2024年06月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試真題(第3套)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence“Nowadays,cultivatingindependentlearningabilityisbecomingincreasinglycrucialforpersonaldevelopment.”Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Youshouldcopythesentencegiveninquotesatthebeginningofyouressay.PartⅡListeningComprehension(30minutes)PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.ReadndingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheetwithasingleanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonceArainbowisamulti-colored,arc-shapedphenomenonthatcanappearinthesky.Theucedbythereflectionandoflightthroughwaterdropletsithernearorfaraway,butthisphenomenonisnotactuallylocatedatanyspecificspot.Instead,theappearanceofarainbowdependsentirelyuponthepositionoftheobserverin28tothedirectionoflight.Inessence,arainbowisan29illusion.Rainbowspresenta30madeupofsevencolorsinaspecificorder.Infact,schoolyGBivasemberingthecolorsofarainbowandtheirorderRoyGBivforredorange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,andviolet.Theouteredgeoftherainbowarcisred,whiletheinneredgeisviolet.Arainbowisformedwhenlight(generallysunlight)passesthroughwaterdroplets32intheatmosphere.Thelightwaveschangedirectionastheypassthroughthewaterdroplets,resultingintwoprocesses:reflectionandrefraction(折射).Whenlightreflectsoffawaterdroplet,itsimply33backintheoppositedirectionfromwhereit34.Whenlightrefracts,ittakesadifferentdirection.Someindividualsrefertorefractedlightas“bentlightwaves.”Arainbowisformedbecausewhitelightentersthewaterdroplet,whereitbendsinseveraldifferentdirections.Whenthesebentlightwavesreachtheothersideofthewaterdroplettheyreflectbackoutofthedropletinsteadofpassingthroughthewater.Sincethewhitelightisseparatedinsideofthewater,therefractedlightappearsasseparatecolorstothehumaneye.A)bouncesopticalKprecedingBcompletelynatesklesslyspersionperceiverelationeccentricmeatesN)spectrumEhangingJponderndsSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.BlameyourworthlessworkdaysonmeetingrecoverysyndromeA)PhyllisHartmanknowswhatit’sliketomakeone’swaythroughthedepthsofofficemeetinghell.Managersatoneofherformerhumanresourcesjobsarrangedsomanyofherdayblockedupwithunnecessarymeetings,shewasoftenforcedtomakeupherworkduringovertime.“IwasactuallyworkingmorehoursthanIprobablywouldhaveneededtogettheworkdone,”saysHartman,whoisfounderandpresidentofPGHRConsultinginPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.budgets.Everyweek,employeesspendaboutsixhoursinmeetings,whiletheaveragemanagermeetsforastaggering23hours.C)Andthoughexpertsagreethattraditionalmeetingsareessentialformakingcertaindecisionsanddevelopingstrategy,someemployeesviewthemasoneofthemostunnecessarypartsoftheworkday.Theresultisnotonlyhundredsofbillionsofwasteddollars,butanannoyanceofwhatorganisationalpsychologistscall“meetingrecoverysyndrome(MRS)”:timespentcoolingoffandregainingfocusafterauselessmeeting.Ifyouruntotheofficekitchentogetsomereliefwithcolleaguesafterafrustratingmeeting,you’relikelyexperiencingmeetingrecoverysyndrome.D)MeetingrecoverysyndromeisaconceptthatshouldbefamiliartoalmostanyonewhohasgroundbreakingtosayworkersfeelfatiguedafterameetingbutWithitslinkstoorganisationalefficiencyandemployeewellbeing,MRShasattractedtheattentionofpsychologistsawareoftheneedtounderstanditsprecisecausesandcures.E)Today,insofarasresearcherscanhypothesise,MRSismosteasilyunderstoodasaslowrenewaloffinitementalandphysicalresources.Whenanemployeesitsthroughanineffectivemeetingtheirbrainpowerisessentiallybeingdrainedaway.Meetingsdrainvitalityiftheylasttoolong,failtoengageemployeesorturnintoone-sidedlectures.ThevanHobfollstatesthatpsychologicalstressoccurswhenaperson’sresourcesarethreatenedorlost.Whenresourcesarelow,apersonwillshiftintodefencetoconservetheirremainingsupply.Inthecaseofofficemeetings,wheresomeofemployees’mostvaluableresourcesaretheirfocus,alertnessandmotivation,thiscanmeananabrupthaltinproductivityastheytaketimetorecover.F)Ashumans,whenwetransitionfromonetasktoanotheronthejob—sayfromsittinginameetingtodoingnormalwork—ittakesaneffortfulcognitiveswitch.Wemustdetachourselvesfromtheprevioustaskandexpendsignificantmentalenergytomoveon.Ifwearealreadydrainedtodangerouslevels,thenmakingthementalswitchtothenextthingisrloafingafterafrustratingmeetinggoingandgettingcoffee,interruptingacolleagueandtellingthemaboutthemeeting,andsoon.isdifferentSomecanbouncebackquickly,whileotherscarrytheirfatigueuntiltheendoftheworkday.YetwhilenoformaldiesarecurrentlyunderwayonecanlooselyspeculateonthelengthofanaverageWithMRS,itmaytakeaslongas45minutesonaverage.It’sevenworsewhenaworkerhasseveralmeetingsthatareseparatedby30minutes.“Notenoughtimetotransitioninanon-MRSsituationtogetanythingdone,andinanMRSsituation,notquiteenoughtimetorecoverforthenextmeeting,”saysresearcherJosephAllen.“Then,addthecompoundingofback-to-backbadmeetingsandwemayhaveanepidemiconourhands.”H)InanefforttocombatthesideeffectsofMRS,Allen,alongwithresearcherJosephMrozandcolleaguesattheUniversityofNebraska-Omaha,publishedastudydetailingthebestlistofdosanddontsapplicabletoandhisteammaynowholdaremedytothelargelyundefinedproblemofMRS.I)Mrozsaysagoodplacetostartisaskingourselvesifourmeetingsareevennecessaryinthefirstplace.Ifallthat’sontheagendaisaquickcatch-up,orsomenon-urgentinformationsharing,itmaybettersuitthegrouptosendaroundanemailinstead.“ThesecondthingIwouldalwaysrecommendiskeepthemeetingassmallaspossible,”saysMroz.“Iftheydon’tactuallyhavesomekindofimmediateinput,thentheycanfollowupexpertsagreeisaprovenremedyforMRS.J)Employeesalsofeeltaxedwhentheyareinvitedtogethertomeetingsthatdon’tinspirethemtoventtheiremotions,complainandtrytoregainfocusafterapointlessmeeting—moreunnecessarymeetings—andthusdealingwithincreasinglagtimesfromMRS—thewasteofworkdayhourscanfeelinsulting.K)Despitetherelativescarcityofresearchbehindthesubject,Hartmanhastaughtherselfyeesbutalsorepresentativesfromeverydepartmentthatmighteherwhoseekinputevenfromnonexpertsorceshesays.L)Ifanorganisationweretoapplyall22suggestionsfromMrozandAllen’sfindings,theeaseinthetotalnumberofmeetingsonthewhichistheultimateobjectiveofconveningameeting.Whilenoneofthecounter-MRSideashavebeentestedempiricallyyet,AllensaysonetrickwithpromiseisforemployeesentifythingsthatquicklychangetheirmoodfromnegativetopositiveAssimpleasitoundsfindingapersonalhappyplacegoingthereandthencomingstraightbacktoworkmightbekeytofacilitatingrecovery.M)Leadersshouldseealsothemselvesas“stewardsofeveryoneelse’svaluabletime”,addsStevenRogelberg,authorofTheSurprisingScienceofMeetings.Havingtheskillstoforeseepotentialtrapsandtreatemployees’endurancewithcareallowsleaderstoprovideeffectiveshort-termdeterrentstoMRS.N)Mostimportant,however,isfororganisationstoawakentotheconceptofmeetingsbeingflexible,saysAllen.Byreshapingthewaytheyprioritiseemployees’time,companiescaneliminatetheverysourcesofMRSintheirtracks.36.Althoughemployeesaresaidtobefatiguedbymeetings,theconditionhasnotbeenconsideredworthyoffurtherresearchuntilrecently.37.MrozandhisteamcompiledalistofwhattodoandwhatnottodotoremedytheproblemofMRS.CompaniescangetridoftherootcauseofMRSiftheygiveprioritytoworkers’time.39.Ifworkersareexhaustedtoadangerousdegree,itisextremelyhardforthemtotransitiontothenexttask.40.EmployeesinAmericaspendalotoftimeattendingmeetingswhilethenumberofhoursmanagersmeetisseveraltimesmore.41.PhyllisHartmanhaslearnedbyherselfmanyofthewaysMrozsuggestedinhisstudyandmaderemarkablesuccessinfreeingherselffromunnecessarymeetings.Whenmeetingscontinuetoolongordon’tengageemployees,theydepletevitality.43.Whenthetimeofmeetingsisreduced,employeeswillbemoreengagedinthemeetingstheydoparticipatein.Someemployeesconsidermeetingsoneofthemostdispensablepartsoftheworkday.45.AccordingtoMroz,ifallhissuggestionswereapplied,averyobviouschangewouldbeasteepdecreaseinthenumberofmeetingsscheduled.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ouhearoftheliteralwords.Forexample,whensomeonesays,“Well,that’sexactlywhatIneedrightnow,”theirtonecantellyouit’snotwhattheyneedatall.Mostfrequently,sarcasmhighlightsanirritationoris,quitesimply,mean.ionshipscutoutsarcasmWhyBecausesarcasmisactuallyhostilitydisguisedashumor.Despitesmilingoutwardly,manypeoplewhoreceivesarcasticcommentsfeelputdownandoftenthinkthesarcasticpersonisrude,orcontemptible.Indeed,it’snotsurprisingthattheoriginofthewordsarcasmderivesfromtheGreekword“sarkazein”whichliterallymeans“totearorstripthefleshoff.”Hence,it’snowonderthatsarcasmisoftenprecededbytheword“cutting”andthatithurts.What’smore,sinceactionsstronglydeterminethoughtsandfeelings,whenapersonconsistentlyactssarcasticallyitmayonlyservetoheightentheirunderlyinghostilityandinsecurity.Afterall,whenyoucomerightdowntoit,sarcasmcanbeusedasasubtleformofbullying—andmostbulliesareangry,insecure,orcowardly.Alternatively,whenapersonstopsvoicingnegativecomments,especiallysarcasticones,theymaysoonstarttofeelhappierandmoreself-confident.Also,otherpeopleintheirlifebenefitevenmorebecausetheynolongerhavetoheartheemotionallyhurtfullanguageofsarcasm.sparinglylikeapotentspiceincooking.Toomuchofthespice,andthedishwillbeoverwhelmedbyit.Similarly,anoccasionaldashofsarcasticwitcanspiceupachatandaddanelementofhumortoit.Butabigorsteadyservingofsarcasmwilloverwhelmtheemotionalflavorofanyconversationandcantasteverybittertoitsrecipient.So,tonedownthesarcasmandworkoncleverwitinstead,whichisusuallywithoutanyhostilityandthusmoreappreciatedbythoseyou’recommunicatingwith.Inessence,sarcasmiseasywhiletrue,harmlesswittakestalent.Thus,themaindifferencebetweenwitandsarcasmisthat,asalreadystated,sarcasmisusuallyinresponsetosomeonesunhelpfulremarksorbehaviorsandtheintentistountangleandclarifytheissuebyemphasizingitsabsurdities.Sarcasticstatementsareexpressedinacuttingmanner;wittyremarksaredeliveredwithundisguisedandharmlesshumor.Whydoestheauthorsaysarcasmandjazzhavesomethingsurprisinglyincommon?A)Botharerecognizedwhenheard.C)Bothmeantheoppositeofwhattheyappearto.B)Bothhaveexactlythesametone.D)Bothhavehiddeninthemanevidentirritation.Howdomanypeoplefeelwhentheyhearsarcasticcomments?A)Theyfeelhostiletowardsthesarcasticperson.B)Theyfeelbelittledanddisrespected.C)Theyfeelastrongurgetoretaliate.D)Theyfeelincapableofdisguisingtheirirritation.Whathappenswhenapersonconsistentlyactssarcastically?A)Theyfeeltheirdignitygreatlyheightened.B)Theyfeelincreasinglyinsecureandhostile.C)Theyendurehostilityunderthedisguiseofhumor.D)Theytastebitternesseveninpleasantinteractions.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeoplequittingsarcasticcomments?A)Itmakesothershappierandmoreself-confident.B)Itrestrainsthemfrombeingirritatingandbullying.C)Itbenefitsnotonlythemselvesbutalsothosearoundthem.D)Itshieldsthemfromnegativecommentsandoutrighthostility.Whatisthechiefdifferencebetweenaspeaker’switandsarcasm?A)Theirclarity.B)Theirappreciation.C)Theiremphasis.D)Theirintention.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Variabilityiscruciallyimportantforlearningnewskills.Considerlearninghowtoserveintennis.Shouldyoualwayspractiseservingfromtheexactlysamelocationonthecourt,itwilllikelymakeyouabettertennisplayerintheend.Thisisbecausevariabilityleadstobettergeneralisationofwhatislearned.Thisprincipleisfoundinmanydomains,includingspeechperceptionandlearningcategories.Forinstance,infantswillstruggletolearnthecategory“dog”iftheyareonlyexposedtoChihuahuas,insteadofmanydifferentkindsofdogs.“Thereareovertendifferentnamesforthisbasicprinciple,”saysLimorRaviv,theseniorinvestigatorofarecentstudy.“Learningfromlessvariableinputisoftenfast,butmayfailtogeneralisetonewstimuli.”Toidentifykeypatternsandunderstandtheunderlyingprinciplesofvariabilityeffects,Ravivandhercolleaguesreviewedover150studiesonvariabilityandgeneralisationacrossfields,includingcomputerscience,linguistics,categorisation,visualperceptionandformaleducation.Theresearchersdiscoveredthat,acrossstudies,thetermvariabilitycanrefertoatleastfourdifferentkindsofvariability,suchassetsizeandscheduling.“Thesefourkindsofvariabilityhaveneverbeendirectlycompared—whichmeansthatwecurrentlydon’tknowwhichismosteffectiveforlearning,”saysRaviv.cordingtothe‘Mr.Miyagiprinciple’,practisingseeminglyunrelatedskillsmayactuallybenefitlearningofotherskills.Butwhydoesvariabilityimpactlearningandgeneralisation?Onetheoryisthatmorevariableinputcanhighlightwhichaspectsofataskarerelevantandwhicharenot.Anothertheoryisthatgreatervariabilityleadstobroadergeneralisations.Thisisbecausevariabilitywillrepresenttherealworldbetter,includingatypical(非典型的)examples.Athirdreasonhastodowiththewaymemoryworks:whentrainingisvariable,learnersareforcedtoactivelyreconstructtheirmemories.“Understandingtheimpactofvariabilityisimportantforliterallyeveryaspectofourdailylife.Beyondaffectingthewaywelearnlanguage,motorskills,andcategories,itevenhasanimpactonoursociallives,”explainsRaviv.“Forexample,facerecognitionisaffectedbywhetherpeoplegrewupinasmallcommunityorinalargercommunity.Exposuretofewerfacesduringchildhoodisassociatedwithdiminishedfacememory.”“Wehopethisworkwillsparkpeople’scuriosityandgeneratemoreworkonthetopic,”concludesRaviv.“Ourpaperraisesalotofopenquestions.Canwefindsimilareffectsofvariabilitybeyondthebrain,forinstance,intheimmunesystem?”WhatdoesthepassagesayaboutinfantslearningthecategorydogiftheyareexposedtouahuasonlyA)Theywillencountersomedegreeofdifficulty.B)Theywi