2023高考英語真題閱讀精讀Mark

MarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmerican

novel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwho

popularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism.

Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeenthe

importantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.

H.B.Stowe*sUncleTom'sCabinisonlythemostfamous

example.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.With

minorexceptions,Twainplantedhisattacksonslavery

andprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceabout

somethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargument

bydrawingthemintothestory.

Againandagain,inthepostwaryears,Twainseemedforced

todealwiththechallengeofrace.Considerthe

mostcontroversial,atleasttoday,ofTwain,snovels,Adventures

ofHuckleberryFinn.Onlyafewbookshavebeenkickedoffthe

shelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinn,Twain,smostwidelyread

tale.Onceuponatime,peoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruck

themasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthe

bookconsideredthenovel"trashandsuitableonlyfor

theslums（貧民窟）Morerecentlythebookhasbeenattacked

becauseofthecharacterJim,theescapedslave,and

manyoccurencesofthewordnigger.（ThetermNiggerJim,for

whichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticized,neverappearsinit.）

Buttheattackswereandaresilly-andmissthepoint.The

novelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim（ssearchthroughtheslave

statesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedis

heroic.AsJ.Chadwickhaspointedout,thecharacterofJimwasa

firstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehad

twopersonalities,“thevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslave

cultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jim,thefatherandthe

man.”

Thereismuchmore.Twain'smysterynovelPudd'

nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofeven

manyoftheliberalsofhisday.Writtenatatimewhenthe

acceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior（彳氐等的）towhites,

especiallyinintelligence,Twain,stalecenteredinpartaround

twobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster's

babyand,forfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouth,switched

himforthemaster*sbabybyhiswife.Theslave7slightskinned

childwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudes

andtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster*swife1

sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudes

andintonationsoftheslave.

Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture（養(yǎng)育），notnature,was

thekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthat

providedthestuffofprejudice-mannerofspeech,forexample

一were,toTwain,indicativeofnothingotherthan

theconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims.

Twain*sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasy,for

example,bythelengthypassageinhisautobiography（自傳）

abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalled"niggershows”in

hisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—

andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.Yetthere

isnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.

Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeen

awarenessthattheydidnot.

WasTwainaracist?Askingthequestioninthe21stcenturyis

aswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsand

attitudesofthepastthroughthe“wisdom“oftheconsidered

moraljudgmentsofthepresent,wewillfindnothingbuterror.

Lincoln,whobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhite,

foughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwain,raisedinaslave

state,brieflyasoldier,andinventorofJim,mayhavedonemore

toangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollective

consciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.

65.HowdoTwainzsnovelsonslaverydifferfromStowe*s?

A.Twainwasmorewillingtodealwithracism.

B.Twain*sattackonracismwasmuchlessopen.

C.Twain*sthemesseemedtoagreewithplots.

D.Twainwasopenlyconcernedwithracism.

66.RecentcriticismofAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnarose

partlyfromits.

A.targetreadersatthebottom

B.anti-slaveryattitude

C.ratherimpolitelanguage

D.frequentuseof"nigger”

67.WhatbestprovesTwain,santi-slaverystandaccordingtothe

author?

A.Jim,ssearchforhisfamilywasdescribedindetail.

B.Theslave'svoicewasfirstheardinAmericannovels.

C.Jimgrewupintoamanandafatherinthewhiteculture.

D.Twainsuspectedthattheslaveswerelessintelligent.

68.Thestoryoftwobabiesswitchedmainlyindicatesthat.

A.slaveswereforcedtogiveuptheirbabiestotheirmasters

B.slaves*babiescouldpickupslave-holders*wayof

speaking

C.blacks7socialpositionwasshapedbyhowtheywere

broughtup

D.blackswerebornwithcertainfeaturesofprejudice

69.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"they"inParagraph7refer

to?

A.Theattacks.

B.Slaveryandprejudice.

C.Whitemen.

D.Theshows.

70.Whatdoestheauthormainlyarguefor?

A.Twainhaddonemorethanhiscontemporarywritersto

attackracism.

B.TwainwasanadmirablefigurecomparabletoAbraham

Lincoln.

C.Twain,sworkshadbeenbannedonunreasonable

grounds.

D.Twain,sworksshouldbereadfromahistoricalpointof

view.

BDCCDA

Peopleselectnewsinexpectationofareward.Thisreward

maybeeitheroftwokinds.OneisrelatedtowhatFreudcallsthe

PleasurePrinciple,theothertowhathecallstheRealityPrinciple.

Forwantofbetternames,weshallcallthesetwoclasses

immediaterewardanddelayedreward.

Ingeneral,thekindofnewswhichmaybeexpectedtogive

immediaterewardarenewsofcrimeandcorruption,accidents

anddisasters,sports,socialevents,andhumaninterest.Delayed

rewardmaybeexpectedfromnewsofpublicaffairs,economic

matters,socialproblems,science,education,andhealth.

Newsofthefirstkindpaysitsrewardsatonce.Areadercan

enjoyanindirectexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersor

stressesinvolved.Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder,shake

hisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane,identify

himselfwiththewinningteam,laughunderstandinglyatawarm

littlestoryofchildrenordogs.

Newsofthesecondkind,however,paysitsrewardslater.It

sometimesrequiresthereadertotolerateunpleasantnessor

annoyance—as,forexample,whenhereadsofthethreatening

foreignsituation,themountingnationaldebt,risingtaxes,falling

market,scarcehousing,andcancer.Ithasakindof“threat

value/7Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedand

prepared.Whenareaderselectsdelayedrewardnews,hepulls

himselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecan

adapthimselfonlybyhardwork.Whenheselectsnewsofthe

otherkind,heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreatening

realitytowardthedreamworld.

Foranyindividual,ofcourse,theboundaries