此問題看法不同+正方觀點+反方觀點例（11.6）Viewsononlineshoppingvaryfrompersontoperson.Thosewhoareinfavorofitclaimthatshoppingonlinecarriesnumerousadvantages.Itisbeneficialtoconsumersandretailersalikeinmorethanoneway.Forconsumers,itistime-andenergy-savingtopurchasewhatevertheywantoverthe Internetwithmuchlowerprices.Forretailers,theycansavemuchcostwithouthavingtorentahouseinthedowntownandspendingmuchonemployeescomparedwithtraditionalmarketsale.Manyotherpeople,however,arguethatwecannotturnablindeyetoitsdisadvantages.Foronething,lackofface-to-facecommunicationmakesonlineshoppinglessreliableandtrustworthy.Foranother,somedishonestmerchantsmayprovidefalseinformation,whichrendersittime-consumingtoidentifythecommodity.對比觀點模板Viewsononlineshoppingvaryfrompersontoperson（引出人們對此問題看法不同）.Thosewhoareinfavorofitclaimthatshoppingonlinecarriesnumerousadvantages（正方觀點）.Itisbeneficialto…(好處).For（對某一群體來說，支持句一）.（對另一群體來說，支持句二）.Manyotherpeople,however,arguethatwecannotturnablindeyetoitsdisadvantages（反方觀點）.Foronething,（支持句一）.Foranother,（支持句二）.觀點對比類句型：“人們看法不同”(1)Therearedifferentviewsconcerningthistopic.(2)Viewsonthisissuevaryfrompersontoperson.(3)Itisquiteunderstandablethatpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsputdifferentinterpretationsonthesameissue.(4)Itisquitenaturalthatpeoplefr