全國(guó)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試四級(jí)(PETS4)歷年真題(三)

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答題

Inadditiontotheestablishedenergysourcessuchasgas,coal,oiland

nuclear,thereareanumberofothersourcesthatweoughttoconsider.

Twoofthesearehydroelectricandtidalpower.

Thesetwosourcesare21inthattheyarebothrenewable.22,

hydropowerismorewidelyusedthantidal.In23,asubstantialamount

ofelectricityisalreadyproducedinHEP(hydroelectricpower)

stationsworldwide,24tidalstationsarestillintheveryearly25of

development.

Asfarasgeographical26isconcerned,HEPprojectsaretobefound

on.lakesandrivers,

whiletidal27areconstructedonlyatrivermouthswheretidal28is

great.Unfortunatelytheseare29innumber.AtpresentHEPstationsare

foundmainlyinNorway,Canada,SwedenandBrazil,

whereastidalplantsarein30inFrance,RussiaandChina.

Asregardscapital31,bothrequireveryhighinvestment.Ontheother

hand,generating32arequitelowinbothcases.Infact,alargescaleHEP

plantiscapableofproducingpowermore33than

conventionalsources,suchascoal,oilandnuclearplants.Tidalpower

alsocompares34withnuclearandoilgeneratedelectricity,35the

amountofmoneyonproduction.36HEPstations,

tidalconstructionshavealonglife37.Itisestimatedthattheycan

operateforover100years.Withrespectto38ofsupply,tidal

stations39fromHEPonesinthattheyoftencanonlysupplypower

40.HEPstations,however,provideaconstantsupplyofelectdcity.

1［單選題］

A.compatible

B.parallel

C.similar

0.identical

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】compatible兼容的;parallel平行的;similar類似的;

identical完全相同的，一模一樣的;similar常與介詞in連用表示在

某方面相似，這里表示水力電能和潮汐能的相似之處在于兩者都可再

生,故選

co

2［單選題］

A.Furthermore

B.However

C.Hence

0.Otherwise

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】furthermore止匕夕卜,而且;however然而，不過(guò);hence

因此，由此；otherwise否則，不然。前一句說(shuō)明兩種能源具有相似

性，后一句說(shuō)明水力電能比潮汐能的使用范圍更廣，由此可知兩句話

之間屬于轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故選

Bo

3［單選題］

A.addition

B.brief

C.generN

D.fact

正確答案：D

參考解析：

D【精析】inaddition另外；inbrief簡(jiǎn)言之;ingeneral大體上;

infact事實(shí)上。該句告訴我們，水力發(fā)電站已經(jīng)為人們提供了大量

電能，而潮汐電站的建設(shè)仍然處于最初階段，這是對(duì)前一句的解釋，

故選D。

4［單選題］

A.provided

B.since

C.whereas

0.though

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】provided可作連詞表示假如；since既然；whereas（用以

比較或?qū)Ρ葍蓚€(gè)事實(shí)）然而，但是，盡管；though雖然。這里對(duì)水力

發(fā)電站和潮汐電站的發(fā)展進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，故選

Co

5［單選題］

A.stages

B.periods

C.years

0.sessions

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】inmeearlystages意為"處于早期，在最初階段"，是

固定搭配，故選

Ao

6［單選題］

A.location

B.position

C.situation

0.condition

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】本句是從地理位置上來(lái)說(shuō)明水電站和潮汐電站的不同之處，

故排除C和D項(xiàng)。location和position都有"方位、位置"的意思，

但是location強(qiáng)調(diào)具體的位置，例如住址,position表示籠統(tǒng)意義

上的"位置、方位"，指人或物相對(duì)于其他人或物的方位關(guān)系，本句

表示的是籠統(tǒng)意義上的兩種電站的地理位置，故選

Bo

7［單選題］

A.patterns

B.designs

C.plans

0.schemes

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】paRem圖案;design設(shè)計(jì)圖樣;plan規(guī)戈I」;scheme方

案。這里指的是為潮汐電站做出規(guī)劃，排除A和B項(xiàng)。雖然plan和

scheme都有計(jì)劃、方案的意思，但是plan還有"規(guī)劃”的意思，

即在某事真正進(jìn)行之前已經(jīng)詳細(xì)考慮了實(shí)施步驟，故選

Co

8［單選題］

A.variation

B.balance

C.frequency

0.stability

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】variation變化；balance平衡frequency頻率;stability

穩(wěn)定。這里指的是潮汐電站只能規(guī)劃建于潮汐發(fā)生頻率高的河流入口

處，故選C。

9［單選題］

A.small

B.few

C.rare

0.scarce

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】這里指的是潮汐發(fā)生頻率高的河流入口處的數(shù)量很少；四

個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有small可以修飾number,表示數(shù)量少，故選A。

10［單選題］

A.operation

B.production

C.procession

D.action

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】inoperation工作中，使用中;inproduction投入生產(chǎn);

inprocession列隊(duì)行進(jìn);inaction在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，在操作。該句講的是,

只有法國(guó)、俄羅斯和中國(guó)在使用潮汐電站，故選A。

11［單選題］

Appending

B.planning

C.financing

0.saving

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】spending開(kāi)支;planning規(guī)劃過(guò)程;financing融資;

節(jié)省。此處表示的是兩種電站的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)都需要大的花銷故選

savingAo

12［單選題］

A.expenditures

B.benefits

C.costs

0.profits

正確答案：D

參考解析：

D【精析】expenditure花費(fèi);benefit益處;cost成本;profit利

潤(rùn)。根據(jù)旬意，兩種電站產(chǎn)生的利潤(rùn)都很低，故選擇

Do

13［單選題］

A.expensively

B.consistently

C.periodically

0.cheaply

正確答案：D

參考解析：

D【精析】expensively昂貴地;consistently持續(xù)地;periodically

周期性地；cheaply便宜地。該句及下一句說(shuō)明這兩種新能源電站與

傳統(tǒng)能源電站相比所具有的優(yōu)越性，即耗費(fèi)的成本低，故選

Do

14［單選題］

A.conveniently

B.beneficially

C.advantageously

0.favorably

正確答案：D

參考解析：

D【精析】conveniently方便地；beneficially受益地；

advantageously有禾I」地;favorably有利地。在資金產(chǎn)出方面，潮

汐電站與核電站及石油電站相比要具有優(yōu)勢(shì)，故排除A項(xiàng)。雖然與

其余三個(gè)詞的含義相似，但是favorably具有幾種事物相對(duì)比某事居

上的含義，符合文意，故選D。

15［單選題］

A.onaccountof

B.intermsof

C.regardlessof

D.inspiteof

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】Onaccountof由于，因?yàn)?interms0f就...而論，在...

方面；regardlessof不管，不顧；inspiteof不管。這里指的是在

資金產(chǎn)出方面，潮汐電站與核電站及石油電站相比要具有優(yōu)勢(shì)，故選

B。

16［單選題］

A.Uke

B.Except

C.Regarding

D.With

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】like像…一樣;except除.之外regarding關(guān)于^A/ithprep.

和…在一起。下一句說(shuō)，據(jù)估計(jì)水力電站和潮汐電站能夠運(yùn)行100多

年，因此這里指的是像水力電站一樣，潮汐電站也有。很長(zhǎng)壽命，故

選

Ao

17［單選題］

A.application

B.endurance

C.expectancy

0.extension

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】application申請(qǐng)；endurance忍而寸力expectancy預(yù)期；

extension延伸。這里指的是兩種電站存在的時(shí)間很長(zhǎng),

lifeexpectancy意為"預(yù)期壽命，預(yù)計(jì)存在（持續(xù)）的期限"，為固定

搭配，故選C。

18［單選題］

A.concentration

B.continuity

C.conformity

0.conductivity

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】concert乜afion集中;continuity連續(xù)性；conformity（對(duì)

社會(huì)規(guī)則的）遵從；conductivityn.導(dǎo)電性。最后一句說(shuō)水力電站能

夠持續(xù)供電，而且出現(xiàn)了"however”,表示轉(zhuǎn)折，由此可以判斷這

句的句意與此相反，講的是潮汐電站與水力電站在供電的連續(xù)性方面

的不同之處，故選

Bo

19［單選題］

A.develop

B.differ

C.depart

D.derive

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】developfrom由…發(fā)展而來(lái);differfrom不同于...;

dcpartfrom違反，背離（常規(guī)）;derivefrom起源于。這里講的是水

力電站與潮汐電站在供電的持續(xù)性方面的不同之處，故選

Bo

20［單選題］

A.interchangeably

B.immediately

C.intermittently

0.intensively

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】interchangeably可交換地；immediately立即;intermi

仕enfly間歇地;intensively強(qiáng)烈地。水力電站可以持續(xù)供電，而潮

汐電站不同于水力電站，潮汐電站不能持續(xù)供電，只能間隙性供電,

故選C。

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-21題

Inflationhasjustexploded.Therealproblemisthatwehavean

underlyingrateofinflation-animpetusofwageschasingprices-of

maybe9percentthatisheadingtowards10percent.Therealsohave

beentremendousshocksinenergy,foodandhousingprices,makingit

worse.

Bytheendoftheyear,wewillbeinasituationwhereyearin,yearout,

wecanlookfoinvardtoatleast10percentinflation.Andthequestion

willbe:Howmuchworsewilloil,foodandhousingprices

makethat?

Thesituationhasdegeneratedtothepointthattheonlywaytoturnit

aroundistothinkofsomeveryextremechangesinpolicy.Apolicyof

gradualism,whereyou'retalkingaboutamildrecession

andanother1to2millionpeopleunemployed,won'tmakemuch

difference.Postponingactionjustmeansthatinflationpressesfurther

andisevenmoredifficulttodealwith.

Youhavetostartwithrevenueandmonetaryrestraint.Alltheburden

nowisonmonetarypoli-cy.Weshouldshifttoamuchmorerestrictive

revenuepolicyandaneasiermonetarypolicy,tobesignificantthe1981

budgetshouldbecutbyatleast20billiondollarsfrom616billion

Presidentcarterproposed.That'samajorcutingovernment

programs--andveryhardtodo.It'simpossibleifyousavedefenseandall

theprogramsindexedforchangesinthecostofliving.

soitmeanscutsacrosstheboardineveryarea-includingtheindexed

programs,suchasso-cialSecurityandfoodstamps.Stateand

local-governmentrevenue-sharingprogramsareanotherma-jor

candidate.You'vealsogottoreopenthe1980budgetandcutthat.

ThenIwouldfavorwageandpricecontrolstobreaktheimpetusofthe

wage-priceinteraction.Inordertogetquickresults,I'dsetthestandard

around5or6percentforbothwagesandprices.Basically,you'reaiming

tocuttherateofinflationinhalfthefirstyear.Therewould

benoexceptions,butyouwouldfocusonlargecorporationsandmajor

laborsettlements.

Forthespecialsectorswherethebigshockshaveoccurred,controls

won'twork.Insteadzyouneedadditionalpoliciesineachoneofthose

areas.

Therearenocheaporeasysolutionstotheinflationproblem.My

answeristotakeallthethingsthateverybodywantstodo,andinsteadof

choosingamongthem,doallofthem.We'vegottothink

intermsofacomprehensiveprogram.

21［單選題］Intheauthor'sopinion.thehighinflationratein

theUSwasaccompaniedby

A.energycrises.

B.mountingwages.

C.housingshortage.

0.shrinkingmarket.

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B.【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第二句

“Therealproblemisthatwehaveanunderlyingrateofinflati

on-animpetusofwageschasingprices-ofmaybe9percentth

atisheadingtowardsIOpercent.,/可以看出，我們國(guó)家存在一種

潛在的通貨膨脹率,而這種潛在的通貨膨脹率以工資追趕物價(jià)的形式

表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。這說(shuō)明隨著物價(jià)不斷上漲，工資也不斷上漲，由此可知，

高通貨膨脹率伴隨工資上漲而來(lái)。故選

Bo

22［單選題］Theonlywaytoreversetheworseningsituation

seemstobe

A.apolicyofgradualism.

B.sacrificeofpublicinterests.

C.radicalchangesofpolicy.

0.postponingofdrasticactions.

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句

“Thesituationhasdegeneratedtothepointthattheonlywa

ytoturnitaroundistothinkofsomeveryextremechangesin

policy."可以看出通貨膨脹的情況已經(jīng)相當(dāng)惡化，采取某些極為激

進(jìn)的政策是扭轉(zhuǎn)局勢(shì)的唯一方式；C項(xiàng)中的"radical"意為''激進(jìn)的"，

故選C。

23［單選題］WeCanlearnfromthefourthparagraphthat

A.asubstantialcutinannualrevenueiscalledfor.

B.defenseandsocialwelfareprogramsshouldundergocuts.

C.weshouldleaveintactprogramsforbetteringpeople'sliving.

D.weshouldexerciselesscontrolovermonetarypohcy.

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段第四句"tobesignificant,

the1981budgetshouldbecutbyatleast20billiondollarsfro

m616billionPresidentCarterproposed.H可以看出，為了顯著改

善通貨膨脹情況J981年卡特總統(tǒng)提議的6160億的政府預(yù)算應(yīng)該至

少減少200億，即應(yīng)該大量減少稅收來(lái)改善通貨膨脹情況，故A項(xiàng)

符合文意；根據(jù)第四段最后一句"止’

simpossibleifyousavedefenseandalltheprogramsindexed

forchangesintheCostofliving.,z可以看出，我們不可能通過(guò)減

少國(guó)防投入和節(jié)省改善大眾生活條件項(xiàng)目的資金來(lái)減少政府預(yù)算，故

B項(xiàng)的表述錯(cuò)誤；第四段沒(méi)有關(guān)于如何改善人民生活的表述，故不選

擇C項(xiàng)；根據(jù)第四段第一句

“Youhavetostartwithrevenueandmonetaryrestraint."可以

看出，為了控制通貨膨脹，我們應(yīng)該增強(qiáng)對(duì)稅收及貨幣政策的限制，

而D項(xiàng)的表述與文意相反，故不選擇D項(xiàng)。

24［單選題］Thephrase"specialsectors"(lineI,paragraph

7)mostprobablyrefersto

A.energy,foodandhousing.

B.indexedprograms.

C.socialsecurityandfoodstamps.

D.largecorporationsandlaborsettlements.

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】該題為釋義題。第七段第一句

“Forthespecialsectorswherethebigshockshaveoccurred...,z

告訴我們，這些特殊行業(yè)已經(jīng)受到了通貨膨脹的巨大影響，而且根據(jù)

第一段最后一句

"Therealsohavebeentremendousshocksinenergy,

foodandhousingprices,makingitworse.”可以看出,能源、

食品及住房?jī)r(jià)格已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大震蕩，這使得通貨膨脹更加糟糕；綜

合以上兩方面的因素，故選

Ao

25［單選題］Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.ThedefectofUSmonetarysystem.

B.Thecausesofever-worseninginflationintheUS.

C.ProspectsfortheUSeconomicsituation.

D.AcomprehensivesettlementofinflationintheUS.

正確答案：D

參考解析：

D【精析】該題為主旨題。全文主要是講如何應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)的通貨膨脹，

而且文章最后一句話"We'

vegottothinkintermsofacomprehensiveprogram.H說(shuō)明采

取全面綜合的措施來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)通貨膨脹，這篇文章主要講的是如何全面綜

合的應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)的通貨膨脹，故選

Do

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-26題

ForcenturiesthemostvaluableofAfricanresourcesforEuropeanswere

theslaves,butthesecouldbeobtainedatcoastalports,withoutany

needforgoingdeepinland.Slaveryhadbeenanestablishedinstitutionin

Africa.Prisonersofwarhadbeenenslaved,aswerealsodebtors

andindividualsguiltyofseriouscrimes.Buttheseslavesusuallywere

treatedaspartofthefamily.Theyhadclearlydefinedrights,andtheir

slavestatuswasnotnecessarilyinherited.Thereforeitiscommonly

arguedthatAfrica'straditionalslaverywasmildcomparedtothe

trans-AtlanticslavetradeorganizedbytheEuropeans.Thisargument,

however,canbecarriedtoofar.Inthemostrecentstudyofthissubject,

somescholarswarnedagainsttheillusionthat"crueland

dehumanizingenslavementwasamonopolyoftheWest.Slaveryinits

extremeforms,includingthetakingoflife,wascommontobothAfrica

andtheWest.ThefactthatAfricanslaveryhaddifferentorigins

andconsequencesshouldnotleadustodenywhatitwas-the

exploitationandcontrolofhumanbeings."Neithercanitbedeniedthat

thewholesaleshipmentofAfricanstotheslaveplantationsofthe

AmericaswasmadepossiblebytheparticipationofAfricanchiefswho

roundeduptheirfellowAfricansandsoldthemasahandsomeprofitto

Europeanshipcaptainswaitingalongthecoasts.Grantingallthis,thefact

remainsthatthetrans-AtlanticslavetradeconductedbytheEuropeans

wasentirelydifferentinquantityandqualityfromthetraditionaltypeof

slaverythathadexistedwithinAfrica.FromthebeginningtheEuropean

varietywasprimarilyaneconomicinstitutionratherthansocial,asithad

beeninAfrica.Westernslavetradersandslaveownerswereactedonby

purelyeconomicconsiderations,andwerequitereadytoworktheir

slavestodeathifitwasmoreprofitabletodosothantotreatthemmore

mercifully.ThisinhumanitywasreinforcedbyracismwhentheEuropeans

becameinvolvedintheAfricanslavetradeonalargescale.Perhapsasa

subconsciousrationalizationtheygraduallycametolookdownon

Negroesasinherentlyinferior,andthereforedestinedtoservetheir

whitemasters.Rationalizationalsomayhavebeeninvolvedinthe

Europeans'useofreligiontojustifythetrafficinhumanbeings.Itwas

argued,forinstance,thatenslavementassuredtheconversionofthe

Africanevil-believingreligionstothetruefaithaswellastocivilization.

26［單選題］Inthefirstparagraph.theauthorarguesthat

A.theEuropeanswereinnocentinthetradeofAfricanslaves.

B.slaveryinAfricaandintheWestwasthesameinnature.

C.theviewinthemostrecentstudiesofenslavementisbaseless.

0.slaveshadbeentreatedevenmorecruellyintheAfricantradition.

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句

“ThefactthatAf-ricanslaveryhaddifferentoriginsandcons

equencesshouldnotleadUStodenywhatitwas-theexploita

tionandcontrolofhumanbeings."我們知道，盡管非洲當(dāng)?shù)氐?/p>

奴隸制度與歐洲的奴隸制度有著不同的起源和不同的結(jié)果，但是我們

應(yīng)該承認(rèn)其本質(zhì)仍然是對(duì)人類的剝削和控制，因此非洲及西方國(guó)家的

奴隸制度在本質(zhì)上是相同的，故選擇B項(xiàng)。

27［單選題］WhichofthefollowingwastrueofthelocalAfrican

slavery?

A.Slavesmighthavetheirownfamilies.

B.Thesonofaslavemightnotbeaslave.

C.Slaverywasconfinedtothecoastalregions.

D.TherewasnokillinginAfricanslavery.

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。文中并未提到選項(xiàng)A表述的內(nèi)容；根據(jù)第

一段第五句"Theyhadclearlydefinedrights,

andtheftslavestatuswasnotnecessarilyinherited."我們知道,

非洲當(dāng)?shù)氐呐`擁有明確的權(quán)利，而且他們的奴隸身份不一定是世襲

的，因此，我們可以判斷出，奴隸的下一代不一定還是奴隸，B項(xiàng)正

確；第二段第一句

“ForcenturiesthemostvaluableofAfricanresourcesforEur

0opeanswerethesalves,

butthesecouldbeobtainedatcoastalports,

withoutanyneedforgoingdeepinland.“告?zhèn)?運(yùn)往歐洲

的奴隸來(lái)自于海港地區(qū)，并沒(méi)有指出非洲本地的奴隸制度只限于海港

地區(qū)，故C項(xiàng)的表述是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第三句

HSlav.eryinitsextremeforms,includingdietakingoflife,

wascommontobothAfricaandtheWest."我們知道,屠殺奴隸

的事件在非洲和西方國(guó)家都有發(fā)生，故D項(xiàng)的表述是錯(cuò)誤的。

28［單選題］Thesentence"Thisargument...Canbecarriedtoo

far"impliesthat

A.African/straditionalslaverywasinhumane.

B.theslaveryinAfricawasconfinedtosomeregions.

C.supportersofthisargumentknewlittleofAfrica.

D.slaveshipmentwasnotsoseriousaswasimagined.

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】該題為推理題。問(wèn)題中的"argument"指的是第一段第

六句"ThereforeitiscommonlyarguedthatAfrica;

straditionalslaverywasmildcomparedtothetranS一

AtlanticslavetradeorganizedbytheEuropeans.,z即人彳門普遍認(rèn)

為，相對(duì)于歐洲人組織的跨大西洋的奴隸貿(mào)易來(lái)說(shuō)，非洲傳統(tǒng)的奴隸

制度要溫和一些，接下來(lái)

"Thisarguomerit,however,

callbecardedtoofar."即作者認(rèn)為該觀點(diǎn)有失偏頗。根據(jù)46題我

們知道非洲的奴隸制度與歐洲的奴隸制度本質(zhì)上都是一致的，因此非

洲的奴隸制度同樣是不人道的，故選擇A項(xiàng)。

29［單選題］Suppoaersoftherationalizationofslaverybelieve

thatthetrade

A.wasoutofgoodintentsfromthebeginning.

B.helpedthedevelopmentoflocalreligion.

C.wasahelpforcivilizingtheAfricans.

D.drovetheevilsoutoftheAfricanreligions.

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第三句

"Westernslavetradersandslaveownerswereactedonbypu

relyeconomicconsiderations..Z1我們知道，西方的奴隸貿(mào)易者及

蓄奴者只是出于經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的考慮才進(jìn)行奴隸貿(mào)易的，并不意味著出于

好意，即"goodintents",故A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;根據(jù)第二段最后一句

“Itwasargued,forinstance,

thatenslavementassuredtheconversionoftheAfricanevil-b

elievingreligionstothetruefaithaswellastocivilization.我

們知道，"合理化”觀點(diǎn)的支持者認(rèn)為蓄奴使非洲信仰邪惡的宗教轉(zhuǎn)

變?yōu)檎嬲男叛黾拔拿?，但是，并沒(méi)有指出蓄奴促進(jìn)了非洲宗教的發(fā)

展，故B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，同時(shí)可知C項(xiàng)正確；文中沒(méi)有D項(xiàng)表述的意思。

30［單選題］Therelationbetweenthetwoparagraphsisthatin

the2ndparagraphtheauthor

A.challengestheviewpointinthe1stparagraph.

B.modifieshisviewexpressedinthe1stparagraph.

C.providesthereasonfortheargumentinthe1stparagraph.

0.furtheranalyzestheissuediscussedinthe1stparagraph.

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】該題為推理題。根據(jù)第二段第一句"Grantingallthis,

thefactremainsthatthetrans-Atlanticslavetradeconducted

bytheEu-ropeansWasentirelydifferentinquantityandquali

哆

fromthetraditionaltypeofslaverythathadexistedwithinAfr

ica."可知，作者表示雖然第一段認(rèn)為非洲本地的奴隸制度與歐洲的

奴隸制度本質(zhì)上是一致的，但是歐洲組織的奴隸貿(mào)易在數(shù)量上和質(zhì)量

上都完全不同于非洲傳統(tǒng)的奴隸制度，接下來(lái)作者主要講述了歐洲奴

隸制度的特點(diǎn)。因此，第二段對(duì)第一段觀點(diǎn)提出了質(zhì)疑，故選擇A

項(xiàng)。

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-31.題

AsWestNileviruscreepstowardCalifornia,anunlikelywarriorcould

providethef'n-stlineofdefense:thechicken.Thefamiliarfowlmake

irresistibletargetsformosquitoes.Unlikecrows,chickensdon'tgetsick

fromWestNile.Buttheydoproducetelltaleantibodiestothevirus,so

intestcoopsscatteredacrossthestate,morethan2000"sentinel

chickens"submittofrequentbloodtests.Whenantibodiesdoturnup,

Californiahealthofficialswillknowthattheinevitablehasoccurred:the

WestNileepidemicwillhavesweptthecountry.

Lastweekalone,morethan100newhumancasesofWestNilewere

reported.TheviruswasdetectedasfarwestasColoradoandWyoming,

infecting371andkilling16peoplein20statesplustheDistrictof

Columbia.ThisyearWestNileappearedearlierinthemosquito

season--mid-JuneinsteadofAugust-andclaimedyoungervictims;the

averageagedroppedfrom65to54.Federalhealthofficialsarestilltrying

tofigureoutwhy,butsaytheymaybefindingmoreWestNileprecisely

becausethey'reonthelookoutforit.AsDr.JulieGerberding,thenew

directoroftheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),recentlytoldreporters,

"We'renotincrisismode."

WhenWestNilehitNewYorkCityin1999,theCDCrealizeditwasa

victimofitsownsuc-cess.Becausehealthofficialshadconqueredmost

mosquito-bornediseasesdecadesago,manystatesabolishedtheir

mosquito-controlprograms.TheFedsrushedinwithfunds-some$50

millionsince1999,plus$31millionmorethisyearalone-totraininsect

researchers,setupstatetestinglabsandkillofftheannoyinginsects.

TheCDCestablishedanewcomputermonitoringsystemandheld

strategysessionswithstateofficials.

someepidemiologistsquestionthefocusandthemillionslavishedona

virusthat'skilledfewerthan20."There'sanepidemicingunviolence

that'stakingmorelivesthanWestNilevirus,"saysDr.WilliamSteinmann,

directoroftheTulanceCenterforClinicalEffectivenessand

Prevention.ButtheFedssaytheireffortshavekeptWestNilefromdoing

farmoredamage."We'rebasicallybuildingtheinfrastructuretodealwith

thisoverthenext50yearsj'saysDr.LylePeterson,aCDCep-idemiologist.

"Thisisheretostay."

sofar,therearenoremediesforWestNile.Officialseventuallyexpectthe

virustosettleintoaquietpatternofmildinfectionswithoccasional

outbreaks,todobattleathome,theCDCrecommendseliminating

standingwaterandusinginsectspraywithDEET-simpleprecautions,but

thebestdefenseagainstaninvaderthatshowsnosignsofgoingaway.

31［單選題］InCaliforniascientistsusechickento

A.sweepawaytheWestNileepidemic.

B.produceantibodiestoWestNilevirus.

C.fightagainstthespreadofWestNilevirus.

0.monitorthepresenceoftheWestNilevirus.

正確答案：D

參考解析：

D【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第三旬至第五句"Unlikecrows,

chickensdon'

tgetsickfromWestNile.Buttheydoproducetelltaleantibodi

estothevirus.sointestcoopSscatteredacrossthestate,

morethan2000'sentinelchickens7

submittofrequentbloodtests."我們知道，和烏鴉不一樣，雞不

會(huì)染上西尼羅河病毒，但是雞會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種抗體，這種抗體能夠讓人們

詳細(xì)了解西尼羅河病毒，因此，全州有2000多只"哨兵雞”在接受

頻繁的血液檢查。因此，我們可以判斷出，加利福尼亞州的科學(xué)家對(duì)

雞進(jìn)行血液檢查是為了檢查雞有沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生西尼羅河病毒抗體，即檢測(cè)

西尼羅河病毒存在與否，故選擇D項(xiàng)。

32［單選題］AccordingtoFederalhealthofficials,thefactthat

moreWestNilecaseshavebeenreportedindicatesthat

A.morestatesareaffected.

B.theaverageagedroppeddrastically.

C.healthofficialsaremorealerttothedisease.

D.theepidemicseasonbeganamonthearlier.

正確答案：C

參考解析：

C【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段第四句

“Federalhealthofficialsarestilltryingtofigureoutwhy,

butsaytheymaybefindingmoreWestNilepreciselybecause

they'reonthelookoutforit.n中的

"beonthelookoutforsomething"意為"注意，留心,警戒”,

由此我們知道，聯(lián)邦公共衛(wèi)生官員仍然在尋找病毒蔓延的原因，但是

認(rèn)為因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)病毒的警惕性高，因此才可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的感染者。

故只有c項(xiàng)的表述正確。

33［單選題］CDCconsideredtheoutbreakofWestNilein1999

asaconsequenceof

A.theabolitionofthemosquito—controlprograms.

B.thesurvivingmosquito—borneinfections.

C.theabuseofsome$50millioninfunds.

D.itsfailuretoconquermosquito—bornediseases.

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句和第二句

"WhenWestNilehitNewYorkCityin1999,

theCDCrealizeditwasavictimofitsownsuccess.Becausehe

althofficialshadconqueredmostmos一

quito-bornediseasesdecadesago,

manystatesabolishedtheirmos-quito-controlprograms.,,我

們知道，1999年西尼羅河病毒在紐約大規(guī)模傳播，疾病控制中心的

官員意識(shí)到，紐約成為其成功的犧牲品，因?yàn)閹资昵埃残l(wèi)生官

員已經(jīng)攻克了以蚊子為傳染源的疫病，所以很多州廢除了蚊子控制項(xiàng)

目，故選擇A項(xiàng)。

34［單選題］FedsclaimedthattheirspendingonWestNile

controlwas

A.worthwhileinthelongrun.

B.liabletocontinueregardlessofthegreatcost.

C.boundtosettletheproblemonceandforall.

0.wastefulinviewofthefewvictimsofthedisease.

正確答案：A

參考解析：

A【精析】該題為推理題。根據(jù)第四段第三句和第四句

“ButtheFedssaytheireffortshavekeptWestNilefromdoin

gfarmoredamage.'We'

rebasicallybuildingtheinfrastructuretodealwiththisovert

henext50years,'saysDr.LylePeterson,

aCDCepidemiologist."我們知道，聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局認(rèn)為他們所做出的

努力防止了西尼羅河病毒造成更大的損失,而且他們正在建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)

施為未來(lái)50年的病毒預(yù)防做出準(zhǔn)備，因此，我們可以推斷出，聯(lián)邦

政府認(rèn)為他們?yōu)轭A(yù)防病毒蔓延所作出的努力在長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)是值得的，故

A項(xiàng)正確；文中沒(méi)有提到聯(lián)邦調(diào)杳局可能會(huì)繼續(xù)為控制西尼羅河病毒

投入資金以及將會(huì)徹底解決西尼羅河病毒蔓延事件，故不選擇8、C

項(xiàng)；D項(xiàng)是流行病學(xué)家而非聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的觀點(diǎn)，故不選。

35［單選題］WhichofthefollowingwouldCDCmostprobably

recommend?

A.Healthweighsmorethanwealth.

B.Preventionisbetterthancure

C.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.

D.Betterlatethannever.

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】該題為推理題。根據(jù)最后一段第三句"t。dobattleathome,

theCDCrecommendseliminatingstandingwaterandusingin

sectspraywithDEET--simpleprecautions,

butthebestdefensea_gainstaninvaderthatshowsnosigns

ofgoingaway."我們知道，為了消滅家里的病毒，疾病控制中心的

官員建議消除死水及使用驅(qū)蚊露噴霧殺蟲(chóng)劑，這只是一些簡(jiǎn)單的預(yù)防

措施，但卻是對(duì)付西尼羅河病毒的最好的方式，故選擇B項(xiàng)。

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-36題

JillKerConway,presidentofSmith,echoestheprevailingviewof

contemporarytechnologywhenshesaysthat"anyoneintoday'sworld

whodoesn'tunderstanddataprocessingisnoteducated."Butsheinsists

thattheincreasingemphasisonthesemattersleavecertaingaps.Says

she:"Theverystronglyutilitarianemphasisineducation,whichisan

effectofman-madesatellitesandthecoldwar,hasreallyremovedfrom

thisculturesomethingthatwasveryprofoundinits18thandl9th

centuryroots,whichwasasensethatliteracyandlearningwereendsin

themselvesforademocraticrepublic."

IncontrasttoPlato'sclaimforthesocialvalueofeducation,aquite

differentideaofintellectu-alpurposeswasadvocatedbythe

Renaissancehumanists.Overjoyedwiththeirrediscoveryoftheclassical

learningthatwasthoughttohavedisappearedduringtheDarkAges,

theyarguedthattheimpartingofknowledgeneedsno

justification-religious,social,economic,orpolitical.Itspurpose,tothe

extentthatithasone,istopassonfromgenerationtogenerationthe

corpusofknowledgethatconstitutescivilization."Whatcouldman

acquire,byvirtuousstriving,thatismorevaluablethanknowledge?"

askedErasmus,perhapsthegreatestscholaroftheearly16thcentury.

Thatideahasacquiredatraditionofitsown."Theeducationalprocess

hasnoendbeyonditself/'saidJohnDewey."Itisitsownend."

Butwhatexactlyisthecorpusofknowledgetobepassedon?Insimpler

times,itwasallincludedinthemedievaluniversities'Quadrivium

(arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,music)andTrivium(grammar,

rhetoricjogic).Asrecentlyasthelastcentury,whenlessthan5%of

Americanswenttocollegeatall,studentsinNewEnglandestablishments

werecompelledmainlytomemorizeandrecitevariousLatintexts,and

crustyprofessorsangrilyopposedtheintroductionofanynewscientific

discoveriesormodemEuropeanlanguages."Theyfelt,"saidregretfully

CharlesFrancisAdams,Jr.,theUnionPacificRailroadpresidentwho

devotedhislateryearstowritinghistory,"thataclassicaleducationwas

theimportantdistinctionbetweenamanwhohadbeentocollegeanda

manwhohadnotbeentocollege,andthatanythingthatdiminishedthe

importanceofthisdistinctionwasessentiallyrevolutionaryandtendedto

anarchy."

36［單選題］ThefirstparagraphshowsthatJillKerConway

acceptsutilitarianemphasisineducation

A.wholeheartedly.

B.withreservation.

C.againstoherownwill.

D.withcontempt.

正確答案：B

參考解析：

B【精析】該題為推理題。根據(jù)第一段第二句

“Butsheinsiststhattheincreasingemphasisonthesematter

sleavecertaingaps."我們知道，雖然吉爾?克爾?康維支持實(shí)用主義

教育，但是她認(rèn)為實(shí)用主義教育仍然有一些欠缺，故選擇B項(xiàng)。

37［單選題］Educationforeducalion7ssakewasprobably

opposedby

A.scholarsintheRenaissanceperiod.

BJillKerConway.

C.scholarsintheDarkAges.

D.Plato.

正確答案：D