PAGEPAGE15.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題A(2024·東北三校模擬)話題：生態(tài)旅游難度：★★建議用時：7分AccordingtotheInternationalEcotourismSociety，eco-travelis“responsibletraveltonaturalareasthatprotectstheenvironment，maintainsthewell-beingsandinvolveseducation”．Eco-travelisontherise，asmoreandmorepeoplebecomeconsciousabouttheircarbonfootprint.ExpertfromBoundlessJourneys，MattHolmes，whoworksontravelexperiencestowardsconservingareassaid，“Asscientistsandnon-scientistslearnmoreabouthowwehumanbeingsareimpactingtheplanet，Ithinkmorepeoplewanttodowhattheycanwhilestillexploringtheworld.Ourguestsaredefinitelyinterestedinthataspectofourjourneys.TravelerscanfarmtheirownfoodinItaly，managingtheiruseofwaterandusingsolarorwindpower.Theycanalsovisitafamily-runcampthatcaresforretiredloggingelephantsinMyanmar，knowaparkentryfeegoestoaconservationorganizationinCostaRica，employandtrainmembersofthelocalcommunityorpartnerwithaprotectiongroup.Therearelotsofoptionsforseekingoutgreenerholiday.”Mostpeoplebelievethateco-travelisexpensiveanditistrue.Mattexplained“Anti-poachingpatrols(反獵捕小隊)needtobepaid，solarenergyequipmentcostsalottoinstall，buildingwithenvironmentallyfriendlymaterialsismoreexpensiveandsoon.Theextracostisnecessary，asyou’repayingtominimizeyourfootprintandprotecttheplacesyouvisit，whichisexactlywhateco-travelisabout.Thefinancialsuccessandsustainability(可持續(xù)性)ofaneco-focusedoperationdoesn’tcomefromthinair.”Theindustryistryingtomakeeco-travelaffordableandmakeitaccessibletothecommonpeople.eq\x(語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講了生態(tài)旅游的意義、影響以及將來的發(fā)展方向。)1．Whatisthepositiveinfluenceofeco-friendlytravel?A．Itenablestravelerstoprotecttheenvironmentwhiletraveling.B．Itkeepshumanbeingshealthyandhappyinafriendlyatmosphere.C．Itteachesustoberesponsibleforthedevelopmentofeconomy.D．Itofferssomevaluableeducationabouttheknowledgeofgardening.答案A解析細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段“AccordingtotheInternationalEcotourismSociety，eco-travelis‘responsibletraveltonaturalareasthatprotectstheenvironment，maintainsthewell-beingsandinvolveseducation’．”可知，環(huán)保旅游的主動影響是它使旅行者在旅行時愛護環(huán)境，故選A。2．AccordingtoMattHolmes，travelerswillbeinterestedin.A．eatingdeliciousfoodinItalyB．visitingelephantsinthezooC．workingtogetherwithaprotectiongroupD．raisingparkentryfeeinCostaRica答案C解析細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段“Ourguestsaredefinitelyinterestedinthataspectofourjourneys.”以及“employandtrainmembersofthelocalcommunityorpartnerwithaprotectiongroup.”可知據(jù)馬特·福爾摩斯所說，旅行者將有愛好與一個愛護組織合作，故選C。3．Whatwillprobablybetalkedaboutinthenextparagraphofthepassage?A．Whyeco-travelisexpensive.B．Howwecanmakeeco-travellessexpensive.C．Whatmaterialsareusedineco-travel.D．Wherewecangoforeco-travel.答案B解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。依據(jù)最終一段最終一句“Theindustryistryingtomakeeco-travelaffordableandmakeitaccessibletothecommonpeople.”可推斷出，接下來會談論如何降低生態(tài)旅游的成本，故選B。B(2024·江蘇如皋模擬)話題：彩虹色的作用難度：★★★建議用時：8分Agooddisguisekeepsyouhidden，right?Well，sometimesthebestdisguiseisactuallythemostdazzlingbecauseresearchrevealsthatflashymetalliciridescence(金屬彩虹色)canvisuallypuzzlepredators(捕食者)，whichallowscolorfulpreytosurviveanotherday.ThosesurprisingresultsappearinthejournalScientificReports.Shiningiridescentcolor，whichchangesdependingontheanglefromwhichit’sviewed，isfavoredbyeverythingfrombirdstobeetlesandblossomstobutterflies.“Andinourresearchgroupweareofcourseinterestedinwhythisvividmetalliccolorissowidespreadinnature.”KarinKjernsmooftheUniversityofBristoladdsthatinsomecasestheshowysplashesoflightareasexualstrategy.“HereIwouldliketopointoutthatinsomespecies，particularlythosethatdisplaystrongsexualdimorphism(雌雄兩性)，suchasbirdsofparadiseorsomebutterfliesorfishes，theoccurrenceofiridescenceismostlikelydrivenbysexualselection.Forexample，inmanyofthesecasesitisthemalesthathavethesevividiridescentcolorsandtheyusetheminmatechoiceortheyusethemasasignaltoattractmates.”Butiridescencealsoshowsupinsituationswherereproductionisnotanissue.“Sowhatwearestudyingnowiswhethernaturalselectionimposedbypredation(捕食行為)couldexplaintheoccurrenceofiridescenceinpreyanimals.”Theideathateye-catchingcolorscouldbeusedasacover-upisn’tanewone.“Thefatherofcamouflagetheory，AbbottThayer，reallybelievedthatiridescenceshouldbecategorizedasacamouflagestrategy.AndhewroteinhisfamouslifeworkConcealing—ColorationintheAnimalKingdom，alreadyin1909，that‘brilliantlychangeableormetalliccolorsareamongthestrongestfactorsinananimal’sconcealment’．Andthissoundslikeacompletelyunreasonablethingtosay，becausehowcancolorsthatarebothbrilliantandchangeablecontributetoanimal’sconcealment？”“Inasimilarway，wewereaskingwhetheriridescence，duetoitschangeability，couldworkasaformofcamouflagebypreventingshaperecognition.”Kjernsmoandhercolleaguestrainedbumblebeestoassociateaparticularshape—acircleoranoval—withasugarreward.Andtheyfoundthatthebees，whengivenachoice，wouldpreferentiallyvisittheshapetheyknewtobesweet.Butwhentheshapeswereiridescent，thebeeshadtroubletellingthemapart.“Itseemedthatthestrikinglyiridescentsurfacesonourtargetsvisuallybrokeuptheotherwiserecognizableshapeofthetargets，whichmadethemhardtodistinguish.”Asformakinguseofthismethodforhidinginplainsight，“Anypracticalapplicationsisofcoursedirectlylinkedtoanyindustrythathasaninterestincamouflage，thatishowtoconcealobjectsormakethemmoredifficulttorecognize.”Theresearchersarecurrentlyconductingexperimentswithbirds，whichoftenpreyoniridescentinsectstoseeifithelpstohaveabird’seyeview.eq\x(語篇解讀本文是一篇科普文。主要講了彩虹色有助于生物隱藏。)4．Accordingtothepassage，iridescenceisnotmadeuseofbyanimalsto.A．livealittlelongerbyescapingtheirpredators.B．catchtheattentionoftheirmatesC．concealthemselveswhenindangerD．catchsightofmorecolorfulpreys答案D解析細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，彩虹色被動物用來逃離捕食者而活得更久，解除A；依據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，動物用彩虹色引起同伴的留意，解除B；依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段內(nèi)容解除C，故選D。5．Fromthestudyinthelastparagraph，wecanlearnthat.A．beescanalwaystellthedifferencebetweenacircleandanovalB．beesarecreaturesthatarefascinatedbysweetthingsthatareiridescentC．ifacircle，withasugarreward，isiridescent，thebeesmayhavedifficultyfindingitD．beesarelikelytoprefercirclestoovals，whethertheyareiridescentornot答案C解析細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段第五句“Itseemedthatthestrikinglyiridescentsurfacesonourtargetsvisuallybrokeuptheotherwiserecognizableshapeofthetargets，whichmadethemhardtodistinguish.”可知選C。6．Whatwillbetalkedaboutinthefollowingparagraph?A．Whetherthereareanydifferencesbetweenbeesandbirds.B．Someindustriesthathavegreatinterestincamouflage.C．Whybirdsarenotaffectedbyiridescentinsects.D．Whichcamouflagetheoryappliesmoretobirds.答案C解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章最終一句說探討人員目前正在對鳥類進行試驗，這些鳥類的飲食中常常含有彩虹色的昆蟲。試驗目的是看看鳥類的視角是否能供應幫助。由此推斷，接下來一段會談論為什么鳥類不受彩虹色昆蟲的影響，故選C。7．Whichofthefollowingmightserveasthebesttitleofthepassage?A．AFamousCamouflageStrategyB．MetallicIridescentastheBestDisguiseC．ColorsUniquetoAnimalsD．ShiningColorsasaSexualStrategy答案B解析標題歸納題。第一段其次句“Well，sometimesthebestdisguiseisactuallythemostdazzlingbecauseresearchrevealsthatflashymetalliciridescence(金屬彩虹色)canvisuallypuzzlepredators(捕食者)，whichallowscolorfulpreytosurviveanotherday.”是全文的主題句，再結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，這篇文章主要講了彩虹色有助于生物隱藏，故B項作標題最佳。C(2024·寧夏銀川一中二模)話題：競技啦啦隊難度：★★★建議用時：8分Overtheyears，cheerleadinghastakentwoprimaryforms：game-timecheerleadingandcompetitivecheerleading.Game-timecheerleaders’maingoalistoentertainthecrowdandleadthemwithteamcheers，whichshouldnotbeconsideredasport.However，competitivecheerleadingismorethanaformofentertainment.Itisreallyacompetitivesport.Competitivecheerleadingincludeslotsofphysicalactivity.Themajorityoftheteamsrequireacertainleveloftumbling(翻騰)ability.It’saverycommonthingforgymnasts，soit’seasyforthemtogointocompetitivecheerleading.Usuallythesecheerleadersintegratelotsoftheirgymnasticsexperienceincludingtheirjumps，tumbling，andoverallenergy.Theyalsoperformliftsandthrows.Thisiswherethe“fliers”arethrownintheair，heldby“bases”indifferentpositionsthatrequirestrengthandworkingwithotherteammates.Competitivecheerleadingisalsoanactivitythatisgovernedbyrulesunderwhichawinnercanbedeclared.Itisawardedpointsfortechnique，creativityandsharpness.Usuallythemoredifficulttheactionis，thebetterthescoreis.That’swhycheerleadersaretryingtoexperiencegreatdifficultyintheirperformance.Besides，thereisalsoastrictruleoftime.Thewholeperformancehastobecompletedinlessthanthreeminutesandfifteenseconds，duringwhichthecheerleadersarerequiredtostaywithinacertainarea.Anyperformancebeyondthelimitoftimeisinvalid.Anotherreasonforthefactthatcompetitivecheerleadingisoneofthehardestsportsisthatithasmorereportedinjuries.Accordingtosomeresearch，competitivecheerleadingisthenumberonecauseofserioussportsinjuriestowomen.Emergencyroomvisitsforitarefivetimesthenumberthanforanyothersport，partiallybecausecheerleadersdon’tuseprotectiveequipment.Smilingcheerleadersarethrownintotheairandmovedownintothearmsoftheteammates，whichmayeasilycauseinjuries.Generally，theseinjuriesaffectallareasofthebody，includingwrists，shoulders，ankles，head，andneck.Therecanbenodoubtthatcompetitivecheerleadingisasportwithprofessionalskills.Hopefully，itwillappearintheOlympicssincecheerleadersarejustasathleticandphysicallyfitasthoseinvolvedinthemoreacceptedsports.Itshouldbenotedthatitisateamsportandeventhesmallestmistakemadebyoneteammatecanbringthescoreoftheentireteamdown.Sowithoutworkingtogethertoachievethegoal，firstplaceisoutofreach.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。介紹了競技啦啦隊是一項具有專業(yè)技能的運動，它包含的內(nèi)容、技術難度以及要求的技能等，讓我們對它有了一個全面的了解和相識。8．Whatisthemainpurposeofcompetitivecheerleading?A．Tocompareskillsofparticipants.B．Tomaketheaudiencefeelamused.C．Toattractmorepeopletowatchevents.D．Tocheerupthecompetitorsonthecourt.答案A解析細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段最終一句、其次段第一句及最終一段第一句“Therecanbenodoubtthatcompetitivecheerleadingisasportwithprofessionalskills.”可知，競技啦啦隊是一項競爭性強的、具有專業(yè)技能的運動。故選A。9．Theunderlinedword“integrate”inParagraph2probablymeans“”．A．examine B．combineC．identify D．replace答案B解析詞義揣測題。依據(jù)語境可知，這些當過體操員的啦啦隊隊長會將他們的體操閱歷融入、整合到啦啦隊動作中，包括跳動、翻滾和整體力氣。此處integrate指整合、融入，與combine同義，故選B。10．Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatcompetitivecheerleading.A．lacksnecessaryguidelinestofollowB．enjoysgreaterpopularitythanothersportsC．requiresmoredesignedactionsthangymnasticsD．hasarelativelyhighrateofdamagetothebody答案D解析細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段可知，競技啦啦隊很簡單造成隊員受傷，并且會造成身體多個部位的受傷。故選D。11．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Sub-point(次要點)C：Conclusion答案C解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章第一段是總體介紹競技啦啦隊，其次段介紹其包括的內(nèi)容和標準，第三、四段介紹其規(guī)則，第五段介紹競技啦啦隊受傷率很高，最終一段得出結(jié)論：競技啦啦隊是一項專業(yè)技能的運動。屬于總分總結(jié)構(gòu)，故選C。D(2024·北京朝陽區(qū)一模)話題：兒童護理難度：★★★建議用時：8分EarlyorLaterDayCareManyyoungparentsareconfusedaboutwhethertheirchildrenshouldhaveearlydaycare，andtherehavealwaysbeendifferentviewsonthissubject.TheBritishpsychoanalystJohnBowlbybelievesthatseparationfromparentsduringthesensitive“attachment”periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild’spersonalityandleadtopsychologicalproblemsinlaterlife.SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby’sworkthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforethreebecauseoftheparentalseparationitcauses，andmanypeopledobelievethis.AccordingtoBowlby，agreatdealofpsychologicalharmcanoccurwhenyoungchildrenareseparatedfromtheirparents.Iftheyareleftwithouttouchforawhile，theywillhaveahigherstresslevel.Parents’influenceontheirchildren’swell-beingmayneverbegreaterthanduringtheearliestyearsoflife，whenachild’sbrainisdevelopingrapidlyandwhennearlyallofherorhisexperiencesareshapedbyparentsandthefamilyenvironment.However，therearecritics.Someanthropologists(人類學家)pointoutthattheloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodernsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.Therehasbeenalonghistoryofthefactthatfatherandmotherdidnotbringuptheirchildrenalone.Plato，around394BC，arguedthatasystemofearlychildcarewouldfreewomentoparticipateinsociety.ResultsfromIsraeliandDutchstudiesshowthatchild-raisingdutiesaremoreevenlydistributedamongabroadergroupofpeople.Besides，studieshavereportedthatearlydaycarehasaneutralorslightlypositiveeffectonchildren’sdevelopment.Theylearnthebenefitsofbeingsociallysmart，understandingtheconceptofsharingandcaring.Theypromoteconcentrationskills，whichisveryimportantintheirlearning.Therearegameswherechildrenaretaughtbasiclanguageandmathematicalskillsthroughstoriesandeverydayexamples.Commonsensetellsusthatearlydaycarewouldnotbesowidespreadifchildrenhadproblemswithit.ButBowlby’sanalysisraisesthepossibilitythatithasdelayedeffects.Thepossibilitythatsuchcaremightleadtomorementalillness15or20yearslatercanonlybeexploredbytheuseofstatistics.Whateverthelong-termeffects，parentssometimesfindtheimmediateeffectsdifficulttodealwith.Childrenunderthreedislikeleavingtheirparentsandshowunhappiness.Attheageofthreealmostallchildrenfinditeasytogotothenursery.Thematter，then，isfarfrombeingclearlyknown，thoughexperienceandavailableevidenceindicatethatearlydaycareisreasonableforyoungchildren.語篇解讀本文是一篇爭論文，探討了三歲之前的兒童是否應當被送去日間護理托兒所。文章分別介紹了支持與反對兩種不同的觀點，并具體說明白理由。12．Thepassagemainlyargueswhether.A．childrenoverthreeshouldacceptschooleducationB．childrenunderthreeshouldbesenttonurseryschoolsC．thefamilyrelationshipisdifferentintraditionalsocietiesD．earlydaycareshouldbetotallyreplacedinmodernsocieties答案B解析主旨大意題。依據(jù)文章第一段及全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要探討了三歲之前的兒童是否應當被送去日間護理托兒所。故B項正確。13．WhichofthefollowingsupportsBowlby’stheory?A．Earlydaycarewouldn’tbesopopularifithadnegativeeffects.B．Separationfromparentsforyoungchildreniscommoninhistory.C．Parentsfindtheimmediateeffectsofearlydaycaredifficulttodealwith.D．Studiesshowearlydaycarehasapositiveeffectonchildren’sdevelopment.答案C解析推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段第一句可知，約翰·鮑爾比認為三歲之前孩子與父母分開會給孩子的特性造成影響，并給孩子以后的生活帶來精神方面的問題。而性格和精神方面的問題是很難處理的。故選C項。14．Theauthor’sattitudetowardsearlydaycareisthat.A．childrenunderthreeshouldstaywiththeirparentsB．ithaspotentialbenefitsforbothchildrenandparentsC．thebadeffectofitonchildrenwilldisappearastheygrowupD．itiscontroversialandthesettlementcallsfortheuseofstatistics答案D解析作者看法題。依據(jù)最終一段前兩句可知，作者認為三歲之前送孩子去托兒所的影響是存在爭議的，很難說這種做法是正確的還是錯誤的；再依據(jù)最終一段第三句可知，作者認為要依據(jù)具體的數(shù)據(jù)來分析這個問題。綜上所述，選D項。15．Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Sub-point(次要點)C：Conclusion答案B解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。本文是一篇爭論文。第一段提出文章探討的話題，也就是Introduction；其次、三段講了英國精神分析專家約翰·鮑爾比反對三歲之前送孩子去托兒所的理由，也就是Point1；第四、五段是支持送孩子去托兒所的理由，也就是Point2；第四、五段是兩個次要點，也就是Sp1和Sp2；文章最終一段作出了最終的結(jié)論。所以B項與文章的結(jié)構(gòu)相吻合。故選B項。E話題：孩子說謊問題難度：★★★建議用時：8分Gettingyourchildrentostoplyingischallenging.Therearemanyinfluences(TV，movies，videogamesandsomegreatbooks)inwhichliesarecommon.Childrenseeparentslietoothers，ifonlytobepolite.MostparentsaddtothatwithtalesaboutthelivesandactivitiesofSantaClausortheToothFairy，ortoallayfears.(“Thiswillnothurt！”)Parentsdothisoutoflove，butforsomechildren，lyingcanbecomeaproblem.Themostcommonreactionstochildrenwholieareexplainingwhyitiswrongandpunishment.Butaswaysofchangingbehavior，theseareineffective.However，whatcountsistopraise.Youcouldaskyourchildtosaysomethingthathappenedatschoolthatistrue.Itisnotcriticalwhatthatis.Thisisaboutpractice.Whenyourchildcomplies，praisehimenthusiastically.Bespecific：“Thatwasgreat!YoutoldmewhathappenedjustlikeIasked.Wow！”andgiveyourchildahugorahighfive.Ifyourchildsayssomethingtrueinthecourseofherday，praisethatbehaviortoo.Aimforoneortwointeractionslikethisaday.Ifyouhappento“catch”yourchildinalie，bematter-of-factinyourdisapproval.Saysomethinglike，“Thatisnottrueandcouldgetyouintroubleoutsideofthehome;itisbettertosaythetruth.”Besides，youshouldsetagoodexampletoyour