3年高考2年模擬1年原創(chuàng)精品系列

專題22閱讀理解——科普知識(shí)

【考點(diǎn)定位】2013考綱解讀和近幾年考點(diǎn)分布

高考對(duì)說明文的考查多為科普說明文，它是閱讀理解重要內(nèi)容，也是高考考查難

點(diǎn)。科普類“閱讀理解”題愈來愈受到命題者的青睞。而科普類文章往往具有跨學(xué)科、行文

邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)，要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握。

【試題特點(diǎn)】

①注重學(xué)科滲透，行文邏輯性強(qiáng)，內(nèi)容抽象。

②貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)、生活實(shí)際，有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的思維,對(duì)選拔優(yōu)秀考生有一定的作

用。

③能全面地考查學(xué)生的綜合閱讀能力和運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)去分析、解決實(shí)際問題的能

力。

科普類文章往往具有跨學(xué)科、行文邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn):要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以

及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握?？破照f明文常設(shè)置下列題型

(1)1示題判斷題

科普說明文多出現(xiàn)標(biāo)題判斷題，考查考生對(duì)全文的理解，它常以Whatwouldbethe

besttideforthispassage、為設(shè)問方式，解題時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意因科普說明文常先召動(dòng)植物是

如何保護(hù)自身的，因此多以Howdodoes...defendthemselves(itself)為標(biāo)題。

(2性詞詞義判斷題

科普說明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理，易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)

性較強(qiáng)的生詞,因此常出現(xiàn)生詞詞義判斷題，這種試題常以Whatdoestheunderlinedword

mean?；騑hatisdiemeaningoftheunderlined問^^考分寸生詞詞義的判斷。

解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真閱讀原支，分析原文對(duì)自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)、產(chǎn)品工藝原理是

如何解釋、如何定義的，在此基礎(chǔ)上抽象概括出生詞詞義。

(3)代詞指代判斷題

科技說明文在對(duì)自然蠅、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理進(jìn)行解時(shí)，易出現(xiàn)動(dòng)

作變換多、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變頻的現(xiàn)象，因此常出現(xiàn)代詞指代判斷題，這些試題常以itthev.them

等表物的代詞為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生根據(jù)上下文語境邏輯推斷其才副弋對(duì)象。解題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)

真分析動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，區(qū)分動(dòng)作不同執(zhí)行者，從而準(zhǔn)確判斷代詞的正確指代。

(4)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題

科普說明文常出現(xiàn)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題，這種試題或以生物依賴關(guān)系為命題題點(diǎn)，要求

考生判斷正確的生物依賴關(guān)系；或以工藝流程為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的流程順

序，或以生產(chǎn)方法為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的生產(chǎn)方法；或以機(jī)械配制為命題題

點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的機(jī)械配制。解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文對(duì)生物依賴關(guān)系、

發(fā)明創(chuàng)造誕生過程和工藝流程過程的介紹，并且邊讀邊畫簡(jiǎn)易草圖，以提高理解準(zhǔn)確率。

分析備選項(xiàng)時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)照原文介紹情況，找出各圖不同之處，以便最終做出正確判斷。

【考點(diǎn)pk】名師考點(diǎn)透析

考點(diǎn)一、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解。

一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細(xì)節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序(時(shí)

間、空間、情感變化等)排列起來，來進(jìn)一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。

細(xì)節(jié)理解題目主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范

疇，難度較小，但在整個(gè)閱讀理解題中所占比例最大，細(xì)節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個(gè)具體

事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)來設(shè)計(jì)題目。

此類題通常根據(jù)文章具體內(nèi)容來設(shè)問，也常使用下列方式來提問

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true/correct?

2.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

3.Allofthefollowingaretrueexcept...

4.Accordingtothepassage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...?

1.直接事實(shí)題

在解答這類問題時(shí)要求學(xué)生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對(duì)性方法進(jìn)行閱讀，因?yàn)檫@

類題的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：

AgiantdamwasbuiltmanyyearsagotocontroltheColoradoRiverintheU.S.Thisdam

wasbuilttoprotectthelandandhousesaroundtheriver.

ThishugedamisintheBlackCanyon.ltispossibletodriveacarfromonesideofthe

rivertotheotheronaroad,whichisonthetopofthedam.Thisdamissobigthatthereisan

elevatorinside.Theelevatorgoesdownforty-fourstoriesfromtheroadtothebottom.Thereis

enoughconcreteinthisdamtobuildahighwayfromNewYorktoSanFrancisco.Thousands

ofpeopleworkedonthisdamforfiveyears.

ThishugedamwascalledBoulderDamwhenitwasfinishedin1936.Lateritwas

renamedHooverDaminhonorofapresidentoftheUnitedStates.HooverDam,oneofthe

highestdamsintheworld,issituatedbetweenthestatesofArizonaandNevada.

Q：HooverDamlies.

A.betweenArizonaandNevada

B.intheBlackCanyon

C.betweenNewYorkandSanFrancisco

D.bothAandB

【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是D項(xiàng)。

2.間接事實(shí)題

解答此類題，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的概括和判斷或者要進(jìn)行

簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算。

InvitedbyMr.YeHuixian,hostofthewell-receivedTVprogramme6tStarsTonight”,Miss

LuoLin,MissAsiaof1991,appearedastheguesthostessontheShanghaiTVscreenlast

Sunday.

BorninShanghaiandtakentoHongkongwhenshewasonlysixyearsold,LuoLinhas

neverdreamedofbeingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanairhostess.Beforeshe

tookpartinthecompetition,shehadbeenanairhostessinCathayAirlineforseven

years.However,itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheartofwalkingonthestage,

dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners,designedbytheAsiaTVStation.

“It'sreallyahardjobforme.Iwon'tenterforsuchcompetitionanymore.Anyhow,Iam

quitelucky.lamalsogladtohavehadmorechancetoworkforthesocialwelfaresinceIwon

thetitle.Thistime,inShanghai,I'dlovetomakeadeepimpressiononmyTVaudience,“said

LuoLinwithasweetsmile.

Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.

B.LuoLinmovedtoHongkongwithherparents.

C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.

D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobecomeMissAsia.

【解析】A、C和D項(xiàng)都可在原文找到答案，而B項(xiàng)原文所給的是:takentoHongkong

可判斷不是movedtoHongkongwithherparents,因此選Bo

3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。

IfyouregisterboththeVIEWqualificationcourseandtheForumatthesametime,you

willsave.

A.$100B.$300C.$350D.$400

這類題目要求學(xué)生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算

和推斷。在做此類題時(shí)：

1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。

2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。

3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語的意義。

考點(diǎn)二、主題理解或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷。

一、主旨閱i麹解題考查的內(nèi)容

L短文的標(biāo)題(title：headlinu);

2.短文或段落的主題(sgect)；

3.中心思想(mainidea)；

4.作者的寫作目的(purpose)。

二、m問程

l.XMiatwouldbethebesttideforthetext?

2.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?

3.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout0

4.Themainpurposeofannouncingtheaboveeventsis.

考點(diǎn)三、推理推斷。

推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到或者

沒有明說的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。這類題旨在考查學(xué)生透過詞語的字面意義去理解

作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬于深層理解題。

此類題的設(shè)問常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude等詞，這類題的設(shè)問方式主要有：

l.WecaninferfromthePassagethat.

2.WhatcanbeinferredfromthePassage?

3.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthePassage?

4.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.

5.Theauthorsuggestsinthisparagraphthat.

6.Thewriterimpliesthat.

7.Itcanbeinferredthat.

8.ItcanbeconcludedfromthePassagethat.

9.Onthewhole,wecanconcludethat.

lO.Fromthetextwecanconcludethat.

11.AfterreadingthePassagewemayconcludethat.

12.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthePassage?

13.Theauthorisinclinedtothinkthat.

14.Whenthewritertalksabout,whathereallymeansisthat.

15.What'sthewriter'sattitude/feelingtowards...?

16.Inthewriter'sopinion,...

近年來，高考加大了對(duì)學(xué)生判斷推理能力的考查。判斷推理題要求在理解原文表面

文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理

題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文

字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息

做多步推理。做題時(shí)要注意題干的語言形，如Accordingtothepassage...,Itcanbeinferred

fromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat...等，雖然從表面上看是

問有關(guān)全文的題，但實(shí)際上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的線索找到原文中與之

相關(guān)的一句話或幾句話，然后得出答案。針對(duì)推理題的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.

假如題干中有具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原文相關(guān)句（一句或幾句話），然后做出推理；

2.假如題干中無線索，如Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfrom

thepassagethat…等，先瀏覽一下4個(gè)選項(xiàng)，排除不太可能的選項(xiàng)，然后根據(jù)最可能的選

項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞找到原文相關(guān)句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，

那么推理題，如infer,conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，考生應(yīng)該定位到文章主題所

在位置（如主題句出現(xiàn)處）；假如其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來的內(nèi)容可

能與段落主題有關(guān)，如果如此，應(yīng)該找段落主題所在處；如果不與段落主題有關(guān)，有時(shí)

與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關(guān)，這時(shí)可以尋找與這些結(jié)論相關(guān)的原文敘述。

考點(diǎn)四、詞義、句義猜測(cè)。

詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解題考查對(duì)文中關(guān)鍵詞語的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短

語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。

此類題的設(shè)問方式主要有

l.Theword"...”inLine...means/canbereplacedby...

2.Asusedinthepassage,thephrasell..."suggests...

3.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phraseis/referredto...

4.Theword"...”isclosestinmeaningto…猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常

用的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較

多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、

常識(shí)、上下文等線索確定詞義。

1.定義法。如：

Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolvery

slowly.

句子給予annealing以明確的定義，即“退火”。

Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。

Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.

定語從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為"牧人

2.同位法。如：

Theytraveledalongwayandatlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.

同位語部分alargebuildinginoldtimes給出了castle的確切詞義，即“城堡

Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.一thisweek.

兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的短語很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。

3.對(duì)比法。如：

Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirst

class.

but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了

一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論。

4.構(gòu)詞法（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等）。如：

Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?

possibility是possible的同根名詞，據(jù)此可以判斷定possibility意思是“可能性

5.因果法。如:

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswas

permanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.

從后面的結(jié)果“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)''中，可以推測(cè)permanent的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久”。

健

【三年高考】10、11、12高考試題及其解析

2012高考英語試題

科普知識(shí)類

[2012?浙江卷]

B

Belowisaselectionaboutsome（吉尼斯）WorldRecords.

Top6UnusualGuinnessWorldRecords

夫?Fastest10（）mrunningonallfours

The2008GuinnessWorldRecordsDaywas,accordingtoGWR,theirbiggestdayof

record-breakingever,withmorethan290,000peopletakingpartinrecordattemptsin15

differentcountries.KenichiIto'srecordattemptwaspartofthisspecialday.Heisjustanother

exampleofJapanesewith“superpowers".His“superpower“istorunwithgreatspeedonall

fours.KenichiItoran100monallfoursin18.58seconds.TheJapanesesetthisrecordat

SetagayaKuritsuSogoUndojyo,Tokyo,in2008.

?MostpeopleinsideasoapbubbledLongestearsonadog?Mostliving

generations

DidyoueverwonderwhatistheGuinnessWorldRecordformostlivinggenerationsin

onefamily?Sevenistheanswer.

Theultimateauthorityonrecord-breakingmentionsonthewebsitethattheyoungest

great-great-great-greatgrandparentofthisfamilywasAugustaBung“aged109years97days,

followedbyherdaughteraged89,hergranddaughteraged70,hergreatgrand-daughteraged

52,hergreat-greatgrand-daughteraged33andhergreat-great-greatgranddaughteraged15

onthebirthofhergreat-great-great-greatgrandsononJanuary21,1989''.

?MostT-shirtswornatonce?Heanestpumpkin

46.WhyisKenichiItodescribedasamanwitha“superpower：'?

A.HesetagoodexampletoallJapanese.

B.Hemaderecordattemptsin15differentcountries.

C.Hesetanewrecordfor"Fastest100mrunningonallfours'1.

D.Heparticipatedinthe2008GuinnessWorldRecordsDayactivities.

47.Jeffriesisthenameof.

A.theownerofthedogwiththelongestears

B.thegrandfatherofthedogwiththelongestears

C.thepresentholderoftherecordfor^Longestearsonadog"

D.theformerholderoftherecordfor"Longestearsonadog”4

8.HowmanyT-shirtshadKrunoslavBudiseliputonbeforehefeltitdifficulttogoon?

A.68.B.120.C.238.D.245.

49.Accordingtothegiveninformation,whichGuinnessWorldRecordwasmost

recentlyset?

A.Therecordfor“Mostpeopleinsideasoapbubble”.

B.Therecordfor4UMostlivinggenerations”.

C.Therecordfor“MostT-shirtswornatonce”.

D.Therecordfor"Heaviestpumpkin”.

[2012?四川卷]

E

Plantsarefloweringfasterthanscientistspredicted(預(yù)測(cè))inreactiontoclimatechange,

whichcouldhavelongdamagingeffectsonfoodchainsandecosystems.

Globalwarmingishavingagreateffectonhundredsofplantandanimalspeciesaround

theworld,changingsomelivingpatterns,scientistssay.

Increasedcarbondioxide(CO2)intheairfromburningcoalandoilcanhaveaneffecton

howplantsproduceoxygen,whilehighertemperaturesandchangeablerainfallpatternscan

changetheirpatternsofgrowth.

""Predictingspecies'reactiontoclimatechangeisamajorchallengeinecology,“saidthe

researchersofseveralU.S.universities.Theysaidplantshadbeenthekeyobjectofstudy

becausetheirreactiontoclimatechangecouldhaveaneffectonfoodchainsandecosystem

services.

Thestudy,publishedontheNaturewebsite,usesthefindingsfromplantlifecycle

studiesandexperimentsacrossfourcontinentsand1,634species.Itfoundthatsome

experimentshadunderestimated（低估）thespeedoffloweringby8.5timesandleafingby4

times.

*"Acrossallspecies,dieexperimentsunder-predictedthespeedoftheadvance-forboth

leafingandflowering-thatresultsfromtemperatureincreases,"thestudysaid.

Thedesignoffutureexperimentsmayneedtobeimprovedtobetterpredicthowplants

willreacttoclimatechange,itsaid.

PlantsarenecessaryforlifeondieEarti.Theyarethebaseofdiefoodchain：using

photosyndiesis（光合作用）toproducesugarfromcarbondioxideandwater.Theyletout

oxygenwhichisneededbynearlyeven*organismontheplanet.

Scientistsbelievetheworld'saveragetemperaturehasrisenbyabout0.8℃since1900,and

nearly0.2℃everytenyearssince1979.

Sofar,effortstocutemissions（排放）ofplanet-warminggreenhousegasesarenotseenas

enoughtopreventtheEarthheatingupbeyond2℃thiscentury—apointscientistssaywill

bringthedangerofachangeableclimateinwhichweatherextremesarecommon,leadingto

drought,floods,cropfailuresandrisingsealevels.

57.WhatisthekeyinformationtheauthorwantstogiveinParagraph1?

A.Plants'reactiontoweathercouldhavedamagingeffectsonecosystems.

B.Theincreasingspeedoffloweringisbeyondscientists*expectation.

C.Climatechangeleadstothechangeoffoodproductionpatterns.

D.Foodchainshavebeenseriouslydamagedbecauseofweather.

58.WecanlearnfromthestudypublishedontheNaturewebsitethat.

A.plants'floweringis8.5timesfasterthanleafing

B.thereare1,634plantspeciesonthefourcontinents

C.scientistsshouldimprovethedesignoftheexperiments

D.theexperimentsfailedtopredicthowplantsreacttoclimatechange

59.Scientistspayspecialattentiontothestudyofplantsbecause.

A.theycanprovetheclimatechangeclearly

B.theyareveryimportantinthefoodchains

C.theyplayaleadingroleinreducingglobalwarming

D.theyaregrowingandfloweringmuchfasterthanbefore

60.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphsabouttheworld'stemperature?

A.Ithasrisennearly0.2℃since1979.

B.Itschangewillleadtoweatherextremes.

C.Itis0.8℃higherin1979thanthatof1900.

D.Itneedstobecontrolledwithin2℃inthiscentury.

[2012?山東卷]

D

Fordiosewhoaretiredofdoingdielaundry：Samsunghasfoundananswer:awashing

machinethatcantellyouwhenyourlaundryisdoneviaasmartphoneapp(application).

Strangethoughitmayseeni—Fywifealreadydoesdiaf'wasacommonresponse

amongattendeesviewingdiedevicewhenitwasintroducedattheConsumerElectronics

Show(CES)thisweek—Samsungisjustoneofmanyappliancemakersracingtoinstall(安

裝)alargenumberofInternet-connectedfeaturesinmachinesinanefforttomakethem

“smart。

Lastyear：itwasarefrigeratortfiatnveeted.Thisyear：it'sXVi?Fi弋nabledlaundiy

machinesandfridgesthatcantellyouwhenyourgroceriesaregoingbad.

Thewashersanddryers,availablestartinginthespring,connecttoanysmartphone

throughadownloadableapplication.Thephonecanthenbeusedasaremotecontrol,sothe

machinescanbeturnedonandoffwhiletheirownerisatworkoronthebus.

Samsungsaysit'snotjustsomethingnew-theappconnectionactuallyhassome

practicaluses.

64Ifyoustartedtodryclothesinthemorningandforgottotakethemout,youcango

toyourphoneandrestartyourdryerforthetimewhenyoucomehome,soyourclothesare

refreshedandreadytogo,“saidspokespersonAmySchmidt.

Thecompanyalsosaysthatwithelectricityrates(電價(jià))varyingdependingonthe

timeofday,morecontroloverwhenthemachinesareusedcanhelpsavemoney.

Perhaps,butwhattheywillprobablyreallyaccomplishiswhatallgood

technologiesdo-enablelaziness.Ratherthangettinguptocheckonwhetherthelaundryis

done,userswillinsteadmonitoritontheirphoneswhilewatchingTV.

72.WhatcanbeinfeiTedfromthecommonresponseoftheattendeesattheCES?

A.Themachinewillbeabigsuccess.

B.Theirwiveslikedoingthelaundry.

C.Themachineisunrelatedtotheirlift.

D.Thiskindoftechnologyisfamiliartothem.

73.Whatcanwelearnaboutthenewlaundrymachines?

A.Theycantellyouwhenyourclothesneedwashing.

B.Theycanbecontrolledwithasmartphone.

C.Theyaredifficulttooperate.

D.Theyaresoldatalowprice.

74.WecanconcludefromSamsung'sstatementsthat.

A.theappconnectionmakeslifeeasier

B.itisbettertodryclothesinthemorning

C.smartphonescanshortenthedryingtime

D.weshouldrefreshclothesbackathome

75.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

A.Thelaundryshouldbefrequentlychecked.

B.Lazypeoplelikeusingsuchmachines.

C.Goodtechnologiesalsocauseproblems.

D.Televisionmayhelpdothelaundry.

[2012?全國(guó)卷n|

B.

Ybumaythinkthatsailingisadifficultsport：butitisreallynothardtoleamit.Ybudo

notneedtobestrong.Butyouneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrules

aboutthewind.

First：youmustaskyourself,^WTiereisdiewindcomingfrom?Isitcomingfromahead

orbehindorfromtheside?”Ybumust也inkabouttfiisallthetimeondieboat.Thewind

directiontellsyouwhattodowiththesail.

Let'sstartwiththewindblowingfrombehind.Thismeansthewindandtheboatare

goingindiesamedirection.ThenyoumustalwayskeepdiesailoutsidedieboatItshouldbe

ata90:angle（角度）t。theboat.Tlienitwillcatchthewindbest.

Ifthewindisblowingfromtheside,itisblowingacrosstheboat.Inthiscase,youmustkeep

thesailhalfwayoutsidetheboat.Itshouldbeata45°angletotheboat.Itneedstobeoutfar

enoughtocatchthewind,butitshouldn'tflap（擺動(dòng)）.Itshouldn'tlooklikeaflagonaflagpole.

Ifitisflapping,itisprobablyouttoofar,andtheboatwillslowdown.

Sailingintothewindisnotpossible.Ifyoutry,thesailwillflapandtheboatwillstop.

Youmaywanttogointhatdirection.Itispossible,butyoucan'tgoinastraightline.You

mustgofirstinonedirectionandtheninanother.Thisiscalledtacking.Whenyouare

tacking,youmustalwayskeepthesailinsidetheboat.

45.Whatshouldyouconsiderfirstwhilesailing?

A.Sailors*strength.B.Wavelevels.

C.Winddirections.D.Sizeofsails.

46.Whatdoestheword"It"underlinedinParagraph4referto?

A.Theboat.B.Thewind.

C.Thesail.D.Theangle.

47.Whatdoyouhavetodowhensailingagainstthewind?

A.Moveinastraightline.

B.Allowthesailtoflap.

C.Lowerthesail.

D.Tacktheboat.

48.Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?

A.Inapopularmagazine.

B.Inatouristguidebook.

C.Inaphysicstextbook.

D.Inanofficialreport.

[2012?遼寧卷]B

Astronautsonshortershuttlemissions（使命）oftenworkverylongdays.Tasksare

scheduledsotightlythatbreaktimesareoftenusedtofinishtheday'swork.Thistypeof

scheduleisfartoodemandingforlongmissionsontheInternationalSpaceStation（ISS）.ISS

crewmembersusuallyliveinspaceforatleastaquarterofayear.Theyworkfivedaysonand

twodaysofftomimicthenormalwaytheydothingsonEarthasmuchaspossible.Weekends

givethecrewvaluabletimetorestanddoafewhoursofhousework.Theycancommunicate

withfamilyandfriendsbyemail,Internetphoneandthroughprivatevideoconferences.

Whileastronautscannotgotoabaseballgameoramovieinorbit,therearemany

familiaractivitiesthattheycanstillenjoy.Beforeamission,thefamilyandfriendsofeach

ISScrewmemberputtogetheracollectionoffamilyphotos,messages,videosandreading

materialfortheastronautstolookatwhentheywillbefloating370kilometersabovethe

Earth.Duringtheirmission,thecrewalsoreceivescarepackageswithCDs,books,magazines,

photosandletters.Andasfromearly2010,theInternetbecameavailableontheISS,giving

astronautsthechancetodosome“websu而ng（沖浪）"intheirpersonaltime.Besidesrelaxing

withthesemorecommonentertainments,astronautscansimplyenjoytheexperienceofliving

inspace.

Manyastronautssaythatoneofthemostrelaxingthingstodoinspaceistolookoutthe

windowandstareattheuniverseandtheEarth.BoththeshuttleandtheISScircletheplanet

severaltimeseachday,andeverymomentoffersanewviewoftheEarth'svastlandmassand

oceans.

60.Whatdoestheword“mimic“inParagraph1probablymean?

A.Find.B.Copy.C.Change.D.Lose.

61.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefamiliesoftheastronautsontheISS?

A.Theyarecaringandthoughtful.

B.Theyareworriedandupset.

C.Theyareimpatientandannoyed.

D.Theyareexcitedandcurious.

62.Inthefinalparagraph,theauthorshowsthatastronauts.

A.getmorepleasureinspacethanontheEarth

B.findlivinginspaceabitboringandtiring

C.regardspacelifeascommon

D.lovetoseetheEarthfromspace

63.Thepassagemainlydiscusseshowastronauts.

A.workforlongermissionsinspace

B.connectwithpeopleontheEarth

C.observetheEarthfromspace

D.spendtheirfreetimeinspace

[2012?江蘇卷]

C

Medicaldrugssometimescausemoredamagethantheycure.Onesolutiontothis

problemistoputthedrugsinsideacapsule,protectingthemfromthebody—andthebody

fromthem—untiltheycanbereleasedatjusttherightspot.Therearelotsofwaystotrigger

（弓I發(fā)）thisrelease,includingchangingtemperature,acidity,andsoon.Buttriggerscancome

withtheirownrisks—burns,forexample.Now,researchersinCaliforniahavedesignedwhat

couldbeaharmlesstriggertodate:shiningnear-infraredlight（NIR,近紅外線）onthedrug

inthecapsule.

Theideaofusinglighttoliberatethedruginthecapsuleisn'tnew.Researchers

aroundtheglobehavedevelopedpolymers（聚合物）andothermaterialsthatbegintobreak

downwhentheyabsorbeitherultraviolet（UV,紫夕卜線）orvisiblelight.Buttissuesalso

readilyabsorbUVandvisiblelight,whichmeansthedrugreleasecanbetriggeredonlynear

theskin,wherethelightcanreachthecapsule.NIRlightlargelypassesthroughtissues,so

researchershavetriedtouseitasatrigger.Butfewcompounds（化合物）absorbNIRwell

andgothroughchemicalchanges.

ThatchangedlastyearwhenAdahAlmutairi,achemistattheUniversityof

California,SanDiego,reportedthatsheandhercolleagueshaddesignedapolymerthat

breaksdownwhenitabsorbsNIRlight.Theirpolymerusedacommerciallyavailable

NIR-absorbinggroupcalledo-nitrobenzyl（ONB）.Whentheycatchthelight,ONBgroups

falloffthepolymer,leadingtoitsbreakdown.ButONBisonlyaso-soNIRabsorber,andit

couldbepoisonoustocellswhenitseparatesfromthepolymer.

SoAlmutairiandhercolleaguesreportedcreatinganewmaterialforcapsulestfiats

evenbetter.Tliisoneconsistsofalongchainofcompoundscalledcresolgroupslinkedina

polymer.Cresolcontainsreactive［易反應(yīng)的）componentsthatmakeithighlyunstableinits

pohmericfbmLafeatureAlmutairiandhercolleaguesusetotheiradvantage.After

pohmerizingthecresols：tiieycapeachreactivecomponentwithalight-absorbingcompound

calledBhc.WhentheBhcsabsorbNIRlightthereactivegroupsareexposedandbreakthe

longpolymerintotwoshortchains.Shiningadditionallightcontinuesthisbreakdown：

potentiallyreleasinganydrugsinthecs^sule.What'smore：Almutairisays：Bhcis10times

betteratabsorbingNIRthanisONBandisnotpoisonoustocells.

63.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttrigger?

A.Temperaturechange.B.NIRlight.

C.Aciditychange.D.UVlight.

64.WhyisONBunsatisfactory?

A.ItbreaksdownwhenitabsorbsNIRlight.

B.Itfallsoffthepolymerandtriggersdrugrelease.

C.Ithasnotcomeontothemarketuptillnow.

D.Itisnoteffectiveenoughandcouldbepoisonous.

65.Whichwordcanbeusedtocompletethefollowingprocessofchanges?

|BhcsabsorbNIR.|o|Partofthscresolis二|o|Polymerbreaksdown」

Drugisreleased.

A.protectedB.formed

C.exposedD.combined

［2012.湖南卷］

C

Harvardresearchershavecreatedatough,low-cost,biodegradable（可生物降

解的）materialinspiredbyinsects*hardoutershells.Thematerial'sinventorssayithasa

numberofpossibleusesandsomedaycouldprovideamoreenvironmentallyfriendly

alternativetoplastic.Thematerial,madefromshrimp（蝦）shellsandproteinsproducedfrom

silk,iscalled“shrilk."Itisthin,clear,flexibleandstrong.

Amajorbenefitofthematerialisitsbiodegradability.Plastic'stoughnessand

flexibilityrepresentedarevolutioninmaterialsscienceduringthe1950sand'60s.Decades

later,however,plastic'sverydurability（耐用t生）israisingquestionsabouthowappropriateit

isforone-timeproductssuchasplasticbags,orshort-livedconsumergoods,usedinthehome

forafewyearsandthencastintoalandfillwheretheywilldegradeforcenturies.Whatisthe

pointofmakingsomethingthatlasts1,000years?

Shrilknotonlywilldegradeinalandfill,butitsbasiccomponentsareuse