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JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology30(2022)245–248

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology

journalhomepage:/locate/jep

Personalityandenvironmentalconcern

JacobB.Hirsh*

DepartmentofPsychology,SidneySmithHall,100St.GeorgeStreet,Toronto,Ontario,CanadaM5S3G3

articleinfo

Articlehistory:

Availableonline25January2022

Keywords:

Personality

Big?ve

Environmentalconcern

Environmentalism

GSOEP

abstract

Peoplevaryconsiderablyintheirattitudestowardenvironmental

issues.Althoughsomeindividualsviewtheenvironmentfroma

purelyutilitarianperspective,othersareconcernedabout

environmentalsustainabilityandmaintaininganecologicalbalance.

Thecurrentstudyexaminestherelationshipbetweenpersonality

characteristicsandenvironmentalconcerninacommunitysampleof

2690Germanadults.Structuralequationmodelingrevealedthat

greaterenvironmentalconcernwasrelatedtohigherlevelsof

AgreeablenessandOpenness,withsmallerpositiverelationships

emergingwithNeuroticismandConscientiousness.

2022ElsevierLtd.All

rightsreserved.

1.Introduction

Forbetterorforworse,humanbehaviorhasalargein?uenceon

theglobalecology.Manyoftheenvironmentalchallengesfacingus

todayareadirectresultofhumanactions,andassuchmayrequire

behavioralsolutions(Oskamp,2000;Saunders,2022).Inrecogni-

tionofthisfact,manyresearchershaveinvestigatedthesocialand

psychologicalfactorsthatin?uenceenvironmentalattitudesand

behaviors.Muchofthisresearchhasfocusedontheroleofspeci?c

values,beliefs,andnormsaspredictorsofenvironmentalconcern

(Dietz,Fitzgerald,Dietz,Stern,

Schultz,2022;VanLiereRoccas,Sagiv,

Schwartz,Schultz&Zelezny,1999),whichappeartobe

relatedtoAgreeablenessandOpenness,respectively.Individuals

whoaremoreempathicandlessself-focusedappearmorelikely

todevelopapersonalconnectionwithnature,whichinturn

*Fax:

E-mailaddress:jacob.hirsh@utoronto.ca

predictstheirpro-environmentalattitudes(Bragg,1996;Mayer&Frantz,2022).Indeed,developingsuchanemotionalaf?nitytowardthenaturalenvironmentcanbolsterone’smotivesforenvironmentalprotection(Kals,Schumacher,&Montada,1999).

WhilebothAgreeablenessandOpenness?twellintotheoreticalmodelsofpro-environmentalattitudes,theinitialstudydemon-stratingtheirpredictiveutilitywaslimitedtoarelativelysmallsampleofundergraduatestudents(N?106).Theinitialstudywasalsolimitedbytheimbalanceofmale(n?32)andfemale(n?74)participants,makingitdif?culttoexaminetheimportanceofgenderasamoderatingvariable.ThecurrentstudyextendsthispreviousresearchbyexaminingthepersonalitypredictorsofenvironmentalconcerninamuchlargercommunitysampleofGermanadults(N?2690).Additionally,structuralequationmodelingwasusedtoprovideerror-reducedestimatesofthetruerelationshipsbetweenthevariablesofinterest.ItwashypothesizedthatbothAgreeablenessandOpennesswouldremainsigni?cantpredictorsofincreasedenvironmentalconcern.

2.Methods

2.1.Participants

Dataanalyseswerebasedontheresponsesof2690participantsoftheGermanSocio-EconomicPanelStudy(GSOEP),alongitudinalresearchprojectthatpollsalargeanddiversesampleofGermanhouseholds(Haisken-DeNew&Frick,2022).WhilethefullGSOEPsampleisconsiderablylarger,thecurrentanalysiscouldonlybeconductedonthesubsetofrespondentswhocompletedtheavailablemeasuresofpersonalityandenvironmentalconcern,describedbelow.Theageofparticipantsinthecurrentsamplerangedfrom26to93years(M?54.1,SD?14.6).Areasonably

0272-4944/$–seefrontmatter2022ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.01.004

246J.B.Hirsh/JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology30(2022)245–248

balancedproportionofmale(47%)andfemale(53%)respondentswereincluded.

2.2.Materials

2.2.1.Personality

In2022,GSOEPparticipantscompleteda15-itemversionoftheBigFiveInventory(BFI;GerlitzJohn,Donahue,the‘‘Importanceofenvironment’’itemwasadministeredin1994,1998,and1999;?nally,the‘‘Worriedaboutenvironment’’itemwasbasedondatacollectedin2022–2022.Examiningthesharedvarianceamongsttheseitemsallowedforanerror-reducedestimateofenvironmentalconcernacrossalargetimeperiod.

2.3.Analytictechnique

Structuralequationmodelingwasusedtoexplicitlymodelsourcesoferrorinthedataset,therebyprovidingmoreaccurateestimatesofthetruerelationshipsbetweenthevariablesofinterest.Inparticular,weemployedameasurementmodelthataccountsforacquiescencebias,halobias,andtheobservedcorre-lationsamongBigFivepersonalitytraits(Anusic,Schimmack,Pinkus,Digman,1997;McCraeetal.,2022)weremodeledasre?ectingthesharedvari-anceamongAgreeableness,Conscientiousness,andNeuroticism(StabilityorAlpha),andExtraversionandOpenness(PlasticityorBeta).Inordertoensurethemodelwouldbeidenti?ed,theregressionweightswere?xedtobeequalfortheloadingswithineachofthehalo,acquiescence,andhigher-orderpersonalityfactors.Note,however,thatwhilesuchequalityconstraintsforcetheunstandardizedcoef?cientstobeequal,thestandardizedcoef?cients(aswillbereportedbelow)alsodependuponthevarianceoftheindicatorsandmaythusdifferfromoneanother.

Environmentalconcernwasmodeledinatwo-stephierarchicalprocess.First,threelatentvariableswereconstructed,oneforeachsetoftheenvironmentalitemsdescribedabove.Forexample,thethreeseparateassessmentsof‘‘Importanceofenvironmentalprotection’’wereusedasindicatorsofalatentfactor.Second,anoverallenvironmentalconcernfactorwasmodeledasthesharedvarianceamongsteachofthethreeitem-basedenvironmentalfactors.RegressionlinespredictingthisoverallenvironmentalconcernvariableweredrawnfromeachofthelatentBigFivetraitfactors.Theresultingmodelallowedforanerror-reducedexami-nationofthecontributionsoftheBigFivepersonalitytraitstoenvironmentalconcernovertime.

3.Results

3.1.Model?t

Reasonable?tisprovidedbyamodelwhenCFI>.90,RMSEA<.08,andSRMR<.10(Kline,2022).Thecurrentmodeldemonstratedacceptabletogood?t,withaCFIof.91,RMSEAof.045(90%con?denceintervalof.043–.047),andSRMRof.05.Thechi-squarevalueof1406.46(df?218)wassigni?cantatp<.001;however,becausethecurrentsampleisrelativelylarge,thechi-squaretestisnotanoptimalindicatorof?t.

3.2.Personalityandenvironmentalconcern

ThemodelandestimatedparametersarepresentedinFig.1.Thelatentenvironmentalconcernfactorwasstronglyrelatedtoeachofthethreeitem-basedenvironmentalfactors,including‘‘importanceofenvironmentalprotection’’(b?.94),‘‘worriedaboutenviron-ment’’(b?.64),and‘‘environmentallyconscious’’(b?.62).Envi-ronmentalconcernwasinturnsigni?cantlypredictedbyindividualdifferencesintheBigFivepersonalitytraits.Inparticular,greaterenvironmentalconcernwassigni?cantlyassociatedwithhigherlevelsofAgreeableness(b?.22),Openness(b?.20),Neuroticism(b?.16),andConscientiousness(b?.07).Incontrast,nosigni?cantrelationshipwasobservedwithExtraversion(b?.02).

3.3.Demographicvariables

Age,gender,andhouseholdincomewereaddedtothemodelinordertoexaminetheimportanceofdemographicvariablesinpredictingenvironmentalconcern.Aregressionlinepredictingthelatentenvironmentalconcernfactorwasdrawnfromeachofthedemographicvariables.Includingthesevariablesdidnotchangetherelationshipsbetweenpersonalityandenvironmentalconcern,althoughitdiddecreasetheoverall?tofthemodel(CFI?.84;RMSEA?.053;SRMR?.06).Nonetheless,signi?cantrelationshipswereobserved,withenvironmentalconcernbeingpositivelyassociatedwithage(b?.13)andnegativelywithhouseholdincome(b?.06).Womenalsodisplayedhigherlevelsofenvironmentalconcernthanmen(b?.07),consistentwithpreviousresearch(DavidsonRMSEA?.031;SRMR?.054).Constrainingthefactorloadingsandstructuralcovariancestobeequalacrossthegroupsdidnotsigni?cantlyreducemodel?t(CFI?.91;RMSEA?.030;

J.B.Hirsh/JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology30(2022)245–248247

Fig.1.StructuralregressionmodelwiththeBigFivetraitspredictingenvironmentalconcern.Halorepresentsanevaluativebiasfactor.Acquiescencerepresentsacquiescencebiasinscaleusage.StabilityandPlasticityrepresentthetwohigher-orderBigFivetraits.EC1?‘‘ImportanceofEnvironmentalProtection’’items;EC2?‘‘WorriedaboutEnvironment’’items;EC3?‘‘EnvironmentallyConscious’’items.Structuralerrortermsarepresentedforallendogenousvariables,withthecriticalratiosinparentheses.Measurementerrortermswereomittedfromthe?guretoimprovereadability.

SRMR?.056;Dc2?31.67,Ddf?26,p?.20).Conversely,withthisfullyconstrainedmodelinplace,allowingtheregressionweightsoftheBigFivedomainsontheEnvironmentalConcernvariabletovaryfreelydidnotimprovemodel?t(CFI?.91;RMSEA?.031;SRMR?.056;Dc2?2.73,Ddf?5,p?.74).TherelationshipbetweentheBigFiveandenvironmentalconcernthusdidnotappeartobemoderatedbygender.

4.Discussion

Asinpreviousresearch,greaterenvironmentalconcernwasrelatedtohigherlevelsoftheBigFivepersonalitytraitsofAgree-ablenessandOpenness(HirshRoccasetal.,2022).Agreeableness,forinstance,isrelatedtohigherlevelsofempathy(Ashton,Paunonen,Helmes,&Jackson,1998),whichisthoughttosupportpro-environmentalmotives(Schultz,2000).IndividualswhoarelowerinAgreeablenesstendtobemoresel?shgenerallyspeaking,andarelessconcernedaboutthewelfareofothers.Openness,meanwhile,isassociatedwithincreasedcognitiveabilityand?exibilityinthought(DeYoung,Peterson,&Higgins,2022),potentiallyaffordingabroaderperspectiveonhumanity’splaceinthelargerecologyandagreateraestheticappreciationofnaturalbeauty.Lessopenindividuals,incontrast,arelikelytohaveanarrowerandmoreconservativeperspectiveonnature’svalue.

Anunexpected?ndingwastheeffectofNeuroticism,withmoreneuroticindividualsdemonstratingsigni?cantlyhigherlevelsofenvironmentalconcern.AlthoughthisrelationshipwasnotfoundinthepreliminarystudythatemployedtheBigFive(Hirsh&Dolderman,2022),itwaspreviouslyfoundtopredictsupportforenvironmentalpreservation(Wiseman&Bogner,2022)whenmeasuredwiththeEysenckPersonalityQuestionnaire(Eysenck&Eysenck,1975).Oneexplanationforthis?ndingisthatneuroticindividualstendtobemoreworriedaboutnegativeoutcomesingeneral,andsoconcernabouttheenvironmentmayre?ectanxietyabouttheconsequencesofenvironmentaldegradation(whereasemotionallystableindividualswouldpotentiallyexperiencelessaffectivedisturbancewhenthinkingaboutthistopic).Itisthus

248J.B.Hirsh/JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology30(2022)245–248

possiblethatneuroticindividualswoulddemonstrateamoreegoisticformofenvironmentalconcern,ratherthananaltruisticone(Schultz,2022).

Asecond?ndingthatwasunpredictedfrompreviousresearchonthistopicisthefactthatConscientiousnesshadasmallbutsigni?-cantpositiveassociationwithenvironmentalconcern.Giventherelativelysmallmagnitudeofthisrelationship,itisperhapsunsur-prisingthatthepreviousstudyemployingasmallersamplesizedidnotuncoverthisresult.TheimportanceofConscientiousnessforenvironmentalconcernisconsistentwithstudiesthatlinkthistraittohigherlevelsofsocialinvestmentandprudentrule-adherenceingeneral(Lodi-SmithSchultz,2022;Wiseman&Bogner,2022).Futureresearchcouldexplorethesepossibilitiesbyemployingmoredetailedmeasuresofpersonalityandenvironmentalconcern.Nonetheless,thecurrentstudyprovidessupportfortheimportanceofpersonalitytraitsinrelationtoenvironmentalattitudes,andtherebyprovidesausefulframeworkformoretargetedinvestiga-tionsintotheprocessesunderlyingtheserelationships.

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