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三峽大學(xué)

2018年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試試題（B卷）

科目代碼：791科目名稱：綜合英語

考試時間為3小時，卷面總分為150分

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I.ChoosetherightonefromA.B.C.Dforeachblank.（20分）

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1.Agricultureisthisnation'smajorsourceofwealth,wheatbyfarthebiggest

cerealcrop.

A.isB.beenC.beD.being

2.Abovethetreesarethehills,magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthe

surface.

A.whereB.ofwhoseC.whoseD.which

3Ilikeecolinguistics,Ilikeecologymuchbetter.

A.AsmuchasB.SomuchC.HowmuchD.Muchas

4.Aretheseapplesfor?

AusthreeB.wethreeC.ourthreeD.threeus

5.1feelthatI'mnotyettoworkfulltime.

A.toostrongB.enoughstrongC.sostrongD.strongenough

6.Thepolicemenwouldhavecaughtthemurdererafewminutesearlier.

A.weretheytoarriveB.hadtheyarrived

C.iftheyshouldhavearrivedD.iftheywouldhavearriced

7.Scientistsallovertheworldhavesuggestedtimeandagainthatifwewanttolive

onEarthforever,weourenvironmentfrombeingpolluted.

A.willpreventB.mustpreventC.shallpreventDprevent

8.,studentsareporhibitedfromsmokinginthelibrary.

A.Ashasbeenmentionedintheregulations

B.Ashavingmentionedintheregulations

C.Mentionedasintheregulations

D.Asbeingmentionedintheregulations

9.intheuniverseisthatoflight.

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A.ThemaximumspeedpossibleB.Thepossiblemaximumspeed

C.ThemaximumpossiblespeedD.Thepossiblespeedmaximum

10.Eachleadandeachconnectorownposition.

A.hasitsB.havetheirC.hastheirD.haveits

11.TheUnitedStatesaccusestheEECbanningAmericanbeef.

A.ofB.aboutC.onD.to

12.Itisimpossibletocompletethebookinamonth,inaweek.

A.muchmoreB.muchlessC.letitaloneD.stillless

13.ItwasMr.Greenwhotheorphanchildthreeyearsago.

A.acceptedB.receivedC.admittedD.adopted

14.Bodytemperatureof106°Fisnotuncommoninathletesduringexercisebutcan

beinanaverageperson.

A.seriousB.roughC.toughD.fatal

15.Theyfailedagainandagainandatlastallhope.

A.desertedB.abandonedC.detainedD.devoured

16.TheAmericanpresidentTrump'svisittoChinawastelevised.

A.liveB.livelyC.livingD.alive

17.Hehaspaidattentiontothesituationinthepoorregions.

A.considerateB.considerableC.consideringD.consistent

18.AftertheWar,slaverywaseventually.

A.polishedB.finishedC.acomplishedD.abolished

19.1don'tthinktherainwillourplanforapicnic.

A.defectB.affectC.effectD.infect

20.Youhavetothehostileattitudeofthenewbosstowardyou.

A.putupwithB.comeupwithC.keepupwithD.makeupwith

II.Choosetherightwordfromthelistgivenbelowforeachblank.(10分)

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grandioseinterminglesmagniloquentspecificallyoftener

employsconceitsdescriptivelydiverseserves

Baroqueisawordappliedbyart-historiansatfirstderogatorily,butnowmerely

(1)toastyleofarchitecture,sculpture,andpaintingthatdevelopedinItalyat

thebeginningoftheseventeenthcenturyandthenspreadtoGermanyandother

countriesinEurope.Thestyle(2)theclassicalformsoftheRenaissance,but

breaksthemupand(3)themtoachieveelaborate,(4),energetic,and

highlydramaticeffects.Thewordhasbeenadoptedwithreferencetoliterature,with

very(5)applications.Itmaysignifyanyelaboratelyformaland(6)style

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inverseorprose.Occasionally一though(7)ontheContinentthaninEngland-

it(8)asaperiodtermforpost-Renaissanceliteratureintheseventeenthcentury.

Morefrequentlyitisapplied(9)totheelaborateversesandextravagant(10)

ofthelate-sixteenthandearlyseventeenth-centuryposts.

III.Readthefollowingtextscarefullyandthenmakeacorrectchoicetoanswer

thequestionsaftereachtext.(40分)

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TEXTA

Governmenthastraditionallybeenevaluatedintermsoftheireffectsin

promotingseveralprinciples.Wehaveseenthatoneofthese一justice一is

appropriatetothenarrowerdefinitionofgovernmentasthepowertopunish.Itis

punishment,whichisadministeredwithjustice,andagovernment,whichis

successfulinbalancingaversiveconsequences,issaidto"maximizejustice”.Our

practicalsupportofsuchagovernmentisprobablynotduetoanysuchprinciple,

however,butrathertothefactthatajustgovernment,incomparisonwithother

governments,ismorelikelytoreinforcethebehaviorofsupportingit.

Anotherprinciplecommonlyappealedtoafreedom.Thatgovernmentissaidtobe

bestwhichgovernsleast.Thefreedom,whichis,maximizedbyagoodgovernment

isnot,however,thefreedom,whichisatissueinascienceofbehavior.Undera

government,whichcontrolsthroughpositivereinforcement,thecitizenfeelsfree,

thoughheisnolesscontrolled.Freedomfromgovernmentisfreedomfromaversive

consequences.Wechooseaformofgovernment,whichmaximizesfreedomfora

verysimplereason:aversiveeventsareaversive.Agovernment,whichmakesthe

leastuseofitspowertopunish,ismostlikelytoreinforceourbehaviorinsupporting

it.

Anotherprinciplecurrentlyinfashionissecurity.Securityagainstaversive

governmentalcontrolraisesthesameissueasfreedom.Sodoessecurityfromwants,

whichmeanssecurityfromaversiveeventswhicharenotspecificallyarrangedbythe

governingagency一fromhunger,cold,orhardshipingeneral,particularlyin

illnessoroldage.Agovernmentincreasessecuritybyarranginganenvironmentin

whichmanycommonaversiveconsequencesdonotoccur,inwhichpositive

consequencesareeasilyachieved,andinwhichextremestatesofdeprivationare

avoided.Suchagovernmentnaturallyreinforcesthebehaviorofsupportingit.

The“right“ofarulerwasanancientdeviceforexplaininghispowertorule.

“Humanrights^^suchasjustice,freedomandsecurityaredevicesforexplainingthe

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counter-controlexercisedbythegoverned.Amanhashisrightsinthesensethatthe

governingagencyisrestrictedinitspowertocontrolhim.Heassertstheserights

alongwithothercitizenswhenheresistscontrol."Humanrights"arewaysof

representingcertaineffectsofgoverningpractices一effectswhichareingeneral

positivelyreinforcingandwhichwethereforecallgood.To'justify'agovernmentin

suchtermsissimplyanindirectwayofpointingtotheeffectofthegovernmentin

reinforcingthebehaviorofthesupportinggroup.

Itiscommonlybelievedthatjustice,freedom,security,andsoonrefertocertain

moreremoteconsequencesintermsofwhichaformofgovernmentmaybe

evaluated.WeshallreturntothispointinsectionVI,whereweshallseethatan

additionalprincipleisneededtoexplainwhytheseprinciplesarechosenasabasis

forevaluation.

Questions1-5

l.Itisgenerallyadmittedthatagovernmentrulesinordertosee.

A.theresultsofitsproposeddoctrine

B.howpowerfulitiswhenitexercisesitspower

C.howitistoenhancethedemeanorofsanction

D.bothAandC

2.Agovernmentissaidto“maximizejustice”whenit.

A.exercisesitspowerofpunishmentstrictly

B.thrivesonstabilizingloathingupshot

C.adoptsitsdoctrinesuccessfully

D.supervisesjusticesmoothly

3.Accordingtotheauthor,agoodgovernmentoughttoallowitscitizenstoexercise

theirrightstofreespeechandfreemovementsothat.

A.peoplelivealifeofanarchy

B.peopleliveinaUtopianworld

C.loathingoutcomeisavoided

D.peoplearelesscontrolled

4.Agovernmentislikelytoreinforceandmaximizefreedomofthosewholook

favorablyatitandwhoactivelysupportsuchgovernment.

A.whenitprovidessocialinsuranceforpeople

B.whenitprotectsitscitizensfromhunger,coldandhardship

C.whenitsetsuppensionandpublichealthservice

D.alloftheabove

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5.Thepurposeoftheso-called“humanrights“concept,whichisguaranteedand

reinforcedbygovernment,isbaseduponthebeliefthat.

A.citizenspledgeforit

B.governmentcanexerciseitspowertocontrolpositively

C.anygovernment'spowerswouldbeexercisedundercitizens9supervision

D.peopleshouldruledirectlywithoutanyinterferencefromgovernmentagencies

TEXTB

Thefirstflyingvertebratesweretruereptilesinwhichoneofthefingersofthe

frontlimbsbecameveryelongated,providingsupportfbraflapofstretchedskinthat

servedasawing.Thesewerethepterosaurs,literallythe“wingedlizards."The

earliestpterosaursaroseneartheendoftheTriassicperiodoftheMesozoicEra,

some70millionyearsbeforethefirstknownfossilsoftruebirdsoccur,andthey

presumablydominatedtheskiesuntiltheywereeventuallydisplacedbybirds.Like

thedinosaurs,someofthepterosaursbecamegigantic;thelargestfossildiscoveredis

ofanindividualthathadawingspanof50feetormore,largerthanmanyairplanes.

Theseflyingreptileshadlarge,tooth-filledjaws,buttheirbodiesweresmalland

probablywithoutthenecessarypowerfulmusclesforsustainedwingmovement.

Theymusthavebeenexpertgliders,notskillfulfliers,relyingonwindpowerfor

theirlocomotion.

Birds,despitesharingcommonreptilianancestorswithpterosaurs,evolvedquite

separatelyandhavebeenmuchmoresuccessfulintheirdominanceoftheair.They

areanexampleofacommonthemeinevolution,themoreorlessparallel

developmentofdifferenttypesofbodystructureandfunctionforthesamereason一

inthiscase,fbrflight.Althoughthefossilrecord,asalways,isnotcompleteenough

todeterminedefinitivelytheevolutionarylineageofthebirdsorinasmuchdetailas

onewouldlike,itisbetterinthiscasethanfbrmanyotheranimalgroups.Thatis

becauseoftheunusualpreservationinalimestonequarryinsouthernGermanyof

Archaeopteryx,afossilthatmanyhavecalledthelinkbetweendinosaursandbirds.

Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils,theymightwell

havebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.Theyhavetheskullandteethofareptileaswellas

abonytail,butintheline-grainedlimestoneinwhichthesefossilsoccurthereare

delicateimpressionsoffeathersandfinedetailsofbonestructurethatmakeitclear

thatArchaeopteryxwasabird.Allbirdslivingtoday,fromthegreatcondorsofthe

Andestothetiniestwrens,tracetheiroriginbacktotheMesozoicdinosaurs.

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Questions6?10

6.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?.

A.Characteristicsofpterosaurwings

B.B.ThediscoveryoffossilremainsofArchaeopteryx

C.Reasonsfortheextinctionofearlyflyingvertebrates

D.Thedevelopmentofflightinreptilesandbirds

7.Whichofthefollowingistrueofearlyreptilewings?

A.Theyevolvedfromstronglimbmuscles.

B.Theyconsistedofanextensionofskin.

C.Theyconnectedthefrontandbacklimbs.

D.Theyrequiredfingersofequallength.

8.Theauthormentionsairplanesinorderto

A.illustratethesizeofwingspansinsomepterosaurs

B.comparetheenergyneedsofdinosaurswiththoseofmodernmachines

C.demonstratethedifferencesbetweenmechanizedflightandanimalflight

D.establishthepracticalapplicationsofthestudyoffossils

9.Accordingtothepassage,pterosaurswereprobably"notskillfulfliers“because

A.oftheirlimitedwingspan

B.oftheirdisproportionatelylargebodies

C.theylackedmusclesneededforextendedflight

D.climateconditionsofthetimeprovidedinsufficientwindpower

10.WhatisthesignificanceofthediscoverythatwasmadeinsouthemGermany?

A.Itisthoughttodemonstratethatbirdsevolvedfromdinosaurs.

B.ItisproofthattheclimateandsoilsofEuropehavechangedovertime.

C.Itsuggeststhatdinosaursweredominantinareasrichinlimestone.

D.ItsupportsthetheorythatArchaeopteryxwasapowerfuldinosaur.

TEXTC

FindingsomethingnewtosayaboutAmerica'sloveaffairwiththedeathpenalty

isnoteasy.Thesubjectnotonlyarousesintenseemotions,ithasproducedanocean

ofcommentfromlawyers,judges,politicians,campaigners,statisticians,social

scientistsandquiteafewdemagogues.Nevertheless,FranklinZimring,oneof

America'sleadingcriminologists,hasmanagedtoriseabovethiscacophonytowrite

athought-provokingandgenuinelyoriginallook,'TheContradictionsofAmerican

CapitalPunishment9,whichdeservestobecomeaclassic.

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Mr.Zimringtackleshead-onthemostpuzzlingquestionofall:whyare

Americanssodeterminedtokeepthedeathpenaltywhennearlyallotherdeveloped

democracieshavegivenitup,andnowviewitasbarbaric?Inthepasttwodecades,

attitudesinAmericaandEuropehavedivergedsomuchthatanydialogueonthe

subjecthasbeenreplacedbyblankincomprehension,andAmerica'sretentionof

capitalpunishmenthasbecomeasignificantdiplomaticirritant.ForEuropean

governmentstheabolitionofcapitalpunishmentisahuman-rightspriority,andthey

haveexpendedvaluablepoliticalcapitalintryingtoachieveit.American

governments,RepublicanandDemocratic,insistthatthedeathpenaltyhasnothingto

dowithhuman-rights,anddeeplyresentEuropeaneffortstomakeitsabolitionan

internationalnorm.

ThedifferencebetweenEuropeanandAmericanattitudes,saysMr.Zimring,is

notthebreadthofsupportforthedeathpenalty,butitsdepth.Atthetimeofthedeath

penalty'sabolitionineachdevelopedcountry,amajoritysimilartoAmerica's,

currently65%,wantedtokeepit,accordingtoopinionpolls.ButwhenEuropean

politicalelitesturnedagainstitaftertheSecondWorldWar,electoratesacquiesced.

TodaymostEuropeansprobablywouldnotwantitback.

ThedeathpenaltyisafarmorecontentiousissueinAmerica,saysMr.Zimring,

becausethedebateaboutitdrawsonacherishedAmericanpoliticaltraditionwhich

doesnotexistanywhereelse:vigilantejustice.Manydeath-penaltysupporterssee

executionsnotasactsofadistantorunreliablegovernment,orevenasa

crime-controlmeasure,butasaninstrumentoflocal,communityjustice,aformof

vengeanceonbehalfofthevictim'srelatives.

Inastartlinganalysis,Mr.Zimringshowsthatmostexecutionsareperformedin

afewstatesinthesouthandsouth-westwherethelynchingofAfrican-Americans,

otherformsofmobviolenceandsix-shooterjusticeweremostendemicattheendof

the19thandfirsthalfofthe20thcenturies.Opinion-pollsupportforthedeath

penaltymaybefairlyuniformacrossAmerica,and38stateshavethedeathpenalty

ontheirbooks,butmanystateshardlyeverexecuteanyone.Thevastbulkof

executionstakeplaceonlywherethevaluesofthelynchmobhaveendured,he

says.

Manypeoplewillfindthislinkagedistasteful.ButMr.Zimringmarshalsa

powerfulcaseforit,andscepticswillhavetoreplytohisevidence,notjustbrushthe

argumentaside.Americans,distrustofoverweeninggovernmentpowerisasdeeply

rootedatraditionasvigilantejustice,Mr.Zimringconcedes.However,whenitcomes

tothedeathpenalty,thisdistrustismanifestnotinanabolitionistmovement,asin

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othercountries,butinthemazeoflegal-appealsprocedureswhichmeanthatmost

murdererscondemnedtodeathspendyears,evendecades,ondeathrow.More

death-rowinmatesarelikelytodieofoldagethanbyexecution.Neithersupporters

noropponentsofthedeathpenaltyarehappywiththisoddresult.

WhatAmericansreallywantisanerror-freedeathpenalty,butthiscanneverbe

guaranteed,astherecentspateofdeath-rowexonerationshasshown.Moreover,Mr.

ZimringarguesthatAmericans5ambivalenceaboutcapitalpunishmentcanneverbe

resolved.Soonerorlater,oneofthesecompetingtraditions一aregardforcareful

legalprocessestosecond-guessandconstraingovernmentactions,orthedesirefor

vengeance-willhavetogiveway.Thatwillnothappeneasily.Bothdatebacktothe

country'sfounding.

Mr.Zimringbelieves,onscantyevidence,thatAmericanswilleventually

abandonvigilantevalues,andabolishthedeathpenalty.Butheadmitsthatthiswill

beamessy,bitteraffair.Andhecouldwellbewrong.Hisanalysismightequally

pointtoanother,lesspalatableoutcome:asweepingasideoflegalconstraints,anda

morerapidpaceofexecutions.

Questions11—15

11.Whatisthemainpurposeofthisarticle?

A.TodiscusscapitalpunishmentinAmerica

B.TosupportMr.Zimring'sviewsoncapitalpunishment

C.ToreviewMr.Zimring'sbookoncapitalpunishment

D.TohelpsellMr.Zimring'sbookoncapitalpunishment

12.WhatareEuropeanviewsonthedeathpenalty,accordingtotheauthors?

A.Thatitisuncivilizedandshouldbestoppedeverywherebecauseitinfringes

people'sfreedoms.

B.ThatAmericaannoyspeoplebyinsistingonkeepingthedeathpenalty.

C.ThatAmericansandEuropeansdefinehuman-rightsindifferentways.

D.Thatnearlytwothirdsofpeopledisagree.

13.Whatexplanationisgivenformanycriminalsbeingkeptondeathrow?

A.Americansdon'ttrusttheiroversizedgovernmenttousetheirpowertokeep

thetraditions

B.Courtsareoftenrequiredtore-examinecasesincasetherehasbeena

miscarriageofjustice

C.Groupswhowanttostopthedeathpenaltyoftencausedelaysinits

execution

D.Manymurderersdon'tdieyoung

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14.TwodifferenttheoreticalexplanationsseemtobeproducedbyZimring's

analysis.Whatarethey?

A.One,toabolishthedeathpenalty;twotore-introduceit

B.One,tofollowhistoricallaws;two,tofollowpresent-daylaws

C.One,Americanattitudes;two,Europeanattitudes

D.One,restrictionofgovernmentpowers;two,“aneyeforaneye“attitude

15.TwoapparentlycontradictorystatementsaremadeaboutwhatZimringthinkswill

betheoutcomeofthedebateaboutthedeathpenalty:one,“thatAmericans9

ambivalenceaboutcapitalpunishmentcanneverberesolved^^andtwo,that

"Americanswilleventuallyabolishthedeathpenalty".Whatcanweinferaboutthis?

A.ThatZimringbelievesthatthedeathpenaltycan'teverbeabolishedin

Americaevenif,intime,amajorityofAmericanswouldlikeittobe.

B.ThatZimringisconfusedanddoesn'tknowwhathethinks

C.ThatZimringisscepticalthatitwilleverbeabolishedbutmaybeitwillone

day.

D.ThatZimringbelievesthatitwilleventuallybeabolishedbutthatthedecision

willnotbeeasilyagreedandwhenitisitwillstillbedeeplyunpopular.

TEXTD

Doestheluggageyoutakeonvacationfeelextraheavythesedays?Maybeit's

becauseofthelaptop,batteries,extensioncords,PDA,cellphoneandpageryou've

stuffedintoit.Apparently,you'reingoodcompany.Aninformalsurveybyjob

counselingfirmCareerBuilderfoundthateventhoughonly22percentofworkers

saythey'reexpectedtokeepintouchwiththeofficewhileonvacation,nearly40

percentactuallydoit.

It'snotthatthesefolksdon'tliketheirR&R.Nearlynineof10respondents

believevacationshelpthemrelievestressandstayhealthy.Onebigreasonforthe

workingholidayphenomenonmaybetheround-the-clocknatureofmanybusinesses.

"Peoplenowhavetorespondtocustomers24-7oryou'renotbeingcompetitive,

explainsBarryLawrenceoftheReston,Va.-basedCareerBuilder,whichqueried

morethan3,200respondentsinMayforthesurvey."Thatmeansthatpeopleatwork

areondemand24-7andthechallengesandproblemstendtofollowthemwhenthey

leavetheoffice.”

Anotherreasoniswhatcouldbecalledthebigcheesefactor.Ifthebossis

constantlylogginginwhileonaholidayitsignalseveiyoneelsethattheyshoulddo

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thesamefromtheirvacation,saysLawrence."Thethingis,we'reallstill

vacationing.It9snotthequantitythat'ssuffering,butthequality,heargues.

Sohowcanemployeesrelaxwithoutfeelingguilty?Thebestadvice,he

suggests,istoplanahead.Finishupprojectsbeforeyouleave.Thatwaydeadlines

arenothangingoveryou.Ifyoucan'ttearyourselfawaycompletely,Lawrence

recommendsestablishingamethodandatimetocheckinbeforeyougo.Thenfirmly

sticktothatschedule."Beclearwithcustomersandyourcompanythatyoucanbe

reachedbye-mailbetween7amand9am.Therestoftimeyou'llbeonthebeach.”

Questions16—20

16.Inthefirstparagraph,whentheauthorsaysthat"Apparently,you'reingood

company"，hemeansthat.

A.becauseyouhavethelaptop,batteries,extensioncords,PDA,cellphoneand

pagersupportedbythecompany,itisclearthatyouareingoodcompany.

B.becauseyouworkhardduringvacations,youmustbeinanexcellent

workingteam

C.infactyouarenotalone,formanypeopledosimilarthingslikeyou

D.youareinabadcompanyactually

17.Accordingtothecontext,R&Rprobablyre