AgoraEnergy博眾智合ENERGYFOUNDATION能源基金會西科城能源環(huán)境創(chuàng)新研究院shanxicoshareInnovationInstituteofEnergy&EnvironmentForumEnergiiSUSTAINABLEENERGY,PROSPEROUSFUTURE2-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究報告題目作者機構合作機構能源基金會山西科城能源環(huán)境創(chuàng)新研究院e-cosh波蘭能源論壇（ForumEnergii）www.forum-energii.eu項目負責人kevin.tu@zhou.yang@KonstancjaZió?kowska(ForumEnergii)3-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究當今國際政治格局正在經(jīng)歷重大變革――地緣政治1在全球范圍內(nèi)加速推進煤炭轉型對于實現(xiàn)氣候目標至關重要，但對于煤炭生產(chǎn)和消費仍在增長的山西以及2本報告設計了一套全新的公正能源轉型指數(shù)，通過量化框架，有利于為產(chǎn)煤區(qū)量身定制轉型戰(zhàn)略。對山西與處于不同轉型階段的歐洲產(chǎn)煤區(qū)開展對比研3全面的政策框架、有效的協(xié)調(diào)機制和充足的資金對于推進山西和其他主要產(chǎn)煤區(qū)的公正煤炭轉型至關能結合經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展和社會公正的轉型政策，例如投資綠色技術、為煤炭社區(qū)改造建立專動結構性變革。建議全國雙碳工作領導小組將人力資源和社會保障部以及更廣泛的公共與私4從掌握的資源及在本地的影響力來看，龍頭煤炭企業(yè)在推動山西等地區(qū)的公正轉型領域也能發(fā)揮重要府可以通過與龍頭煤企積極合作，利用其扎實的現(xiàn)金流以及與當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的緊密紐帶來支持地方轉型業(yè)務，在非煤、甚至非能源領域創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會，這類企業(yè)能夠助力經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型，減少地方對煤炭4-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究Dearreader,CoalhashistoricallybeenasignificantenergysourceinbothEuropeandChina.However,withambitiousclimategoalsonthehorizon,theongoingshiftawayfromcoalpresentsauniqueopportunitytoinnovate,restructureenergysystemsandcreatesustainablegrowth.Centraltothisprocessistheconceptofa"justtransition",whichensuresthatthemovetoalow-carboneconomyisfair,addressingtheneedsofworkers,communitiesandindustriesimpactedbythechange.ThisreportwasdevelopedbyAgoraEnergyTransitionChina,incollaborationwithAgoraEnergiewende,EnergyFoundationChinaandShanxiCoshareInnovationInstituteofEnergyandEnvironment.Throughanin-depthanalysisofShanxi,China’slargestcoal-producingregion,thereportexploresitsprogresstowardajusttransition.AnewJustEnergyTransitionIndex(JETI)formsthebasisfortheanalysis,whichcomparesShanxi’stransitionprogresswiththatoffivecoalregionsinEuropeandoffersactionableinsightsintosupportingcoalworkersandcommunities,withafocusonemploymentandeconomicdiversificationstrategies.Drawingonlessonslearnedfromothercountriesandregions,thereporthighlightspathwaysforcoal-dependentregionslikeShanxiprovincetotransitiontocleanenergywhilefosteringeconomicresilienceandsocialequity.Wehopeyoufinditinsightful.ManagingDirector,AgoraEnergyTransitionChina1theseregions,earlyactionsupportedbyastrongpolicyframeworkcanhelpensurethetransitionisjustandcost-effective,whilealsodrivinginnovationandfosteringeconomicdiversification.2quantitativeframeworktogufromandinternationalcollaborationwithotherregionsfurtheralongintheirtransitionjourneyhighlightareaswhereprogresscanbeacceleratedandprovidevaluableinsights,resourcesandopportunities.3andothercoalregions.Prioritisingpoliciesthatintegratesustainableeconomicdevelopmentandsocialjustice,suchasinvestingincleantechnologiesandestablishingafundforcoalcommunitytransformation,candrivestructuralchange.ExpandingChina’snationalleadershipgrouponcarbonpeakingandneutralitytoincludehumanresourceauthoritiesandpublic,privateandcivilsocietystakeholderswouldenhancecoordinationandhelpensureequitableoutcomes.4interventioncanhelpalignSOEs’investmentprioritiesandunlocktheirfullpotentialtosupportthetransition.Centralandregionalgovernmentscanfacilitatecollaborationwiththeseresource-richandinfluentialSOEstodrivediversificationandprioritisejobcreationinnon-coalorevennon-energysectors.Localgovernments,inturn,canhelpbyidentifyingmarketdemandtrendsandopportunitiesfordevelopment,enablingSOEstoreducecoaldependencyandadvancecarbonneutralitygoals.5-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究2.4公正能源轉型綜合評價結果2.5總結2.6參考文獻6-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究3煤炭產(chǎn)區(qū)的就業(yè)問題3.1.3公司案例A――焦化行業(yè)職工安置風險逐步顯現(xiàn)593.1.4公司案例B――內(nèi)部分流面臨規(guī)模和結構的雙重調(diào)整613.2大波蘭東部地區(qū)――ZEPAKS.A.電力熱力公司65――PAKKWBKoninS.A褐煤開采公司66 4煤炭產(chǎn)區(qū)經(jīng)濟轉型可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題4.2.2各層面經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展相關政策和機制4.2.3經(jīng)濟轉型可持續(xù)發(fā)展路徑分析4.3.2經(jīng)濟轉型路徑選擇和規(guī)劃相似904.3.3保障機制和力度不同4.4參考文獻 5.2就業(yè)問題5.3經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展5.4政策建議總結7-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究圖1-22022年山西省能流圖圖1-9德國硬煤與褐煤開采情況圖1-101990-2023年德國一次能源消耗量及其細分能源圖3-12015-2022年山西省煤采選行業(yè)直接就業(yè)規(guī)模的變動圖3-32020年山西省省屬煤企重整圖3-4波蘭、大波蘭省、大波蘭東部等地區(qū)2020年失業(yè)率圖4-32021年波蘭、羅茲省和皮奧特科夫斯基地區(qū)總增加值結構8-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究表2-2中歐煤炭產(chǎn)區(qū)案例區(qū)部分經(jīng)濟社會能源發(fā)展指標表4-2國家層面推動山西經(jīng)濟轉型可持續(xù)在的政策梳理表4-3山西省層面推動經(jīng)濟轉型可持續(xù)在的政策梳理9-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究ClimateJusticeAllianceEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunityEnergyIndicatorsforSustainableDevelopmentenergytransitionindexenergytrilemmaindexEU-ETSEuropeanUnionEmissionTradingSystemGreenBudgetGermanyGie?daPapierówWarto?ciowychwWarszawieInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyInternationalLaborOrganizationInternationalTradeUnionConfederationJustTransitionFundJustTransitionMechanismJustEnergyTransitionIndexMFModernisationFundOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPolskaGrupaEnergetycznaPPPPublicPrivatePartnershipPublicSectorLoanFacilityRealEstateInvestmentTrustStrengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,andThreatsTerritorialJustTransitionPlansUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeWWFWorldWideFundZespó?ElektrowniP?tnów-Adamów-KoninCapitalGroup-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究ExecutiveSummaryCoalhashistoricallybeenasignificantenergysourceinbothEuropeandChina.However,withambitiousclimategoalsonthehorizon,theongoingshiftawayfromcoalpresentsanopportunitytorestructureenergysystems,fosterinnovationandcreatesustainablegrowthpathways.Centraltothisprocessistheconceptofajusttransition,whichensuresthatthemovetowardsalow-carboneconomyisequitable,addressingtheneedsofworkers,communitiesandindustriesaffectedbythechange.InChina,thisconcepthasgainedattentionamongresearchinstitutesandcivilsociety,butgreaterawarenessamongpolicymakersisneededtomakeitakeyfocusofdecision-making,particularlyincoalregionslikeShanxi.IntheEuropeanUnion(EU),coalstillaccountsforaboutonefifthoftotalelectricityproduction,providingapproximately230,000jobsacross31regionsin11countries.Yet,theEU’scommitmenttoreducingcarbondioxideemissionsbyatleast55percentby2030andachievingclimateneutralityby2050challengesthebloc’scoal-dependentregionstodevelopinnovativesolutionstotransformtheirenergysystems.Poland,traditionallyoneofEurope’smostcoal-dependentcountries,offersacasestudyinevolvingpossibilitiesasitworkstoalignwiththeEU’sambitiousclimatetargets.Itsshareofcoalintheenergymix,whilestillsignificant,hasdecreasedmarkedlyinrecentyears.Thisprogressservesasanencouragingexampleforotherhistoricallycoal-reliantcountries.ElsewhereintheEU,Germanyhassetatargetofreducingemissionsby65percentby2030andachievingclimateneutralityby2045–fiveyearsaheadoftheEU’soverallgoal.Meanwhile,theUnitedKingdomhasalsomadestridesinitscoalphase-out;theSeptember2024closureoftheRatcliffe-on-Soarcoal-firedpowerplant–theUK’slast–markedtheendofthecountry’s142-yearhistoryofcoal-firedpowergeneration.China,similarly,ispresentedwithsignificantopportunitiestoadvanceitsdualcarbongoals,whichaimtopeaknationalcarbonemissionsby2030andachievecarbonneutralityby2060.Despitethis,coalstillrepresentsmorethanhalfofboththecountry’sprimaryenergyconsumptionanditspowergeneration.Inrecentyears,aboutfourfifthsofChina’snationalcoaloutputhasbeenconcentratedinjustfourkeycoal-producingregions,namelyShanxi,InnerMongolia,ShaanxiandXinjiang–posingspecificchallengesfortheseregionaltransitions.ShanxiisChina’slargestcoal-producingregion,anditsmajorcoalminingoperationshavemadeitakeyenergysupplybaseforthewholecountryaswellasforexports.Acoal-to-cleantransitionisthuscrucialfordeliveringonbothnationalandglobalclimategoals.ThisreportpresentsacomparativeanalysisbetweenShanxiandfivecoalregionsacrossPoland,GermanyandtheUKtobetterpositionShanxiinitsjourneytowardajusttransitionawayfromcoal.Thereportalsooutlinesactionablesolutionsforsupportingcoalworkersandcommunities,offeringinsightsintoemploymentandeconomicdiversificationstrategies.Bydrawingexperiencesandlessonsfromsuccessfulpracticesaroundtheworld,thereportprovidestangiblepathwaysforcoal-dependentregionstotransitiontowardscleanenergywhilefosteringeconomicresilienceandsocialequity.TheJustEnergyTransitionIndex(JETI)Transitioningawayfromcoalaffectscountriesandregionsdifferently,dependingontheiruniquesocioeconomic,environmental,politicalandenergycontexts.Withoutcarefulplanning,coalworkersandtheircommunitiescanfacesubstantialsocioeconomicimpacts,underscoringtheimportanceofajustenergytransition.Withthenew“JustEnergyTransitionIndex”(JETI)developedbyAgoraEnergyTransitionChina,thisreportassessesandcomparestheprogressofthe–中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究sixregions’transitionsatbothregionalandnationallevels.TheJETIusesfivekeydimensionsand36individualindicatorstoshedlightoneachregion’stransitionreadiness,progressandspecificchallengesthatlieahead.Thefivedimensionsare:energy,emissionsabatement,economy,socialdevelopmentandtransitionmomentum.Theenergyandemissionsabatementdimensionsevaluatecoalregions’relianceoncoal,thelevelofrenewableenergydevelopment,carbonintensityandairquality.Theeconomicdimensionexaminesregions’economicgrowthanditscorrelationwithenergyconsumption.Thesocialdevelopmentdimensionassessesfactorssuchasemployment,incomelevels,socialsecurity,healthcareandeducation.Finally,thetransitionmomentumdimensionfocusesonpolicysupport(includingclimateambition,climateactionplansandcarbonpricingmechanisms),investmentintoresearchanddevelopmentandtheoverallinvestmentandbusinessenvironment.TheJETIconsidersnotonlytheprogressofdecarbonisationwithintheenergysystembutalsofactorsaffectingthepotentialforsustainabledevelopmentinthemediumandlongterm,suchasincomeequity,developmentofthetertiarysector,qualityofhealthcareandeducation,andattractivenesstoforeigninvestmentandtalent.ApplyingtheseJETIdimensionstoaregion’stransitioncontextcanhelpidentifyspecificareasfortargetedsupportandprovideafoundationforatailored–andthusmoreeffectiveandequitable–regionaltransitionstrategy.KeyresultsoftheJETIassessmentTheJETIanalysisofthisreportcomparessixcoalregionsacrossChinaandEurope:Shanxi(China),UpperSilesiaandBe?chatów(Poland),NorthRhine-WestphaliaandLusatia(Germany)andSouthWales(UK),analysingeachregion’sstrengthsandweaknessesthroughthefivekeydimensions.Thedimensionsareassessedthroughacomprehensiveframeworkof36indicatorsweightedbyapplyingacombinationofobjectiveandsubjectivemethodologies.Basedonthemostrecentavailabledataattheregionallevel,thestudyprovidesdetailedanalysisandinsightsbyquantifyingeachdimension.OutcomesofthesixcoalregionsintheJETITransitionmomentumEmissionsabatement0.050SocialdevelopmentEconomyNorthRhine-Westphalia(Germany)SouthWales(UnitedKingdom)-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究TheJETIresultsshowthatNorthRhine-Westphaliahasmadesubstantialadvancesinnearlyallcategories,withparticularstrengthsinsocialdevelopmentandtransitionmomentum.ThisprogresscanbeattributedinlargeparttotheRuhrregion’slong-standingfocusoneducationandinnovationsincethelate1950s,fosteringregionalincomegrowthandenhancedresearchcapabilities.SouthWaleshasalsomadenoteworthystrides,particularlyintheenergydimension.Theclosureofitslastcoal-firedpowerplantinMarch2020andthesubsequentshutdownofitslastopencastcoalmineinNovember2023reflectaclearpivotawayfromcoal,withnaturalgasemergingastheprimaryenergysourcefortheregion.However,theindexshowsSouthWaleslaggingbehindtheGermancoal-producingregionsintermsofsocialdevelopmentandeconomicdimensionsandbehindboththePolishandGermancoal-producingregionsintermsoftransitiondynamics.ThisgapisprimarilyduetoaslowereconomicgrowthrateinSouthWales,whiletheGermancoalregionshaveachievedfastereconomicexpansionwhilesimultaneouslyreducingenergyintensity.SouthWales’sexperiencesuggeststhatforregionsinthelaterstagesofthecoaltransition,evenwithcoalminesandpowerplantsnolongerinoperation,considerabletimeandfinancialinvestmentarestillneededtoraiselocalsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmenttothenationalaverage.Incontrast,thethreecoalregionsinPolandandShanxiareatearlierstagesoftheirenergytransitions,withroomforfurtherprogressineconomicandsocialdevelopment.Theseregionsfacenotablechallengesincreatingequitableopportunitiesforcoalworkers,indigenouscommunitiesandcompaniesastheynavigatetheirtransitions.ThesimilarpatternsobservedintheirJETIevaluationssuggestcommonhurdlesinadvancingcleanenergytransitionswhileensuringeconomicandsocialjusticeremaincentraltotheprocess.Severalofthesecommonalitiesappearalsointhereport’stwocomparativecasestudies,asfollows.Comparativecasestudy:EmploymentinShanxi(China)andEasternWielkopolska(Poland)Thereportassessesworkerre-employment,reskillingandothersupportpoliciesinthecoalindustriesofShanxi(China)andEasternWielkopolska(Poland),comparingastate-ownedandaprivateenterpriseintheformerwithacoalminingandacoalpowerenterpriseinthelatter.Thesetworegionswereselectedfortheemploymentcasestudyfortheirparallelcontexts–Shanxi’spoliciesareshapedbyChina’scentralgovernment,whileEasternWielkopolskaisinfluencedbyEUdirectives–allowingforinsightsintotheimpactofgovernancestructuresontransitionstrategies.Bothregionsareundergoingsignificantstructuralchangesandfacesimilaremployment-relatedchallengesduringtheearlystagesoftheirtransitions.Theanalysishighlightscommonhurdlesandexploresregion-specificsolutionsandlevelsofreadinessforajustenergytransition.Thesechallengesinclude:→Unemployment:Withoutcarefulplanning,asubstantialworkforceacrossthecoalsupplychainisatriskofunemployment.→Policyfragmentation:Afragmentedorinadequatesupportregimecanstruggletomeettransition-relatedneeds,especiallyintermsoffunding.→Skillmismatches:Re-employingcoalworkerscanbehinderedbyalackofrelevantskills,evenwherereskillingprogrammeshavebeenimplemented.→Demographicdynamics:Ageingpopulationsandmigrationtrendscanexacerbatelabourshortages.→Reluctancetorelocate:Theregions’geographicalandsocialstructurescandiscourageworkersfromseekingdistantemploymentopportunities.HowShanxiandEasternWielkopolskaapproach(re)employmentchallengesdifferprimarilyintermsof:→Theroleofenergycompanies:InEasternWielkopolska,thelargestenergyenterprisesareprivateandthushavelimitedcapacitytoabsorblaid-offworkers.InShanxi,provincialenterprisesaremuchmoreabletoshoulderthispressuretogetherwiththelocalgovernment,because-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究Chinesestate-ownedcompaniesareresponsibleformaintainingtheemploymentrateatacertainlevel.→Re-employmentsolutions:Polandtendstopromotethere-employmentoftheworkforceinnon-coalornon-energyfieldsthroughre-educationandreskillingprogrammes.Shanxileanstowardscreatingnewemploymentopportunitiesforcoalworkersinenergysectorsbymodernisinganddecarbonisingitscoal-basedandmanufacturingindustries.SeveralfactorsdifferentiateShanxiandEasternWielkopolskaintheirtransitionreadiness.Theseinclude:→Driversforthetransitionawayfromcoal:Poland’stransitionisdrivenprimarilybymarketforces,namelytheEUemissionstradingsystem,aswellasotherobligationsundertheEU’sdecarbonisationcommitments.Bycontrast,Shanxi’seffortsareguidedprimarilybynationalstrategiesandcentralgovernmentpolicies.→Levelofpolicysupportandpaceofthetransitionprocess:Poland’scoaldependencehasdeclinedrapidly,supportedbyEU-fundedinitiativesandlocalgovernmentaction.ForShanxi,althoughtheprovincialgovernmentandcoalcompaniesareactivelypromotingenergytransition,therearenoclearquantitativetargetssetatthenationallevelforthedevelopmentandtransformationofkeystate-ownedcoalenterprises.→Leveloffundingandinvestmentfor(re)employmentsolutions:AsamemberstateoftheEU,PolandhasbenefitedfromEU-fundedinitiatives.PrivatecapitalandforeigninvestmentalsoplayanimportantroleinPoland’sjusttransition.Meanwhile,Shanxi’stransitionissupportedmainlybypublicfunding,includingdirectinvestmentfromthecentralgovernment,fundingallocationsfromlocalgovernmentsandinvestmentfromstate-ownedenterprises.Indeed,ShanxilaunchedChina’sfirstjusttransitionloanin2023,apositivesignofdedicatedfundingonemploymentissues.→Governancestructure:Shanxi’sgovernanceofthetransitionisheavilycentralised,withstronggovernmentoversightandguidance,thoughparticipationofprivateandsocialsectorsisencouraged.Bycontrast,Polandhasdemonstratedahighlevelofmulti-stakeholderparticipationinthejusttransitionprocess.Thefederalgovernment,localgovernments,enterprises,tradeunions,civilsocietyandinternationalorganisationsallplaydifferentbutimportantrolesinpolicydesignandfundingallocation.Comparativecasestudy:Economicdiversi?cationinShanxi(China)and?ód?kie(Poland)ThereportpresentsafurthercomparativeanalysisofShanxi(China)andLodzkie(Poland),thistimefocusingoneconomicdiversificationefforts.UsingLinfenCityinShanxiandtheBe?chatówCoalTransitionAreain?ód?kieascasestudies,thereportconductsanin-depthexaminationofhowmunicipalgovernmentsintheseregionsareplanningsustainableeconomicdevelopmentpathwaysandimplementingpoliciestoachievethesegoals.KeysimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenShanxiandthe?ód?kieintermsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareasfollows:→Emergingalternativeindustries:Bothregionshaveinitiatedthedevelopmentofneweconomicsectorsoutsideofthecoalvaluechain,thoughtheyarestillrelativelymodestinscale.Bothregionalgovernmentshavestrategicallyplannedforeconomicdiversificationinlinewithlocalresourceendowments.However,thesenewindustriesarestillintheirinitialstages,anditmaybechallengingtogeneratesignificanteconomicreturnsintheshortterm.→Populationandlabourchallenges:BothShanxiand?ód?kiefacedemographicissuessuchaspopulationdecline,lossoflabourandinsufficientsupportforscientificresearchandeducation.Thesefactorscanhinderlong-termeconomicresilienceandtheabilitytotransitionawayfrom→Insufficientfunding:Bothregionsaregrapplingwithalackoffinancialresourcestoadequatelysupportthetransition.Moreinvestmentis-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究necessarytoensurethesustainabledevelopmentofnon-coalindustriesandtohelpmitigatetheeconomicandsocialimpactsofcoalphase-out.→Differentpacesoftransitioningawayfromcoal:InShanxi,coalproductionandconsumptionarestillrising,withthegovernmentfocusingonenhancingtheefficiencyofthecoalindustryandclimbingupthecoalvaluechain.Bycomparison,Polandfacesmoreimminentpressureduetoresourcedepletion,decliningcompetitivenessinthecoalmarketandEUpoliciesforafastertransitionawayfromcoal.→Differentpolicydecision-makingmechanisms:InShanxi,thecentral,provincialandmunicipalgovernmentsareleadingpolicydiscussionsandexecutiononeconomicandindustrialtransformation.InPoland,thedecision-makingprocessinvolvesabroaderrangeofstakeholders,withnotableparticipationfromtheEU.PolicyrecommendationsTheJETIanalysisofsixcoal-producingregionsacrossfourcountriesprovidesarobustframeofreferencetoassessShanxi’sjustcoaltransitionprogressacrossmultipledimensions.ThecomparativecasestudiesofShanxiandtworegionsinPoland–allintheearlystagesoftheirenergytransitions–highlightbothsimilaritiesanddifferences,particularlyintermsofemploymentandeconomicdiversification.Drawingfromthesefindings,thefollowingpolicyrecommendationsaimtosupportajusttransitioninShanxiandofferinsightsforothercoalregionsinChinaandbeyond.→EnhancingpoliciesandgovernancemechanismsAtthenationallevel,establishingacentralcoordinationframeworktooverseetheenergytransitionandsustainablesocioeconomicdevelopmentincoal-dependentregionsiskey.Thenationalleadershipgrouponcarbonpeakingandneutralityisastronggovernancefoundationbutlackskeyparticipants,suchashumanresourceauthoritiesandstakeholdersfromboththepublicandprivatesectors.Amorebalancedapproachwouldenabletheframeworktoeffectivelyaddressenergysecuritywitheconomicgrowthandsocialstability.AttheprovinciallevelinShanxi,adedicatedcommitteeforsustainablesocioeconomicdevelopmentcouldbeestablishedtoclearlydefineleadershiprolesandtheresponsibilitiesofparticipatingagencies.Ascientificallyinformedlong-termroadmapforthejusttransition,whichincludesassessmentsofregionalstrengths,vulnerabilities,risksandopportunitiesassociatedwiththeenergytransition,wouldguidetheregiontowardsbalancedeconomicgrowthandenvironmentalsustainability.ThisroadmapshouldalsoalignwithChina’sdualcarbongoals.→Establishingmulti-stakeholdercommunicationchannelsBycreatingformalconsultationanddialogueplatforms,governmentscanfacilitatetransparentcommunicationbetweenauthoritiesandthepublic.Theseplatformsmayconsistofseminars,townhallmeetings,orforumsthatengageexperts,academics,researchinstitutions,industryexecutivesandcivilsociety.Moreover,bypromotingwidespreadandequitablepubliceducationinitiativesaboutthetransition,governmentscanhelpimprovepublicunderstandingandfosteractiveparticipation.Throughdiversecommunicationchannelssuchasmediaoutlets,onlineplatforms,industryeventsandcommunityworkshops,authoritiescandisseminateinformationonthetransition’sobjectives,policiesandimpactstogarnersocialbuy-in.→Supportingthetransitionwithdiversi?edfundingmechanismsAtthenationallevel,establishingajusttransitionfundcanprovidetargetedsupportforthetransition.Thefundcoulddrawfromdifferentsources,includingcentralgovernmentallocations,contributionsfromeconomicallyadvancedprovinces,revenuesfromcarbonpricingmechanismsorproceedsfromissuingjusttransitionbonds.Promotinggreenfinanceandtransitionfinanceatthelocallevelisalsocrucial.Additionally,harmonisingpublicmoneyfromcentral,provincial,-中歐產(chǎn)煤區(qū)能源轉型國際對比研究municipalandcountyadministrationscancreateaunifiedfundingstrategy.Inthisway,publicfundscansignalgovernmentcommitmentandattractadditionalprivatesectorinvestmentstodrivethejusttransitionagendaforward.→Chinesestate-ownedcoalenterprises(SOEs),giventheirresourcesandsigni?cantlocalin?uence,canalsotakealeadingroleinregionaltransitions.StrategicgovernmentinterventioncanhelpalignSOEs’investmentprioritiesandunlocktheirfullpotentialtosupportthetransition.CentralandregionalgovernmentscanfacilitatecollaborationwithSOEs,withtheirabundantresourcesandinfluence,todrivediversificationandprioritisejobcreationinnon-coalorevennon-energysectors.Localgovernments,inturn,canhelpbyidentifyingmarketdemandtrendsandopportunitiesfordevelopment,enablingSOEstoreducecoaldependencyandadvancecarbonneutralitygoals.→InvestinginvisionarygreenprojectstoboostregionalappealForward-lookinginvestmentsinareassuchasinfrastructureupgrades,scientificresearchandtalentdevelopmentarevitalforlong-termsocioeconomicsustainabilityandregionalcompetitivenessandappeal.FrequentrolechangesamonglocalgovernmentofficialsinChinacanmakeitchallenging