BUS100

Lecture3:

TheHarvardReferenceSystemToreviewreferencingtechniquesParaphrasingQuotationsTointroduceandlearntheHarvardReferencingSystemToshowhowtorecognizeandavoidplagiarismPurposeofthisLectureReferencing

Recognizetheworkofotherwriters.ShowthatyoudidalotofworkresearchingyourreportEnablethereadertofindyoursourceseasilyGivelotsofevidenceWhy?Becauseofcopyrightlaw(itisillegaltouseotherideaswithoutgivingcredit)- BecauseitshowsuswhichideasareyourownforwhichyoushouldgetcreditWhy?Manyreferencingsystemsexist.Whichshouldweuse?How?HarvardReferencingSystemItistheclearestsystemforthereaderItistheeasiestsystemtouseforthewriterItisUniversal(manypeopleuseit)Whyusethissystem?ThisSystemhastwoparts:1.InTextReferences2.BibliographyHarvardReferencingSystemMUSTHAVEBOTHPARTS!Only“intext”oronlyBibliographyisnotenoughTheyworktogether!HarvardReferencingSystemThesegointhemainbodyofthetexttoshowthesourceofyourinformationUsein-textreferenceswheneveryoumentionsomethingwrittenbysomeoneelse,orwhenyouincludesomeoneelse’sideasInTextReferencesWritethelastnameoftheauthorandthedateofpublication,inbracketse.g.(Greaves,2004)Uselettersafterthedatetodistinguishbetweenbooksbythesameauthorpublishedinthesameyear(Greaves,2004a)InTextReferences3Differentcases1.Paraphrasing2.Usingtheauthor’sname3.DirectQuotationsInTextReferencesInTextReferences

Quotations:whenyouusesomeoneelse’swrittenorspokenwordsParaphrasing:whenyoutakesomeoneelse’swordsandconvertitintoyourownwordsInTextReferences

BothhaveitsownruleswithinHarvardReferencingSystem! Wemustlearntheserules!Case1:ParaphrasingIncludethereference(Name,Date)attheendofthesentence.InTextReferencesExamples:BarackObamametwithmanyworldleaderstoday.(Hunter2009)Beijingwillhostthe2008Olympics.(Smith2003)Case1:ParaphrasingCase2:UsingtheAuthor’snameIfyouusetheauthor’snameinyourreport,onlyputthedateinbracketsPutthedateRIGHTAFTERtheauthorismentionedInTextReferencesEXAMPLESHunter(2009)saidthatBarackObamametwithmanyworldleaderstoday.Inhisarticle,Smith(2003)statesthatBeijingwillhostthe2008Olympics.UsingtheAuthor’snameCase3:DirectQuotationsFordirectquotations,usequotationmarksandwritethepagenumberofthesourceinthereference.Putthereference(Name,date,pagenumber)attheendofthesentenceInTextReferencesEXAMPLE“Beforeyousitdownandstartwriting,makesomedecisionsandsetsomeexpectationsforyourself.”(Neville,2007,p.34)Case3:DirectQuotationsEXAMPLE2Youshould“makesomedecisionsandsetsomeexpectationsforyourself”ifyouwanttobeagoodwriter.(Neville,2007,p.34)Case3:DirectQuotationsIftakeuseanimageinyourreportmadebysomeoneelse,youmustuse“intextreferencing”Putthereference(name,date)belowtheimageSpecialCase:ImagesFigure3.1GrowthofXSource:Smith(2004)SpecialCase:ImagesAreveryhelpfulbecausetheyshowthesourceofyourinformationInTextReferencesBut...Thereisinformationmissing!AuthorDateInformationincluded:Article/BookTitlePublisherPlaceofPublicationWebsiteInformationmissing:Weneeda:BibliographyThebibliographyisalistofsourcesthatyouhaveeitherquoteddirectlyorusedideasfrom.BibliographyItshouldappearattheendofyourreportItshouldbeorganizedalphabeticallybyauthor’ssurnameBibliographyWhowroteit?(Author)Whatisitcalled?(Title)Whenwasitpublished?(Date)Wherewasitpublished?(Place)Whopublishedit?(Publisher)InformationtoIncludeforEACHSourceCreatetheBibliographyasyouwriteAddanysourceyouusetoyourbibliographyrightaway!REMEMBER!Thiswillhelpyoutostayorganized!Alwaysusesameformats!Youshouldalsoincludeitemsreadbutnotreferenced“intext”Remember!WewillnowlearntheformatforreferencingBooksWebsitesNewspapers/magazinesBibliographyBooksRemember,askthequestions:BooksRemember,askthequestions:Whowroteit?Whenwasitpublished?Whatisitcalled?Wherewasitpublished?Whopublishedit?Book1.Author-Surname,Initials2.Yearofpublication(inBrackets)3.BookTitle(initalics)4.

Place

ofPublication5.PublisherBookBoddy,D.(2000)ImplementingCooperativeStrategy.Oxford:TheUniversityPressWebsitesRemember,askthequestions:WebsitesRemember,askthequestions:Whowroteit?Whatisitcalled?Whenwasitpublished?Wherewasitpublished?Whopublishedit?WebsitesAuthor(lastname,initials)Date(inBrackets)Title(InQuotationmarks)Websitename(initalics)WebsiteAddress(underlined)WebsitesBaker,P.(2009).“ObamaFacesBigDecisions”NewYorkTimes

Magazine/NewspaperRemember,askthequestions:Magazine/NewspaperRemember,askthequestions:Whowroteit?Whatisitcalled?Whenwasitpublished?Wherewasitpublished?Whopublishedit?Magazine/NewspaperAuthor(lastname,initials)Date(inBrackets)ArticleTitle(InQuotationmarks)Magazine/Newspapername(initalics)IMPORTANT:MustincludeMonthandDayofarticleafterNewspaper/Magazinename!Magazine/NewspaperIncludethepagenumberRanderson,J.(2008).“Researchersfindfishthatcancountuptofour.”NewYorkTimes.26thFebruary.Page21Magazine/NewspaperNameofLecturer-Surname,Initials.(YearofLecture–inbrackets).TitleofLecture(inquotations)ClassName/NumberNameofSchool(initalics)DayandMonthSpecialcase:LecturenotesCochrane,K.(2009)“HarvardReferencing”BUS100.HuangHuaiUniversity.September9Specialcase:LecturenotesForanysource!Remember,askthequestions:Whowroteit?Whatisitcalled?Whenwasitpublished?Wherewasitpublished?Whopublishedit?SampleBibliographyBaker,P.(2009).“ObamaFacesBigDecisions”NewYorkTimes

Boddy,D.(2000)ImplementingCooperativeStrategy.Oxford:TheUniversityPressCochrane,K.(2009)“HarvardReferencing”BUS100.HuangHuaiUniversity.September9Youmayseedifferentkindsofformatting.Don’tworry!Consistencyismostimportant!Usethesameformattingatalltimes!TheHarvardSystem

AvoidingPlagiarism

Plagiarismisnotacceptable!ItisconsideredcheatingAvoidingPlagiarism

Theuseofanother’sworkasifitwerethestudent’sownworkRepeateduseofanother’sworkasyourown.Whatisplagiarism?Paraphraseanother’sworkbychangingafewwordsorchangingtheorderofpresentationwithoutreferencingDON’T!Holmes2005

Collaborationbetweenorganisationsisadifficultroutetotheachievementofstrategicobjectives.Formalauthoritystructuresarelackingbecausetherearetwoormoreorganisationseachwithdifferentobjectivesandcontrolsystems.ExampleIncorrect

Formalauthoritystructuresarelackingbecausetherearetwoormoreorganisationseachwithdifferentobjectivesandcontrolsystemssocollaborationisadifficultroutetoachieveorganizationalobjectives(Shaw&Holmes2005).ExampleCorrect

Therearetwochallengesinachievingobjectivesthroughcollaboration:a)twoormoreorganisationsarelikelytohavedifferentobjectivesfromcollaborationandb)theyhavedifferentwaysofworking(Shaw&Holmes2005).ExampleCochrane2009BritneySpearssold5millioncopiesofheralbumintheUSA.Shesold10MillioncopiesinChinaBritneySpearssold10millioncopiesofheralbuminChina.Shesold5millioncopiesintheUSA.ExampleCochrane2009BritneySpearssold5millioncopiesofheralbumintheUSA.Shesold10MillioncopiesinChinaBritneysoldmanyalbumsworldwide.(Cochrane2009)ExampleCopyanother’sworkAnycopyingfromanysource–internet,friends,previousstudents–don’t!!DON’T!Useanother’sworkandpresentitwithoutreferencesExample:usinganarticlewhichisneitherreferencedinthetextnorinthebibliographyDON’T!QuoteverylargepiecesoftextinyourreportDON’T!

“Collaborationbetweenorganisationsisadifficultroutetotheachievementofstrategicobjectives.Formalauthoritystructuresarelackingsincetherearetwoormoreorganisations,eachwithdifferentobjectivesandcontrolsystems.Creatingnewstructurescancreateuncertaintyandmanagingthealliancerunstheriskofcreatingcostlybureaucracieswhichstifleinitiativeandcommitment.Therearetensionsbecauseofdifferencesinculture,governancesystemsandperceivedpower.Therearetensionsbecauseoftheriskoffreeriderproblemsandthedifficultieswhichorganisationsandtheirmembersmayfindintrustingeachother.Thesetensionsleadtohighfailureratesandraisethecostsofcollaborationrelativetoalternativesolutions.Itcanalsobearguedthatsuccessfulcollaborationposesparticularchallengestouniversities.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagrowingrecognitionoftheimportanceofleadershipasadriverofchangeandacorrespondingstrengtheningofexecutivepowerwhichmayhelpinfindingmanagementsolutionsforalliances”(ShawandHolmes2005).Bad!!!

Muchofthediscussionin