第七講應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ.題型概述)新高考的寫(xiě)作題型共有三種，其中應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作是必考題型。該題型考查的是考生在實(shí)際生活情境下運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)傳達(dá)信息、表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的能力。在高考中，應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作題型固定為第四部分寫(xiě)作的第一節(jié)，該題型分值15分，建議用時(shí)15分鐘左右。應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作要求考生根據(jù)所給情景，寫(xiě)一篇80詞左右的短文。情景包括目的、對(duì)象、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容等。應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作的命題形式主要有提綱式、圖表式、圖畫(huà)式等。應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作的主要表達(dá)形式包括書(shū)信、電子郵件、日記、發(fā)言稿、書(shū)面或口頭通知、網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)帖等。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ.評(píng)分原則)1．本題總分為15分，按5個(gè)檔次給分。2．評(píng)分時(shí)，先根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言初步確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的要求來(lái)衡量、確定或調(diào)整檔次，最后給分。3．詞數(shù)少于60和多于100的，從總分中減去2分。4．評(píng)分時(shí)，應(yīng)注意的方面為：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的豐富性和準(zhǔn)確性及上下文的連貫性。5．拼寫(xiě)與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)方面，評(píng)分時(shí)，應(yīng)視其對(duì)交際的影響程度予以考慮。英、美拼寫(xiě)及詞匯用法均可接受。6．如書(shū)寫(xiě)較差，以至影響交際，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ.評(píng)分檔次及標(biāo)準(zhǔn))新高考應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作各檔次的給分范圍和要求如下：第五檔(13～15分)1．內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的全面性：覆蓋所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)。2．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的豐富性：應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯。3．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性：語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致；具備較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。4．上下文的連貫性：有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。第四檔(10～12分)1．內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的全面性：雖漏掉一兩個(gè)次重點(diǎn)，但覆蓋所有主要內(nèi)容。2．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的豐富性：應(yīng)用的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯能滿足任務(wù)的要求。3．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性：語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面應(yīng)用基本準(zhǔn)確，些許錯(cuò)誤主要是因嘗試較復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯所致。4．上下文的連貫性：應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句間連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。第三檔(7～9分)1．內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的全面性：雖漏掉一些內(nèi)容，但覆蓋所有主要內(nèi)容。2．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的豐富性：應(yīng)用的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯能滿足任務(wù)的要求。3．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性：有一些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤，但不影響理解。4．上下文的連貫性：應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句間連接成分，使全文內(nèi)容連貫。第二檔(4～6分)1．內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的全面性：漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要內(nèi)容，寫(xiě)了一些無(wú)關(guān)內(nèi)容。2．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的豐富性：語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào)，詞匯項(xiàng)目有限。3．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性：有—些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤，影響了對(duì)寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容的理解。4．上下文的連貫性：較少使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，內(nèi)容缺少連貫性。第一檔(1～3分)1．內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的全面性：明顯遺漏主要內(nèi)容，寫(xiě)了一些無(wú)關(guān)內(nèi)容，原因可能是未理解試題要求。2．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的豐富性：語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào)，詞匯項(xiàng)目有限。3．語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性：較多語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤，影響對(duì)寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容的理解。4．上下文的連貫性：缺乏語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，內(nèi)容不連貫。0分未能傳達(dá)給讀者任何信息：內(nèi)容太少，無(wú)法評(píng)判；寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容均與所要求內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)或所寫(xiě)內(nèi)容無(wú)法看清。要寫(xiě)好一篇作文，方法很重要。由這個(gè)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可知，考生要學(xué)會(huì)優(yōu)化語(yǔ)言，讓閱卷老師看見(jiàn)你的語(yǔ)言就知道你功底深厚，讓其有眼前一亮的感覺(jué)。優(yōu)化語(yǔ)言不外乎從結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞、句式三個(gè)方面提升作文檔次，打造高分作文。完成一篇應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作需要經(jīng)過(guò)五大步驟：審題、列綱、成文、潤(rùn)色和檢查。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ.審題)審題是寫(xiě)作的第一步，也是最重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。只有審好題，才能找準(zhǔn)寫(xiě)作方向，使內(nèi)容不偏離主題，避免因?yàn)殡x題而失分。因此，審好題是得高分的前提和基礎(chǔ)。審題要做到“四確定”：1．確定類型和格式不同類型的應(yīng)用文有不同的寫(xiě)作要求和方法，所以考生在理解題目要求的前提下，要先確定文章是哪種類型的應(yīng)用文。確定類型后，再按該類型的寫(xiě)作要求和格式進(jìn)行謀篇布局。日記、書(shū)信、書(shū)面通知等都有一定的格式，其日期、稱呼等都有具體要求。2．確定主體時(shí)態(tài)確定了類型和格式以后就要看一看應(yīng)該用什么主體時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)行文，以免時(shí)態(tài)不一致。一篇應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作中一般只有一種主體時(shí)態(tài)。3．確定中心人稱人稱混亂是書(shū)面表達(dá)的大忌。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，一篇應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作中只有一個(gè)中心人稱，這個(gè)中心人稱貫穿文章的始終，使全文邏輯關(guān)系一致。當(dāng)然，根據(jù)文章的需要，有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)其他人稱，但必須保證人稱不混亂、不引起歧義。4．確定寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)高考英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作一般都有幾個(gè)寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)。審題時(shí)，把要點(diǎn)逐個(gè)列出來(lái)，這樣就可以避免出現(xiàn)離題或遺漏要點(diǎn)的情況。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ.列綱)寫(xiě)作之前列一個(gè)提綱是很有必要的，這樣可以做到有的放矢。列綱要注意以下三點(diǎn)：1．選好開(kāi)頭句開(kāi)頭句可以是主題句，也可以不是主題句。是主題句的，要做到內(nèi)容完整、概括性強(qiáng)、表述清楚；不是主題句的，也要做到開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山、就事論事、直奔主題。2．安排好結(jié)構(gòu)一篇高考英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作基本上由5至8個(gè)句子組成，通常需要?jiǎng)澐侄温洌燥@得更自然、得體。尤其是正反對(duì)比、現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去對(duì)照的文章，更要?jiǎng)澐侄温?。?duì)于議論性的文章，其結(jié)構(gòu)也要自然地形成主題、擴(kuò)展和結(jié)尾這樣的三段式結(jié)構(gòu)。3．選擇好素材每一個(gè)要點(diǎn)用什么樣的素材來(lái)表達(dá)，要做到心中有數(shù)。要選擇那些自己最有把握、最熟練的句型來(lái)陳述要點(diǎn)，以求語(yǔ)言規(guī)范、地道。有些要點(diǎn)可能沒(méi)有直接的英語(yǔ)句型對(duì)應(yīng)，這時(shí)考生要開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)方式，不要死摳字眼，只要表達(dá)出要點(diǎn)的意思就行，但不能用漢語(yǔ)式的句子。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ.成文)成文就是根據(jù)試題的要求把材料按照一定的邏輯順序組成一篇文章。還要恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┻B接詞，把各個(gè)句子和段落連接起來(lái)，使文章銜接自然、語(yǔ)言流暢，符合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅳ.潤(rùn)色)初稿完成后，必須對(duì)文章進(jìn)行潤(rùn)色，即對(duì)其中的用詞和句式進(jìn)行升級(jí)。單詞和短語(yǔ)是文章最基本的組成單位。用詞是否出彩在一定程度上決定了文章是否能得高分。用詞升級(jí)的三大方向：新穎化、短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先、善用形容詞和副詞等修飾詞。好的句式能增強(qiáng)文章的層次感，提高文章的檔次，從而增加得分點(diǎn)?？忌赏ㄟ^(guò)使用特殊句式、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等來(lái)完成句式升級(jí)。同時(shí)，要注意長(zhǎng)短句相間，使文章富有節(jié)奏感。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅴ.檢查)經(jīng)潤(rùn)色修改后的作文還必須經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的檢查。檢查時(shí)要做到“六看”：1．看格式是否正確；2．看要點(diǎn)是否齊全；3．看主謂是否一致；4．看人稱是否一致；5．看時(shí)態(tài)是否一致；6．看句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整。此外，還要檢查有無(wú)拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤、大小寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤等，尤其是那些由于筆誤而導(dǎo)致的錯(cuò)誤更要及時(shí)修正?！绢}目要求】假定你是李華，正在新西蘭學(xué)習(xí)。你計(jì)劃寒假期間去當(dāng)?shù)芈眯?，?qǐng)用英文寫(xiě)一封email向旅行社詢問(wèn)相關(guān)的旅行信息。要點(diǎn)如下：1．旅行信息(如景點(diǎn)等)。2．當(dāng)?shù)靥厣?如食品等)。3．注意事項(xiàng)。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2．開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；3．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。Dear_Sir/Madam，I'mLiHua,aChinesestudent,studyinginNewZealand.I'mwritingto___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yourssincerely，LiHua第一步仔細(xì)審題應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作的關(guān)鍵就是審好題，審題時(shí)應(yīng)做到三定：①定體裁；②定人稱；③定時(shí)態(tài)。本文為書(shū)信，是高考經(jīng)?？疾榈念愋?；人稱以第一人稱為主；時(shí)態(tài)主要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。第二步布局謀篇本題有簡(jiǎn)要的提綱，是對(duì)文章的提示和概括，我們?cè)谥\篇時(shí)要仔細(xì)研讀題目信息，對(duì)其進(jìn)行歸納整合，并適度拓展。首先要作自我介紹，并說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信的目的；然后向旅行社詳細(xì)詢問(wèn)相關(guān)的旅行信息；最后希望對(duì)方能早日答復(fù)。第三步詞句選用1．詞匯askfor，befamousfor，placesofinterest，beinterestedin，atlength，grateful，atone'searliestconvenience2．句型I'mwritingtoaskforinformationabout...Asweknow，...Iwanttoknowmoredetailsabout...Iwouldbegratefultoreceiveareplyatyourearliestconvenience.第四步組句成篇用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，把以上詞匯和句式再加上聯(lián)想內(nèi)容，組合成一篇文章。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考范文】DearSir/Madam，①I'mLiHua,aChinesestudent,studyinginNewZealand.②I'mwritingtoaskforinformationaboutyouragency'sNewZealand'stravelforthecomingwintervacation.③MyfriendandIplantotravelinthecountry.④Couldyoutellmethedeparturetimeandtravellingroutes?⑤Asweknow,NewZealandisfamousforitsbeautifulsceneryandplacesofinterestandIwanttoknowmoredetailsaboutthese.⑥Besides,Iaminterestedinthelocalfoodthere.⑦HowmuchdoIhavetopayforthetravel?⑧Atlength,arethereotherthingsIshouldbeawareof?⑨Iwouldbegratefultoreceiveareplyatyourearliestconvenience.Yourssincerely，Li__Hua【滿分緣由】1．結(jié)構(gòu)布局本文可分為三段：第一段：首先作自我介紹，并說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信的目的是詢問(wèn)在新西蘭旅行的信息。第二段：向旅行社詳細(xì)詢問(wèn)相關(guān)的旅行信息，如旅游景點(diǎn)和當(dāng)?shù)靥厣称返?。第三段：希望?duì)方早日回信。2．亮點(diǎn)詞匯askfor，befamousfor，placesofinterest，beinterestedin，atlength，grateful，atone'searliestconvenience3．亮點(diǎn)句式第①句包含現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。第⑤句包含as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。第⑧句包含定語(yǔ)從句，且引導(dǎo)詞that省略。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ.邀請(qǐng)信)邀請(qǐng)信寫(xiě)作模板Dear____________(對(duì)方的稱呼)，Therewilla__________(內(nèi)容)at/in__________(地點(diǎn))on________(時(shí)間)．Wewouldbehonouredtohaveyoutherewithus.Theoccasionwillstartat____________(具體時(shí)間)．Thiswillbefollowedbya____________(進(jìn)一步的安排)．Ataround________(時(shí)間)，____________(另一個(gè)安排)．Ireallyhopeyoucanmakeit.RSVPbefore__________(通知你的最后期限)．Yourssincerely，LiMing經(jīng)典范文欣賞HiSusan，We'rethrowingasurprisepartyforXiaoming'sbirthday.We’dliketoinviteyoutotheparty.Wewanttogivehimasurprise，sopleasekeepsecretaboutit.We'llgatherattheStudents'Clubat8pmthisFriday，aftertheeveningclasses.Andit'sgoingtolastaboutanhour.Weeachwillpreparealittlepresent.Whenhecomes，we'lllightthecandlesandsing“HappyBirthday”togetherforhim.Thenthecakewillbecutandwe'llsingsongsandplaygames.It’llbenicetoseehowexcitedhewillbe.I’msureyou'llhaveagoodtimeattheparty，too.Yours，LiHuaeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ.申請(qǐng)信)求職(申請(qǐng))信寫(xiě)作模板DearSir/Madam，Iwritethislettertoapplyforthepositionthatyouhaveadvertisedin_________(報(bào)紙名稱)on____________(廣告發(fā)布時(shí)間)．NotonlydoIhavethequalificationsforthisjob，butIalsohavetherightpersonalityfora__________________(職位名稱)．Ontheonehand，________(第一個(gè)原因)．Ontheotherhand，_________(另一個(gè)原因)．Shouldyougrantmeapersonalinterview，Iwouldbemostgrateful.Ifyouneedtoknowmoreaboutme，pleasefeelfreetocontactmeatanytimeat__________________(電話號(hào)碼)．Thankyouforconsideringmyapplication，andIamlookingforwardtomeetingyou.Yourssincerely，LiMing經(jīng)典范文欣賞DearSir/Madam，I'mLiHua，amiddleschoolstudentfromChina.IreadtheannouncementofthesummercampthatyouhavepostedontheInternetandIaminterestedinit.IknowthatyouwelcomestudentsfromdifferentcountriesandI'dliketotakepartinit.I'vebeenlearningEnglishfor10years，andIspeakfluentEnglish.Whatismore，I'llbeabletotellstudentsfromothercountriesaboutChinaandlearnabouttheircountriesaswell.IhopeIwillbeacceptedasamemberofyoursummercamp.Lookingforwardtoyourreply!Regards，LiHuaeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ.建議信)建議信寫(xiě)作模板Dear____________(對(duì)方的稱呼)，Youhaveaskedmeformyadvicewithregardto________(問(wèn)題),andIwilltrytomakesomeconductivesuggestionshere.Inmyhumbleopinion，youwouldbewisetotakethefollowingactions：____________(建議的內(nèi)容)．Ihopeyou________(祝愿)．Yourssincerely，LiMing經(jīng)典范文欣賞Hiworried，I'msorrytoknowthatyou'rehavingsuchabadtimeatthemoment.Thetruthiseveryonewillhaveoneofthoseperiodswhenthingsseemtobegoingwrong，soyoudon'thavetoworrysomuch.Theimportantthingistolearntocontrolyourtempersothatyoumaynotdoorsayanythingyou'llregret.Herearethreeusefultips.First，talktosomeoneyoutrustabouthowyoufeel.Thisisagoodwayoflettingyourangeroutwithouthurtingothersoryourself.Second，gooutdoorsandplayteamgameswithyourfriendsasphysicalexerciseisaneffectivewaytogetridofanger.Andthird，remainoptimisticaboutyourfuture.Suchapositiveattitudetowardslifecanbehelpfulinliftingyourspirits.Ihopeyou'llsoonfeelcalmerandcarryonasnormal.Yours，Jamieeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅳ.投訴信)投訴信寫(xiě)作模板Dear____________(對(duì)方的稱呼)，Iam____________(自我介紹)．IfeelbadtotroubleyoubutIamafraidthatIhavetomakeacomplaintabout____________(寫(xiě)信的目的)．Thereasonformydissatisfactionis______________(總體介紹)．Inthefirstplace，______________________(抱怨的第一方面)．Inaddition，____________(抱怨的第二個(gè)方面)．Underthesecircumstances，Ifindit__________(感覺(jué))to__________________(抱怨的方面給我?guī)?lái)的后果)．Iappreciateitverymuchifyoucould______________(提出建議和請(qǐng)求),preferably______________________(進(jìn)一步的要求)，andIwouldliketohavethismattersettledby___________________(希望事情得到解決的最后期限)．ThankyouforyourconsiderationandIwillbelookingforwardtoyourreply.Yourssincerely，LiMin經(jīng)典范文欣賞DearSir，MynameisRaymond.Iamwritingtotellyousomethingaboutyourrestaurantquestions.LastSaturday，Iwasgoingtoyourrestaurantwithmyfriends.Wewereveryhungry，butwhenweordered，yourrestaurant'swaiterignoreourorder.Somyfriendwasveryangry.Besides，whenthewaitercameon，myfriendaskedherwhysheignoredourorder.Shewasveryaggressiveforusandsaid，“Can'tyouseeI'mbusynow？”SoIdohopeyoucangiveyourrestaurant'swaiteratrainingaboutetiquette.Thankyouforyourtimeandkindconsideration.Yourssincerely，Raymondeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅴ.咨詢信)咨詢信寫(xiě)作模板Dear____________(對(duì)方的稱呼)，Iam____________(自我介紹)．Iamwritingtoseeifitispossibleforyoutoprovidemewithinformationregarding____________(要詢問(wèn)的內(nèi)容)．Firstofall，whatare____________(第一個(gè)問(wèn)題)？Secondly，whenwill____________(第二個(gè)問(wèn)題)？Thirdly，is____________(第三個(gè)問(wèn)題)?Iwouldalsoliketoinquire____________(將最重要的問(wèn)題單獨(dú)成段)．Couldyoubesokindastosendmesomerelevantbookletsontheabovementionedaspects?Thankyouforyourkindness，andyourpromptattentiontothisletterwillbehighlyappreciated.Yourssincerely，LiMing經(jīng)典范文欣賞DearMrsFaust，Iamverysorrytodisturbyou，butIhavesomethingreallywanttoknowaboutyourschool.MynameisZhangJie，andIamasecondyearhighschoolstudentinYucaiMiddleSchool.Iwillpursueadvancedstudiesinyourschoolnextyear.ThethingIwanttoknowiswhetheryourschoolprovidescampusaccommodationornot.Ifyes，canIlivewithinternationalstudentstolearnaboutdifferentcultures？Ifnot，Iwanttoknowwhataccommodationyourschoolcanprovide.Thankyouforyourattention.Ihopetohearfromyouinthenearfuture.Yoursfaithfully，ZhangJieeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅵ.感謝信)感謝信寫(xiě)作模板Dear____________(對(duì)方的稱呼)，Iamwritingtoextendmysinceregratitudefor____________(感謝的原因).Ifithadnotbeenforyourassistancein____________(對(duì)方給予的具體幫助),IfearthatIwouldhavebeen___________(沒(méi)有對(duì)方幫助時(shí)的后果).Everyoneagreesthatitwasyouwho_________(給出細(xì)節(jié))．Again，Iwouldliketoexpressmywarmthankstoyou！Pleaseacceptmygratitude.Yourssincerely，LiMing經(jīng)典范文欣賞DearSharon，IamwritingtotellyouhowmuchIenjoyedthedaysatChicago.Everythingwasjustperfect.Youcertainlyknowhowtomakeaguestfeelathome.Yourdeliciousmealswereatreat，andyourflexibilityinadaptingtomyirregularschedulesmademanythingspossible.IhopeyouandPeterknowhowIappreciateyourhospitality，andyourkindnessestome.Icountmyselffortunateindeedtohavetwosuchgenerouscharmingfriends!Withthanksagainandbestwishestoyou.Yours，Aliceeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅶ.道歉信)道歉信寫(xiě)作模板Dear____________(對(duì)方的稱呼)，Iamtrulysorrythat____________(道歉的原因)．Thereasonisthat____________(介紹原因)．Onceagain，Iamsorryforanyinconveniencecaused.Hopeyoucanacceptmyapologiesandunderstandmysituation.Yourssincerely，LiMing經(jīng)典范文欣賞DearSarah，IamterriblysorrytotellyouthatIamunabletoattendyourbirthdaypartynextThursdayevening.Thatisowingtothefactthatmyyoungerbrothersuddenlyfellillandwastakentothehospitalthismorning.Ihavetogothereimmediatelyandtakecareofhim.Astoldbythedoctorincharge，itwilltakearoundfivedaysforhimtorecoverandIhaveaskedmybossforaleave.IreallyregretthatIcannotgotocelebrateyourbirthdaypersonallyandwouldmisstheperfectchanceofenjoyingmyselfwithallouroldfriends.Ihavechosenasmallgiftforyouandwillsendittoyoutomorrowtoshowmybestwishes.Besides，pleasegivemyregardstoourfriendswhenyoumeetthemattheparty.Cordially，LiMingeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅷ.通知)通知寫(xiě)作模板(1)口頭通知一般都會(huì)將下列詞句放在開(kāi)頭：Ladiesandgentlemen/Boysandgirls/MayIhaveyourattention，please？/Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.結(jié)尾時(shí)會(huì)以以下句子結(jié)束：That'sall.Thankyou.(2)書(shū)面通知在正文之前的正文位置寫(xiě)Notice或NOTICE字樣，結(jié)尾要寫(xiě)明時(shí)間及發(fā)出通知的單位。經(jīng)典范文欣賞MayIhaveyourattention，please？Ihaveanannouncementtomake.TheStudents'UnionisgoingtoholdapartyonSaturdayevening，July13,towelcomeourfriendsfromtheUnitedStates.ThepartywillbeheldintheroofgardenoftheMainBuilding.Itwillbeginat7：30pm.Therewillbemusic，dancing，singing，gamesandexchangeofgifts.Youmaybringalongasmallgiftforthispurpose.Remembertowrapitup，signyournameandwriteafewwordsofgoodwishes.Don’tforget：7：30，Saturdayevening，roofgarden，MainBuilding.It’ssuretobealotoffun.Everybodyiswelcome.eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅸ.演講稿)演講稿寫(xiě)作模板Goodmorning，everyone！(開(kāi)頭稱呼)I'm________________(自我介紹)．Thetopicofmyspeechis________________(提出主題)．Asisknowntoall________________(對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行具體的分析)．Howcanwesolvethisproblem？Inmyopinion_________(給出建議)．Foronething__________(理由一)．Foranother__________(理由二)．What'smore__________(理由三)．Therefore/Allinall/Aboveall____________(總結(jié))．That'sall.Thankyou(forlistening)！(結(jié)束語(yǔ))經(jīng)典范文欣賞Goodmorning，everyone.I'mLiHuafromXingguangMiddleSchool.Thetopicofmyspeechis“Let'sRideBicycles”．Asisknowntoall，withtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandards,carshavebecomeapopularmeansoftransport，bringinggreatconveniencetoourlife.However，theyhavealsocausedsomeproblemssuchasairpollutionandtrafficjams.Howcanwesolvetheproblemthen？AsfarasI'mconcerned，ridingbicyclesisagoodsolution.Foronething，bicyclesdon'tneedanypetrolandtheyareenergy-saving.Foranother，bicyclesareenvironmentallyfriendlybecausetheywon'tgiveoffwastegas.What'smore，ridingbicyclesisagoodwayforustoexerciseanditisbeneficialtoourhealth.Therefore，let'staketheresponsibilitytobuildupalowcarboncitybyridingbicycles.Comeonandjoinus!Thankyou！第八講讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)eq\a\vs4\al(技能Ⅰ準(zhǔn)確選詞)1．選詞規(guī)范、貼切所謂規(guī)范，指的是所選詞合乎習(xí)慣、符合通用原則。如：我們每天很早起床。Weriseearlyeveryday.rise雖有“起床”的含義，但很正式，生活中不常用，不如改為getup更為通俗易懂。eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])請(qǐng)用合適的詞完成下列句子。1．Let's________themovies.我們?nèi)タ措娪鞍伞?．________theblackboard，please.請(qǐng)看黑板。3．Don't________inthesun.不要在陽(yáng)光下看書(shū)。4．Howmanychildrenlike________TV?有多少孩子喜歡看電視？5．Onestudentperformstheexperimentwhilehispartner________.一個(gè)學(xué)生做實(shí)驗(yàn)，同伴觀察。答案：1.goto2.Lookat3.read4.watching5.observes所謂貼切，是指詞義所表示的內(nèi)容能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)思想，這就要求寫(xiě)作者透徹地掌握每個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的確切含義。如：WestudyChinese,Englishandotherlessonsatschool.(我們?cè)谛W(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)以及其他科目。)由于對(duì)lesson的含義理解不確切，所以用錯(cuò)，其實(shí)表示“科目”的英語(yǔ)為subject。eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])請(qǐng)用合適的詞完成下列句子。6．I________mykeysinthecar.我把鑰匙忘車?yán)锪恕?．It'sgoingtorain.________araincoatwithyou.天要下雨了，把雨衣帶上吧。8．Jack________meinthecontest.杰克在比賽中戰(zhàn)勝了我。9．He________thedooropenandrushedout.他拉開(kāi)門(mén)沖了出去。10．Thatman________anoldladyofahandbag.那個(gè)人搶了老太太的手提包。答案：6.left7.Take8.beat9.pulled10.robbed2．用詞簡(jiǎn)潔、不累贅對(duì)于寫(xiě)作中一些常用詞匯要學(xué)會(huì)比較、歸納、總結(jié)，不能啰唆，更不能畫(huà)蛇添足。如：Themanhurriedtorunintothepostoffice.那個(gè)人匆匆忙忙地跑進(jìn)了郵局。hurry一詞本身就指行為匆忙，后面的run就多余了。此句應(yīng)改為“Themanhurriedintothepostoffice.”。eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])請(qǐng)用合適的表達(dá)方式改寫(xiě)句子。11．Aftertheendofthewar,shebecameateacher.→____________________________，shebecameateacher.12．Assoonasthemanagerreturns,Iwillletyouknowatonce.→Assoonasthemanagerreturns，_____________________．13．Whenhecameout,thethiefhadalreadyescapedaway.→Whenhecameout，________________________．答案：11.Afterthewar12.Iwillletyouknow13.thethiefhadalreadyescapedeq\a\vs4\al(技能Ⅱ正確造句)1．中英兩種語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)不同，易形成的錯(cuò)誤統(tǒng)一性、連貫性、強(qiáng)調(diào)性和多樣性是寫(xiě)好一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子的四個(gè)基本原則。學(xué)生在進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作時(shí)，由于受漢語(yǔ)的影響，加之對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的不太了解，在書(shū)面表達(dá)中句型結(jié)構(gòu)方面的錯(cuò)誤比比皆是。(1)缺少謂語(yǔ)。【例1】他在家。不能說(shuō)：Heathome!而說(shuō)：Heisathome.(2)忽視主語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換。漢語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)不一定是英文中的主語(yǔ)?！纠?】昨晚學(xué)校著火了。不能說(shuō)：Theschoolbrokeoutafirelastnight.而說(shuō)：Afirebrokeoutatschoollastnight.【例3】昨天下大雨了。不能說(shuō)：Yesterdayfellheavyrain.而說(shuō)：Itrainedheavilyyesterday.(3)逗號(hào)粘連與連排句。在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中如果像漢語(yǔ)那樣出現(xiàn)僅用逗號(hào)把兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句連接起來(lái)的現(xiàn)象，那么寫(xiě)作者就犯了逗號(hào)粘連錯(cuò)誤；如果把兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句混合在一起而沒(méi)有適當(dāng)關(guān)聯(lián)詞或者適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)點(diǎn)，那么寫(xiě)作者就犯了連排句錯(cuò)誤。【例4】這工作很困難，他仍及時(shí)完成。逗號(hào)粘連：Theworkwasdifficult，hefinisheditintime.連排句：Theworkwasdifficulthefinisheditintime.修改：1．Theworkwasdifficult；however，hefinisheditintime.2．Theworkwasdifficult,buthefinisheditintime.2．中英兩種語(yǔ)句用法習(xí)慣不同，易形成的錯(cuò)誤英語(yǔ)中的習(xí)慣用法就是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中的特殊用法，它是經(jīng)過(guò)許多代人使用而形成的固定詞組或定型語(yǔ)句。由于文化背景及思維方式的不同，英、漢兩種語(yǔ)言在表達(dá)上存在很大的差異。如漢語(yǔ)中的“健壯如?！保⒄Z(yǔ)卻是asstrongasahorse?！纠?】當(dāng)今，許多富人揮金如土。錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Nowadaysalotofrichmenspendmoneyasearth.修改：Nowadaysalotofrichmenspendmoneyaswater.【例6】所有的同學(xué)在我沒(méi)有起床以前已開(kāi)始讀英語(yǔ)了。錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：AlltheclassmateshadstartedreadingEnglishbeforeIdidnotgetup.修改：AlltheclassmateshadstartedreadingEnglishbeforeIgotup.3．造句典型錯(cuò)誤分析(1)句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。不完整的句子指以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭，以句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)結(jié)束但缺主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。它呈現(xiàn)為以下兩種情形：①?gòu)木涫剑壕渥又皇悄硞€(gè)從句，而從句只是句子的一個(gè)成分——狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)。【例7】First，wewouldhavemoreroadsbuilt.Becausewiththeincreaseofthecars.Ourroadsnowbecomemoreandmorecrowded.→First,wewouldhavemoreroadsbuiltbecausewiththeincreaseofthecars,ourroadsnowbecomemoreandmorecrowded.→First，wewouldhavemoreroadsbuilt.Withtheincreaseofthecars,ourroadsnowbecomemoreandmorecrowded.②詞組式：即把詞組當(dāng)作一個(gè)句子用，但由于詞組經(jīng)常沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)，所以不能獨(dú)立成句?！纠?】Therearethreepeopleinmyfamily.Myfather,mymotherandI.→Therearethreepeopleinmyfamily：myfather,mymotherandI.【例9】Tosavemoney.Hehadinstantnoodleseveryday.→Tosavemoney,hehadinstantnoodleseveryday.(2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)不分?！纠?0】Iknowthattherearemanystudentsstillliveinpoverty，andtheywanttogotoschoolverymuch.→Iknowthattherearemanystudentsstillliving/whostillliveinpoverty，andtheywanttogotoschoolverymuch.→Iknowthatmanystudentsstillliveinpoverty，andwanttogotoschoolverymuch.【例11】Iwasstillthinkingiflethimknowit.→IwasstillthinkingifIshouldlethimknowit.(3)詞的用法與所屬句型不匹配?！纠?2】Becauseinourcitytherearealotoffactoriesandmanycars，sotheatmosphereisverydirty.→Becausetherearealotoffactoriesandcarsinourcity，theatmosphereisverydirty.→Therearealotoffactoriesandcarsinourcity，sotheatmosphereisverydirty.(4)詞形錯(cuò)誤，如名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、詞形等的錯(cuò)誤?！纠?3】Therearehighbuilding，expresswayandsoon.→Therearehighbuildings，expresswaysandsoon.【例14】WhenIstaywithmyparents，I'llfeelsafelyandhappily.→WhenIstaywithmyparents，I'llfeelsafeandhappy.(5)省略不當(dāng)。【例15】Mybrotheris12yearsoldandstudyinginalocalschool.→Mybrotheris12yearsoldand(he)isnowstudyinginalocalschool.(6)結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤?！纠?6】Somepeopleinordertogetmoney，theysoldtheirsouls.→Inordertogetmoney，somepeoplesoldtheirsouls.【例17】Sheisalwayswarningme，tellingmedon'tdothis，don'tdothat.→Sheisalwayswarningme,tellingmenottodothisorthat.(7)邏輯錯(cuò)誤。①非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤?！纠?8】Livinginthecity，transportationismoreconvenient.→Inthecity，transportationismoreconvenient.②主謂邏輯關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤。【例19】Withherhelp，ourEnglishlevelisimprovedandmakegreatprogress.→Withherhelp，wehaveimprovedourEnglishandmadegreatprogress.【例20】InternationalmeetingsmustuseEnglish.→Atinternationalmeetings，Englishiswidelyused.eq\a\vs4\al(技能Ⅲ由段組篇)段落(paragraph)是由闡述同一主題緊密相關(guān)的若干句子組成，是一段語(yǔ)意完整、和諧統(tǒng)一的句群，它可長(zhǎng)可短，幾句、十幾句或更多，視所需情況而定。語(yǔ)篇(passage)由統(tǒng)一主題下的幾個(gè)段落構(gòu)成。組篇的關(guān)鍵在于段落。1．段落的統(tǒng)一性段落的統(tǒng)一性是段落寫(xiě)作的最基本要求。一個(gè)段落只能有一個(gè)主題，其他所有的事實(shí)、例子、證據(jù)都應(yīng)服務(wù)于這個(gè)主題。統(tǒng)一性有助于筆者清楚有效地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。通過(guò)有機(jī)地將主題密切相關(guān)的擴(kuò)展句編排在一起，可使文章主題更明確，中心更突出。如：TVplaysanimportantpartinourdailylifenowadays.Itprovidesusnewsathomeandabroadanditbringsusmuchpleasure.WecanspendoursparetimehappilywithTV.Forexample，cartoonsaregreatfuntochildren.ChildrencanalsolearnalotfromTVprogrammes.上面一段中，所有的擴(kuò)展細(xì)節(jié)都圍繞著主題句展開(kāi)，段落的統(tǒng)一性得到保持。eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])畫(huà)出和段落主題不一致的部分。1．Airpollutionisaveryseriousproblem.Therearetoomanyvehiclesthatsendoutpoisonousgasestopollutetheair.Therearealsoagreatnumberofshipsandboatsthatleakoiltopollutetheharborandkillsealives.Lazinessisanotherbadpoint.Peoplehereseemtodependtoomuchonmachinerytodotheirwork.答案：Lazinessisanotherbadpoint.Peoplehereseemtodependtoomuchonmachinerytodotheirwork.前三句介紹了空氣污染的問(wèn)題，而后兩句則說(shuō)明人的懶惰，致使段落的統(tǒng)一性得到破壞。2．段落的連貫性段落的連貫性指段落中各句前后銜接合理、條理清楚、通順連貫。它講究語(yǔ)言和邏輯上的完整。使段落連貫的方式很多，如：(1)按照邏輯組織材料，如遞增、遞減、時(shí)間順序、空間順序、比較、列舉、歸納、演繹等。(2)正確運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)承詞。轉(zhuǎn)承詞所起的承轉(zhuǎn)銜接的作用，說(shuō)明上下文和前后句兩個(gè)意思之間的關(guān)系，幫助讀者跟上作者的思路，對(duì)增強(qiáng)段落的連貫性是必不可少的。(3)正確運(yùn)用代詞、同義詞等，或重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞。eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])畫(huà)出下列語(yǔ)段中的核心關(guān)鍵詞及轉(zhuǎn)承詞語(yǔ)。2．Instantnoodlesisakindofgoodfoodforhomeandtravelling.Ittastesgood，andiseasytotakebecauseitdoesn'tneedcooking.Soitcansaveusalotoftimeespeciallywhenwearebusyorontravells.Nowletmetellyouhowtohaveit.First，putnoodlesintoabowlandsoupstockaswell.Second，pourin500ccboilingwater.Thewatershouldbeoverthenoodles.Then，coverthebowlandkeepthenoodlescoveredforthreeminutes.Now，thenoodlesisreadytobetaken.Pleasehaveatryforyourself.答案：Instantnoodlesisakindofgoodfoodforhomeandtravelling.Ittastesgood，andiseasytotakebecauseitdoesn'tneedcooking.Soitcansaveusalotoftimeespeciallywhenwearebusyorontravells.Nowletmetellyouhowtohaveit.First，putnoodlesintoabowlandsoupstockaswell.Second，pourin500ccboilingwater.Thewatershouldbeoverthenoodles.Then，coverthebowlandkeepthenoodlescoveredforthreeminutes.Now，thenoodlesisreadytobetaken.Pleasehaveatryforyourself.3．段落的簡(jiǎn)潔性一個(gè)段落的長(zhǎng)度沒(méi)有具體的限制，主要取決于段落主題表達(dá)的需求。有的只需簡(jiǎn)短的幾句，有的則需要更多的細(xì)節(jié)支持。但無(wú)論哪種情況，一個(gè)段落的寫(xiě)作必須遵循簡(jiǎn)潔的原則，避免贅言和與主題無(wú)關(guān)的語(yǔ)言成分。如：Ifyouarelikeme，andyoureallybelievethatchildren'slivingisimportant，andthatallschoolexperiencesshouldbehappy，thengoandopenyourchildren'stextbook，havealookatit.該段只用了34個(gè)單詞就巧妙表達(dá)了一個(gè)完整的思想：如果你和我一樣，就去看看孩子的課本：孩子負(fù)擔(dān)太重了。eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])畫(huà)出下列語(yǔ)段中的累贅部分。3．Charleswasnotaverycleverboy.Hewasgoodatdoingthethingsthatinterestedhim.Heenjoyedcollectingbirds'eggs.Heenjoyedfishing.Heenjoyedshootingandheenjoyedlongwalkswithhisdogs.Healsotookpleasureincarryingoutexperiments，andtookpleasureinmaking“allthegases”．Hisfriendscalledhim“Gas”．答案：“Heenjoyed”，以及“tookpleasure”．4．由段組篇(1)語(yǔ)篇有明確的主題，各個(gè)段落共同為此主題服務(wù)。(2)語(yǔ)篇的組成具有邏輯性，這種邏輯關(guān)系可以是比較對(duì)比、因果關(guān)系等。(3)語(yǔ)篇具有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)性，可以是按照時(shí)間序或空間序的線索推進(jìn)，也可以是總分、分總或總分總式。eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])運(yùn)用時(shí)間序手法把下列句子重新編排。4．①Itwasadaywhenwewerelearningfarminginastatefarmnearthesea.②Wegotupearlyinordertoseethesunrise.③Thesunwasabouttorisefromthesea，andweallfixedoureyesinthedirection.④Inalittlewhile，apieceofredcloudonthehorizon(地平線)enlargeditselfandintensifieditslight.⑤Itrosestepbystep，asthoughithadbeencarryingaheavyburden.⑥Inafewminutes，asmallpartofthesunactuallyappeared，veryred，butgivingnolight.⑦Bythetimewereachedthebeach，theskywasturninglightblue.⑧Thecolourwascharminglyred，andsoonthedeepredballradiatedsuchbrilliantlightastodazzle(目眩)oureyes.⑨Atlast，however，itbrokethroughtheredcloudandjumpedabovethesea.⑩Wasthisnotagrandsight??Atthesametime，theclouds，andthewater，butalsoourselveswerered.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：①②⑦④③⑥⑤⑨⑧?⑩第九講概要寫(xiě)作eq\a\vs4\al(技能Ⅰ句子表達(dá))意思的正確表達(dá)依賴于句子的準(zhǔn)確性、得體性。準(zhǔn)確性即是正確性和規(guī)范性；得體性指的是語(yǔ)言符合說(shuō)話者的身份，概要寫(xiě)作尤其需要注意人稱的選擇。除此之外，得體性還體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言的簡(jiǎn)潔性和措辭的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性上，在詞的選擇上要注意正式和非正式、抽象和具體的差異、褒貶的不同與語(yǔ)氣的強(qiáng)弱的差別。1．語(yǔ)言的簡(jiǎn)潔性概要寫(xiě)作中的句子應(yīng)該直截了當(dāng)、言簡(jiǎn)意賅，避免冗長(zhǎng)。使句子簡(jiǎn)潔的方法有許多，常見(jiàn)的有：(1)避免結(jié)構(gòu)重復(fù)。下面的句子中，括號(hào)內(nèi)的為同義重復(fù)，應(yīng)刪除。HelikesEnglishverymuchandme(likeEnglishverymuch),too.Withoutair,thenighttimewouldbeverycoldandthedays(wouldbe)veryhotonthemoon.eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])刪除下列句子中重復(fù)的部分。1．Readingmakesafullman，conferencemakesareadyman，andwritingmakesanexactman.→____________________________________________________答案：Readingmakesafullman，conferenceareadyman，andwritinganexactman.2．TomhasbeenacceptedintocollegeandJackhasbeenacceptedintocollegeaswell.→____________________________________________________答案：TomhasbeenacceptedintocollegeandJackhas，aswell.3．Tomysurprise，IwassurprisedtofindnoonetherewhenIgotthere.→____________________________________________________答案：IwassurprisedtofindnoonetherewhenIgotthere.(2)用短語(yǔ)代替從句。例如：Doyouknowthemanwhoisspeakingatthemeeting?→Doyouknowthemanspeakingatthemeeting?eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])句式轉(zhuǎn)換。4．Heattendedthepartythoughhewasbadlyill.→Heattendedtheparty________________________．答案：inspiteofhisillness5．Lookoutforcarswhileyouarecrossingthestreet.→Lookoutforcarswhile______________________．答案：crossingthestreet(3)用單詞代替短語(yǔ)。如下面這些短語(yǔ)均可用括號(hào)中的詞代替：fromtimetotime(often)，Itisclearthat...(Clearly...)，drawaconclusion(conclude)，ofgreatimportance(important)(4)避免使用同義重復(fù)。如下面這些句子，畫(huà)線部分重復(fù)，應(yīng)刪掉。Heisblindinbotheyes．Inmyopinion，Ithinkyourplanisreasonable.eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])畫(huà)出下列句子重復(fù)的部分。6．Thedeskisroundinshapeandredincolour.答案：inshapeincolour7．Ishallaccompanymymotherbygoingwithhertothemarket.答案：bygoingwithher(5)變換句式。試對(duì)比改寫(xiě)前后的句子。Hedidnotcometoschoolbecauseofhisillness.→Illnesspreventedhimfromcomingtoschool.eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])變換句式。8．Takethismedicine，andyouwillgetwell.→________________________willmakeyouwell.答案：Thismedicine9．Itseemsthatheisill.→He________________________．答案：seems(tobe)ill2．語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性正確措辭是寫(xiě)好文章的基礎(chǔ)。句子的得體性離不開(kāi)正確的用詞。在用詞方面應(yīng)注意：(1)具體明確。詞語(yǔ)選擇是遣詞造句的基礎(chǔ)。寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意詞的運(yùn)用。具體詞與抽象詞不可混用。為了意思表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性，一般應(yīng)以具體詞為佳，會(huì)引起歧義的句子盡量不用。如：Attheageoffive，mymotherbegantoteachmetolearnEnglish.修正：WhenIwasfiveyearsold，mymotherbegantoteachmetolearnEnglish.(改介詞短語(yǔ)為狀語(yǔ)從句)或：Attheageoffive，IbegantolearnEnglishfrommymother.(改主句主語(yǔ))分析：這個(gè)句子很容易讓人產(chǎn)生誤解。“五歲”到底指的是誰(shuí)呢？修改后，主語(yǔ)明確，意思明了。分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)一致。有些情況下，用介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)也要考慮這種邏輯關(guān)系。如：Afterwaitingforanhourorso，thebusarrivedatlast.修正：Afterwehadbeenwaitingforanhourorso,thebusarrivedatlast.(改為狀語(yǔ)從句)eq\a\vs4\al([即學(xué)即練])將下列句子修改正確恰當(dāng)。10．Withoutyourhelp，myEnglishhasn'tbeenimprovedsorapidly.→Withoutyourhelp，_____________________inEnglish.(改主句主語(yǔ))答案：Icouldn'thavemadesuchrapidprogress11．Johntoldhisclassmatethathehadpassedtheexam.→Johnsaidtohisclassmate，“__________________________．”答案：I(You)havepassedtheexam(2)注意同義詞的區(qū)別。即使同一物體的不同名稱含義也會(huì)有別。所以沒(méi)有完全一樣