OceanDecade

Vision2030

WhitePapers

Challenge7:

SustainablyExpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem

TheUnitedNations

DecadeofOceanScience

forSustainableDevelopment

(2021-2030)

Publishedin2024bytheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionoftheUnitedNations

Educational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization7,placedeFontenoy,75352Paris07SP,France?UNESCO2024

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ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthisdocumentdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUNESCOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Theideasandopinionsexpressedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthors;theyarenotnecessarilythoseofUNESCOanddonotcommittheOrganization.

Forbibliographicpurposes,thispublicationshouldbecitedasfollows:

Miloslavich,P.,O’Callaghan,J.,Heslop,E.,McConnell,T.,Heupel,M.,Satterthwaite,E.,Lorenzoni,L.,Schloss,I.,Belbeoch,M.,Rome,N.,Widdicombe,S.,OlalekanElegbede,I.&Fontela,M.(2024).OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge7:SustainablyExpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem.

Paris,UNESCO-IOC.(TheOceanDecadeSeries,51.7.).

/10.25607/brxb-kr45

Graphicdesign:UNESCO(IOC/2024/ODS/51.7)

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers

Challenge7:SustainablyexpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem

Ensureasustainableoceanobservingsystemacrossalloceanbasinsthatdeliversaccessible,timelyand

actionabledataandinformationtoallusers.

WritingTeam

TheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission(IOC)ofUNESCO,extendsitssincereappreciationtotheco-chairsandmembersoftheWorkingGroupfortheirleadershipandcommitmentintheprocessofdraftingandauthoringthepresentdocument.

Co-chairs

PatriciaMiloslavichAustralianAntarcticDivision,DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,

theEnvironmentandWater

JoeO‘CallaghanOceanlyScience,UniversityofAuckland

WorkingGroupexpertmembers

JeromeAucan

PacificCommunityCenterforOceanScience(PCCOS),PacificCommunity-SPC

MathieuBelbeoch

IOC/OSS

PeterBrickell

QueensUniversity

MarcosFontela

SpanishNationalResearchCouncil

AridaneG.González

InstitutodeOceanografíayCambioGlobal

EmmaHeslop

IOC/OOS

MichelleHeupel

IntegratedMarineObservingSystem(IMOS),UniversityofTasmania

LauraLorenzoni

NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)

TerryMcConnell

IOC/OOS

IsaOlalekanElegbede

BrandenburgUniversityofTechnology(BTU)

NicholasRome

UniversityCorporationforAtmosphericResearch

ErinSatterthwaite

ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography,UCSD

IreneSchloss

AustralCenterforScientificResearchfromtheNationalCouncilofScientificResearch(CONICET)

PierreTestor

PierreandMarieCurieUniversity

SteveWiddicombe

PlymouthMarineLab

Acknowledgements

Thiswhitepaperwaswrittenbythetwoco-chairs,PatriciaMiloslavichandJoeO’Callaghan,togetherwithco-writingsupportfrommembersoftheUNOceanDecadeVision2030WorkingGroup7including:EmmaHeslop,ErinSatterthwaite,IreneSchloss,IsaOlalekanElegbede,LauraLorenzoni,MarcosFontela,MathieuBelbeoch,MichelleHeupel,NicholasRome,SteveWiddicombe,TerryMcConnell.

RemainingmembersofWorkingGroup7providedvaluablethoughtsandreviewsincluding:PeterBrickell,PierreTestor,AridaneGonzálezandJeromeAucan.

OrganisationalsupportwasprovidedbytheAustralianAntarcticDivision,DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWater,AustraliaandbyOceanlyScienceLimited,AotearoaNewZealandwhobothprovidedtimeandresourcesfortheco-chairstowritethewhitepaper,coordinatetheworkinggroupandpresentthepaperattheUNOceanDecadeconferenceinApril2024.

Thewhitepaperwasstrengthenedbythewrittenfeedbacksubmissionsthroughoutatargetedstakeholderreviewprocess(over600individuals)andthepublicreviewprocessledbytheOceanDecadeCoordinatingUnit(25writtensubmissionsspecifictoChallenge7).SupportoftheUNESCO-IOCDecadeCoordinationUnit,chargedwithimplementingtheVision2030process,wassignificantincoordinatingandguidingtheworkofallOceanDecadeWorkingGroups,ensuringalignment,synergies,andcollaboration.

[See“WritingTeam”forthelistofcontributingauthorsandtheirorganisationalaffiliations.]

Contents

WritingTeam 2

Contents 4

Acronyms 5

1.EXECUTIVESUMMARY 6

1.1IntroductionandScopeoftheWhitePapers 6

1.2StrategicAmbition:Challenge7 6

2.INTRODUCTION 7

2.1Background-TheGlobalOceanObservingSystem 7

2.2ImportanceandrelevanceofChallenge7forsustainabledevelopment 9

2.3Methodologyusedforstrategicambitionsetting 9

2.4Analysisofuserneedsandpriorities 10

2.5ElementsoftheStrategicAmbitionforChallenge7 12

2.5.1Prioritydatasets 13

2.5.2Knowledgegenerationandsharing 14

2.5.3Infrastructureandprocessrequirements 14

2.5.4ResourcesandPartnerships 15

2.5.5Capacitydevelopmentandexchangeneeds 15

2.5.6Technologyandinnovationsolutions 16

3.MILESTONESANDMEASURESOFSUCCESS 17

3.1Milestones 17

3.2Measuresofsuccess 17

4.SUCCESSTO2030ANDBEYOND 18

References 20

AnnexA:OceanobservingplatformsandGOOSStatus2023 22

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge7:SustainablyExpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem4

Acronyms

AI/MLArtificialIntelligence/MachineLearning

BBNJBiodiversityBeyondNationalJurisdiction

CARECollectiveBenefit,Authoritytocontrol,Responsibility,Ethics

CBDConventiononBiologicalDiversity

CDRCarbonDioxideRemoval

ECVEssentialClimateVariables

eDNAEnvironmentalDeoxyribonucleicacid

EEZEconomicExclusiveZone

EOVEssentialOceanVariables

FAIRFindable,Accessible,Interoperable,andReusable

FOOFrameworkforOceanObserving

FVONFishingVesselOceanObservingNetwork

G3WGreenhouseGasMonitoringSystem(orGlobalGreenhouseGasWatch)

GCOSGlobalClimateObservingSystem

GDPGrossDomesticProduct

GEBCOGeneralBathymetricChartoftheOceans

GOOSGlobalOceanObservingSystem

IOCIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionIMOSIntegratedMarineObservingSystem(Australia)

LDCLeastDevelopedCountries

OSEObservingSystemExperiments

OSSEObservingSystemSimulationExperiments

SDGSustainableDevelopmentGoal

SIDSSmallIslandDevelopingStates

SOFFSystematicObservationsFinancingFacility

TRUSTTransparency,Responsibility,Userfocus,Sustainability,Technology

UNUnitedNations

UNESCOUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization

UNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange

WMOWorldMeteorologicalOrganization

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge7:SustainablyExpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem5

1.EXECUTIVESUMMARY

1.1IntroductionandScopeoftheWhitePapers

WhitePaper7hasbeenpreparedaspartoftheVision2030processbeingundertakenintheframeworkoftheUNDecadeofOceanScience

forSustainableDevelopment.TheVision2030ambitionistoprovideaunifiedapproachtoactionspanningtenChallengesintheOceanDecade.EachChallengeevaluatedexistinginitiativesunderwayintheOceanDecadeandrelevantcommunities.Throughalensofpriorityuserneeds,theVision2030processwasusedtodetermineprioritydatasets,criticalgapsinscienceandknowledge,andneedsincapacitydevelopment,infrastructureandtechnologyrequiredforeachChallenge.ThewhitepaperidentifiesachievablerecommendationsthatcanbeimplementedandindicatorstomeasureprogressintheOceanDecadetoachievethestrategicambitionofChallenge7.Recommendationsincludeexpandingglobaloceanobservationcapabilities,thetranslationofobservationsintoinformation,fosteringdiversifiedpartnerships,buildingacapableanddiversifiedworkforce,andemphasisinganeweconomicthinkingforresourcingoceanobserving.ItisanticipatedthatthesewillprovidefocusforfutureDecadeActions,beusedtoidentifyinvestmentinobservingpriorities,andtoevaluateandmonitorprogressoftheChallengesinorder“todeliverthescienceweneedfortheoceanwewant”bytheendoftheOceanDecadein2030.

1.2StrategicAmbition:Challenge7

Thestrategicambitionistodevelopanoperational,comprehensive,andresourcedsystemthatdeliverspriorityobservationsandinformationtoguidemitigationandadaptationresponsestoclimatechange,sustainsoceanhealthwithinasustainableblueeconomy,andfacilitatesinformeddecision-makingforscience,businessandsociety.

Suchasystemisenvisionedtobeco-designed,fit-for-purpose,multidisciplinary,geographicallyexpanded,responsive,andsustainableintime,deliveringoceanobservationstoallnationsandusers,prioritisingsocietalneeds.Transformingoceanobservationsintoaccessibleinformationwillrequireintegrationacrossdisciplines,acrossnationalobservingsystems,alongthevaluechain,andacrossstakeholders.Innovativetechnologyapproachesandadiversifiedsetofactorsandapproacheswillberequiredforsuccess.TheGlobalOceanObservingSystem(GOOS)ofIOCUNESCOcanprovidetheimplementationframeworkforChallenge7andtheUNOceanDecadeprovidestheopportunityandvehiclefortransformation.

FiverecommendationshavebeenidentifiedtofulfilthestrategicambitionofOceanDecadeChallenge7.

1.Actnowonknownobservationalneeds.

Upgradeandexpandoceanobservingcapacityinpoorly-observedareassuchaspolarregions,islandnationsandterritories,coastalareasofdevelopingnations,coastalsystemsthatarerapidlychanging,andtheunder-observeddeepocean.Thematicprioritiesforoceanobservingby2030shouldfocusonkeyclimateriskandadaptationneeds,extremeevents,coastalservicesforoceanmanagement,oceancarbon,marinepollution,biogeochemistry,andbiodiversity.

2.Adoptneweconomicthinking.Establishnewandsustainedfinancingmechanismsforglobaloceanobserving,includingresourcingforSmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS)andLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs).Useeconomicmodelsforoceaninvestmenttodiversifyandaccelerateinvestmentinoceanobservingandinfrastructurefromnewactors.

3.Partnershipsarekey.Increasenational,regionalandglobalcoordination,focusingonco-designandpartnerships.ImprovedcoordinationthatusestheGOOS

frameworktoensurestandards,best

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge7:SustainablyExpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem6

practicesforasustainablyexpandedGOOS.Diversifypartnershipsacrosssectors(economic,public,private,andphilanthropic)andembracetheabilitiesandneedsofthedifferentstakeholderstoco-design,co-develop,andco-deliverobservationsthattranslateintotheinformationrequiredbythesesectors.

4.Technologyandinnovationwillbea

pillar.Integrateandharmoniseobservationsacrossobservingplatforms(insitu,satellite,emergingnetworks).Developinnovativeinsitu,autonomousandcost-effectivetechnologiestomaximisereach,ensuringstandardisationandbestpractices.Technologybarriersstillneedtobeloweredtoensureeveryonehasequitableaccesstoobservingtechnologyandhastheabilitytousetheseassets.ArtificialIntelligence(AI)andMachineLearning(ML)toolswillprovideuser-readyinformationfromintegrated

observationstodemocratiseinformationforusers.

5.Expanded,capable,anddiversified

workforce.Expandanddiversifytheworkforceofskilledandtrainedoceanprofessionals.Trainingandcapacitydevelopmentwillbecriticalacrosstheobserving‘ecosystem’outlinedintheFrameworkforOceanObserving(FOO),fromdatacollectiontodataanalysisandmodelling,andfordatauseandapplication.

2.INTRODUCTION

Oceanobservationsarethefoundationforthevaluechainthatprovidestheinformationandservicesforsustainingahealthyblueeconomy,andforprotectingpeopleandplaces.

Challenge7:Sustainablyexpandingtheglobaloceanobservingisacross-cuttingchallenge,fundamentaltothesuccessoftheOceanDecadevision“thescienceweneedfortheoceanwewant”.Oceanobservationsplayavitalrolebysupplyingessentialdataforunderstandingandtacklingdiverseissuesrelatedtotheoceansuchasclimateriskand

adaptationneeds,extremeevents,coastalservicesforoceanmanagement,oceancarbon,marinepollution,biogeochemistry,andbiodiversity.OceanobservationsarepivotalinsupportingandfacilitatingprogressacrossallfacetsoftheUNOceanDecadethroughcreatingbaselinesandunderstandingthestateandtrendsinoceanconditions.Theycontributetoavaluechainthatleadstoinformeddecision-making,theadoptionofsustainablepractices,andthedevelopmentofresilienceforboththeoceansandcoastalcommunities.

TheGOOSisacornerstoneofknowledge,enablingsustainablemanagementofmarineresources,underpinningtheblueeconomy,andensuringwemonitoroceanhealth.Oceanobservationsprovidecriticalinformationforclimatechangemitigationandadaptation,oceanecosystemhealth,pollutionseverityandextent,disasterforecastingandresponse,conservationofmarinebiodiversityandhabitats,andaquacultureandfisheriessustainablemanagement(Rayneretal.,2019).Challenge7leveragestheexistingGOOSStrategyandwhathasbeenaccomplishedtodatebuthighlightswhatstillrequiresmajorplanning,resourcinganduptakebypolicymakerstomaximiseitssocietalbenefitsandtoaddresstheneedsofarapidlychangingplanet.

2.1Background-TheGlobalOceanObservingSystem

SustainedobservationsofoceanvariablesbeganwithVoluntaryObservingShips(VOS)some150yearsago.Theearliestexampleofasustainedobservatory,beginningin1903,istheWesternChannelObservatoryintheEnglishChannelandsincethen,adiversityofobservingprogrammeshavebeenestablishedthroughoutthe20thcentury(Benwayetal.,2019).TheGOOSwasestablishedin1991bytheMemberStatesoftheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission(IOC)oftheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO).TheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO),UNEnvironmentProgram(UNEP),andtheInternationalScienceCouncil(ISC)laterjoined

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge7:SustainablyExpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem7

withinthebackboneofinformation,innovation,integration,andinteroperability.Someofthemainrecommendationsinclude:

●SustainingobservationofEOVsforvariousapplications.

●Addressingcapabilitygapsincoverage,sampling,accuracy,andmeasurementofunder-measuredvariables.

●Developingcost-effectivestrategiesandacceleratingtechnologyinfusionforsensor,platform,andnetworkadvancement.

●FacilitatinggovernanceintegratingobservationalcapabilitiesundertheGOOSframework.

●Improvinglinksbetweenusersandobservingsystems,includingprivatesectorinvolvementandfeedbackloopreinforcement.

●InnovatingdataandinformationservicestomeetdiverseuserneedsandBigDatachallenges.

●Enhancingbestpracticesinsensordevelopment,datacuration,anddelivery.

●Strengtheningcapacitybuildingandknowledgeintegrationacrosstheoceanobservingvaluechain.

●Fosteringinternationalcollaborations,coordination,andfreedataaccessforresponsibleobservingsystemgovernance.

Co-authorsoftheOceanObs19whitepaperswereaffiliatedmostlytoEuropean(42%)andNorthAmerican(37%)organisations,with8%affiliatedtoOceanian,8%toAsian,3%toSouthAmerican,and2%toAfricanorganisationsshowingtheglobalimbalanceinoceanobservingcapacity.Countrieswiththehighestnumberofco-authorsweretheUSA,France,UKandAustraliawhicharealsothecountrieswithsignificantinvestmentinoceanobservations.Thepapersalsoprovidedapictureofthematicgaps,asthemaintopicscoveredwererelatedtooceanphysics,followedbyoceanmodellingandforecasting,

assponsors.TodayGOOSistheglobalhubforoceanobservingexpertise,management,planningandstrategyfocusedonclimate,weatherandhazardwarnings,andoceanhealth.TheGOOS2030Strategy(IOC-UNESCO,2019)aimsto(1)Deepenengagementandpartnershipfromobservationstoenduserstoadvancetheuseandimpactoftheobservationsanddemonstratetheirbenefits,(2)Deliveranintegrated,‘fit-for-purpose’observingsystembuiltonthesystemsapproachoutlinedintheFrameworkforOceanObserving(FOO,Lindstrometal.,2012),and(3)Buildingforthefuturethroughinnovation,capacitydevelopment,andevolvinggoodgovernance.

GOOScontributesandcoordinatesoceanobservingactivitieswiththeGlobalClimateObservingSystem(GCOS)oftheWMO,GeneralBathymetricChartoftheOceans(GEBCO),theIOCTsunamiWarningCenter,thesatellitecommunity,includingtheorbitingCarbonObservatory,andtheDialogueswithIndustryUNOceanDecadeactionprocess,providinginformation,knowledgeandsolutionstoscientists,stakeholders,andpublicandprivateenterprise.

GOOSisaninstrumentalcoordinatingelementoftheOceanObsdecadalconferenceswhichbringtogetherscientific,technical,andoperationalcommunitiesinvolvedintheplanning,implementation,anduseofoceanobservingsystems.Theseconferencesstartedin1999andhavebeenkeytocommunicateprogress,promoteplans,anddefineadvancesinoceanobservinginresponsetosocietalneeds(Speichetal.,2019).Asexamples,theArgosystemofautonomousfloatsderivedfromdiscussionsandagreementsatOceanObs99;theFOOwasdevelopedatOceanObs09providingastrategyfordefiningandimplementingintegratedphysical,biogeochemical,andbiologicalobservingneedsbasedonEssentialOceanVariables(EOVs);andOceanObs19providedacollectionof140CommunityWhitePapers

(/research-

topics/8224/oceanobs19-an-ocean-of-

opportunity/articles)

providingkeyrecommendationsforglobaloceanobserving

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge7:SustainablyExpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem8

satelliteobservations,biodiversity,infrastructure,climate,technology,datamanagementandbestpractices,blueeconomy,capacitybuilding,andgeographicprioritiesforoceanobserving.

2.2ImportanceandrelevanceofChallenge7forsustainabledevelopment

Oceanobservations,alongwiththeworkforcesupportingandrelyingonobservingsystems,formthefoundationofinformationdeliveryfordecisionsonsustainablemanagementandconservationoftheoceanandfortheblueeconomy.Theadoptionofmulti-disciplinaryobservingstrategiesatlocal,regional,andglobalscalesisneededbyseveralSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),particularlySDG14—LifeBelowWater.OftheeightspecifictargetsofSDG14,atleastsixbenefitdirectlyfromlong-termobservations:stoppollution,manageandrestoreecosystems,minimiseoceanacidification,stopillegalfishing,conserve10%ofoceanareas,andincreasescientificknowledge(Welleretal.,2019).Additionally,anexpandedGOOSwillalsosupporttheenhancementoflivelihoodsandincome(SDG1),foodsecurity(SDG2),improvementsinhealthandwell-being(SDG3),cleanenergyproduction(SDG7),advancingindustry,innovation,andinfrastructure(SDG9),buildingsustainablecities(SDG11),andmitigatingclimatechangeaction(SDG13).Currentlytwo-thirdsoftheglobalmarineclimatechangesectorthatisvaluedatUS$52bnreliesonoceanobservations(WorldOceanInitiative,2024a).

Oceanobservationsunderpininformationandknowledgeneededbyglobalgovernancereportingmechanisms,suchastheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)throughtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)reports,andplayacrucialroleinreportingagainsttheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)GlobalBiodiversityTargetsandtheKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework,theIntergovernmentalScience-

PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystem

Services(IPBES)assessments,thenewUNAgreementundertheUNConventionontheLawoftheSeaontheConservationandSustainableUseofBiodiversityBeyondNationalJurisdiction(BBNJAgreement),andtheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterReduction,theHighAmbitionCoalitiontoEndPlasticPollution,amongothers.

Sustainabilityoftheemergingblueeconomyrequiresoceanobservationstosupportandattractinvestmentintostart-ups,grownewinitiativesaswellastosupportevolvinguseoflongstandingactivities(e.g.fisheriesandmining).Observationsandknowledgewillsupportnon-extractiveresourcealternativessuchasgeneticresourcesandmedicinesfromthesea,renewableenergyinitiatives,CO2reductionefforts,seawaterdesalinationforfreshwatergeneration,coastaldevelopmentprojects,andsupportforanynationalnavaloperations(Welleretal.,2019).

Regional-scaleeconomicvaluationsbytheAustralianIntegratedMarineObservingSystem(IMOS)haveestimateda$4.70returnforevery$1spent,asreflectedinimprovedmanagementofcommercialfisheries,moreaccurateweatherforecasting,naturaldisasterandextremeweatherpreparedness(IMOS,2021).Theseeconomicassessmentsshouldbroadentoincorporatehumanimpactsandvaluestoevaluateandmonitorthedeliveryofoceaninformationforsocietalneeds.

2.3Methodologyusedforstrategicambitionsetting

InthispaperwearticulateastrategicambitiontostrengthenandsustainablyexpandtheGOOS,alongwithrecommendationsfornextstepsandimplementationforsuccessto2030andbeyond.TheGOOS,developedthroughinternationalcooperation,facesconstraintsduetofundinglimitations,limitedcooperationamongusers,aninsufficienttechnicallyskilledworkforce,andinsufficientlevelsofstandardisation.

DevelopmentofthestrategicambitionandtangiblerecommendationsforChallenge7

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge7:SustainablyExpandtheGlobalOceanObservingSystem9

usedamulti-prongedapproach.We(1)reviewedthevisionandstrategicobjectivesoftheGOOS2030Strategy,(2)analysedthemajorrecommendationsoftheOceanObs19papers,(3)interviewedoceanobservingexperts,stakeholders,anddatausers,(4)surveyedtheoceanobservingneedsoftheOceanDecadeProgrammesandProjectsthatareactivelyinvolvedinOceanObserving,and(5)synthesisedtheoceanobservingneedsoftheothernineVision2030WorkingGroups.

Theintegrationoftheseanalysesprovidedapictureofcurrentactivities,showingthegrowingdemandfornew,fit-for-purposedeployments,theneedtoexpandanddiversifytheuserbaseandengagementofstakeholdersaimingtofosterabroaderconstituencycommittedtosustainableuseandblueeconomyprinciples,theneedtoadvocatefornewresources,andtheneedforlegalandregulatoryframeworkstoincentivizechange.

2.4Analysisofuserneedsandpriorities

Therangeofusersforoceanobservationsisvast,encompassingdiverseneedsand

priorities;fromlocaltoregionaltoglobalfollowingtheprincipleof‘thinkglobally,actlocally’,andfromnationaltointernational,informingnationalmanagementandpolicies,andinforminginternationalcommitmentsandtreatiesasarticulatedinSection2.1.Integratedandsustainedinsitu,airborne,andsatelliteoceanobservationsincoastalandopenoceanswillcontinuetoberequiredforunderstandinghowtheoceanworks.Keyusersincludegovernments,intergovernmentalorganisations,andprogrammes(e.g.WMO,GCOS),policymakers,thescientificcommunity,technologydevelopers,marinenetworks,theprivatesector,philanthropy,society,andindigenouscommunities.Withintheprivatesector,oceanobservationswillbeespeciallyrelevantandvitalfortheoffshoreandwindindustry,forshipping,oceanrenewableenergyindustries,insuranceandreinsuranceindustry,bluecarbonindustry,andthemarineCarbonDioxideRemoval(CDR)industrywhichaltogetherhavethepotentialforsubstantialcontributionstotheglobaleconomyinthenearfuture(WorldOceanInitiative,2024).Table1outlineskeyusersandsomeoftheirneedsandprioritiesforanexpandedGOOS.

Table1.Somekeyusersofanop