《工程質(zhì)量管理的基本知識》

BasicKnowledgeofProjectQualityManagement（一）建筑工程質(zhì)量管理特點和原則Section1Characteristicsandprinciplesofconstructionprojectqualitymanagement1、建筑工程質(zhì)量管理的特點1.Characteristicsofconstructionprojectqualitymanagement工程質(zhì)量管理是確定工程質(zhì)量方針、目標(biāo)和責(zé)任，并通過質(zhì)量體系中的質(zhì)量策劃、質(zhì)量控制、質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量改進，來實現(xiàn)所有管理職能的全部活動。Projectmanagementaimstoascertainprinciples,objectivesandresponsibilitiesoftheprojectquality,andachieveallmanagementfunctionsthroughqualityplanning,qualitycontrol,qualityassuranceandqualityimprovementinthequalitysystem.建筑工程質(zhì)量管理具備以下特點：Therearefourcharacteristicsinconstructionprojectmanagement:（1）影響質(zhì)量的因素多(1)Variedfactorsinfluencethequalityoftheconstructionproject（2）質(zhì)量控制的難度大(2)Greatdifficultyinqualitycontrol（3）過程控制的要求高(3)Highrequirementsforprocesscontrol（4）終結(jié)檢查的局限大(4)Manylimitationsexistinthefinalcheck2、施工質(zhì)量的影響因素2.Factorsaffectingtheconstructionquality影響施工質(zhì)量的因素有：Thefactorsthataffectconstructionqualityareasfollows:（1）人的因素(1)Human（2）材料的因素(2)Material（3）設(shè)備的因素(3)Machine（4）方法的因素(4)Method（5）環(huán)境控制(5)Environmentcontrol3、施工質(zhì)量管理原則3.Theprinciplesofconstructionqualitymanagement

質(zhì)量管理原則包括以下八個方面：Theprinciplesofconstructionqualitymanagementincludethefollowing8aspects.（1）以顧客為關(guān)注焦點。Customerfirst（2）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用。

Theroleofleadership（3）全員參與。

Totalinvolvement（4）過程方法。

Processmethods（5）管理的系統(tǒng)方法。

Systematicapproachesofmanagement（6）持續(xù)改進。Constantimprovement（7）基于事實的決策方法。Decisionmaking

basedon

facts（8）與供方互利的關(guān)系。Mutualbeneficialrelationshipwithsuppliers（二）建筑工程施工質(zhì)量控制Section2Constructionqualitycontrol質(zhì)量控制是質(zhì)量管理的一部分，致力于滿足質(zhì)量要求。質(zhì)量控制的目標(biāo)就是確保項目質(zhì)量能滿足有關(guān)方面所提出的質(zhì)量要求。質(zhì)量控制的范圍涉及項目質(zhì)量形成全過程的各個環(huán)節(jié)。Qualitycontrolisapartofqualitymanagementandiscommittedtomeetingqualityrequirements.Itaimstoensurethatprojectqualitycanmeetthequalityrequirementsputforwardbyrelevantparties.Itsscopeinvolveseachlinkofthewholeprocessofprojectqualityformation.質(zhì)量控制的工作內(nèi)容包括專業(yè)技術(shù)和管理技術(shù)兩方面。質(zhì)量控制應(yīng)貫徹預(yù)防為主與檢驗把關(guān)相結(jié)合的原則，對影響項目工作質(zhì)量的人、機、料、法、環(huán)（4M1E）因素進行控制，并對質(zhì)量活動的成果進行分階段驗證，以便及時發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，查明原因，采取措施，防止類似問題重復(fù)發(fā)生，并使問題在早起得到解決，減少經(jīng)濟損失。Theworkcontentofqualitycontrolincludesprofessionaltechnologyandmanagementtechnology.Qualitycontrolshouldimplementtheprincipleofcombiningpreventionfirstandtakinginspection,whichmeansthatfactorsaffectingtheworkqualityoftheproject,includingman,machine,material,methodandenvironment(alsoknownas4M1E)shouldbeundercontrol,andtheresultsofqualityactivitiesshouldbeverifiedbystagesinordertofindproblemsintime,soastofindoutthereason，takemeasurestopreventsimilarproblemsfromoccurringagain,maketheproblemsresolvedintheearlystageandreducefinanciallosses.1、施工質(zhì)量控制的基本內(nèi)容和要求1.Basiccontentsandrequirementsofconstructionqualitycontrol施工質(zhì)量控制應(yīng)貫徹全面全過程質(zhì)量管理的思想，運用動態(tài)控制原理，進行質(zhì)量的事前控制、事中控制和事后控制。Constructionqualitycontrolshouldimplementthethoughtofwhole-processqualitymanagementinanall-roundmanner,usingtheprincipleofdynamiccontrollingtorealizepre-control,mid-controlandaftercontrolofquality.2、工序質(zhì)量控制、隱蔽工程施工驗收及成品保護2.Processqualitycontrol,constructionacceptanceofconcealedworkandfinishedproductprotection.施工作業(yè)過程質(zhì)量控制的內(nèi)容：Thefollowingisthecontentofqualitycontrolintheconstructionprocess,including（1）進行技術(shù)交底；Disclosingtechniques（2）檢查施工工序、程序的合理性、科學(xué)性，防止工序流程錯誤導(dǎo)致工序質(zhì)量失控；Checkingtheconstructionprocessesandproceduresinarationalandscientificwaytopreventtheprocessqualityfrombeingoutofcontrolduetothewrongprocessflow.（3）檢查工序施工條件；Checkingconstructionconditionsoftheprocess.（4）檢查工序施工中人員操作程序、操作質(zhì)量是否符合質(zhì)量規(guī)程要求；Checkingwhethertheoperationprocedureandoperationqualityofpersonnelinprocessconstructionmeettherequirementsofqualityregulations.（5）檢查工序施工中間產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量；Checkingthequalityofintermediatematerialsofprocessconstruction.（6）對工序質(zhì)量符合要求的中間產(chǎn)品及時進行工序驗收或隱蔽工程驗收；Timelycarryingoutprocessacceptanceorconcealedworksacceptanceforintermediatematerialswithprocessqualitymeetingtherequirements.（7）質(zhì)量合格的工序經(jīng)驗收后可進入下道工序施工；未經(jīng)驗收合格的工序，不得進入下道工序施工。Qualifiedprocesscanenterthenextoneafterpassingthetest,or,itcan’t.3、隱蔽工程施工驗收3.Acceptanceofconcealedworks（1）施工工藝順序過程中，前道工序已施工完成將被后一道工序所掩蓋、包裹而再無法檢查其質(zhì)量情況，前道工序通常被稱為隱蔽工程。Intheprocedureofconstruction,thepreviousworkthatiscoveredandwrappedbythelattercannolongerbechecked.Suchprocessiscalledaconcealedwork.（2）隱蔽工程施工完畢，承包單位按有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)程、規(guī)范、施工圖紙先進行自檢，自檢合格后，填寫“報驗申請表”。Whencompleteaconcealedwork,thecontractorshallfirstconductaself-inspection,followingtherelevanttechnicalregulations,specificationsandconstructiondrawings.Ifeverythingisqualified,fillinthe“InspectionApplicationForm.”（3）監(jiān)理工程師收到報驗申請后，首先對質(zhì)量證明資料進行審查，并進行現(xiàn)場檢查，承包單位的項目工程技術(shù)負責(zé)人、專職質(zhì)檢員及相關(guān)施工人員應(yīng)隨同一起到現(xiàn)場。Thesupervisingengineershallfirstlyreviewthequalitycertificationandinspectthesite.Theprojectengineeringtechnicaldirector,full-timequalityinspectorandrelatedconstructionpersonnelshallfollowthesupervisingengineertothesite.4、施工質(zhì)量檢查4.Constructionqualityinspection檢查驗證的方法，主要是核查有關(guān)工程技術(shù)資料、直接進行現(xiàn)場質(zhì)量檢查或必要的實驗等。Constructionqualityinspectionmajorlyinvolvechecksonrelatedtechnicaldocumentsandon-siteprojectqualityandnecessarytests.（1）現(xiàn)場質(zhì)量檢查內(nèi)容：On-sitequalityinspectioncontent

1）分部分項工程內(nèi)容的抽樣檢查；Samplinginspectionofsub-itemprojectcontent

2）工程外觀質(zhì)量的檢查。Inspectionofprojectappearancequality（2）現(xiàn)場質(zhì)量檢查時機：On-sitequalityinspectiontimings1）開工前檢查；Beforeconstruction2）工序交接檢查；Processhandover3）隱蔽工程檢查；Thecompletionofconcealedworks4）巡視檢查；Patrol5）停工后復(fù)工前的檢查；Aftertheshutdownandbeforethereopening6）分部分項工程完工后應(yīng)經(jīng)檢查認可；Thecompletionofsub-itemproject7）成品保護檢查。Finishedworkinspection（3）現(xiàn)場進行質(zhì)量檢查的方法：現(xiàn)場進行質(zhì)量檢查的方法有目測法、實測法和試驗法三種。On-sitequalityinspectionincludethreemethods:observation,measurementandtests.目測法：看、摸、敲、照。Observationswithoutmeasurementdevices:visualinspection;handcheck;knockforhallowspacesorvibratingpartscheck;inspectionofdimlylitplaceswithlights

實測法：靠、吊、量、套。Measurement:Userulerandfeelergaugetochecktheflatnessofwalls,floorsandroofs;Verticalitycheck;Checkthedeviationofsectionsize,axis,elevation,angle,etc.;Inspectionwithsquarerulerandfeelergauge試驗法：指必須通過試驗手段，才能對質(zhì)量進行判斷的檢查方法。Tests:Thismethodisusedwhenthequalitycanonlybeknownthroughtests.5、成品保護措施5.Protectionoffinishedworks（1）施工順序與成品保護Constructionprocedureandprotectionoffinishedworks先在放入回填土后再作基礎(chǔ)防潮層，可保護防潮層不致受填土夯實損傷。樓梯間與踏步飾面宜在整個飾面工程完成后，再自上而下地進行；門窗扇的安裝通常在抹灰后進行；一般先油漆，后安裝玻璃；這些施工均有利于成品保護。Putthebackfillsoilfirstandthenmakethefoundationmoisture-prooflayertopreventdamageofthecompactionofthesoil.Thecoveringofstairwellandsteplayershouldbeaftertheentirefacingprojectandbedonefromtoptobottom.Theinstallationofdoorsandwindowsisusuallycarriedoutafterplastering.Generally,paintfirst,installwindowslater.Alltheseisbeneficialtofinishedworkprotection.先噴漿而后安裝燈具，可避免安裝燈具后又修理漿活，從而污染燈具。Installinglampsandlanternsafterguniteprocesstoavoidstainingfromslurryrepairment.當(dāng)鋪貼連續(xù)多跨的卷材、防水卷材屋面時，應(yīng)按先高跨、后低跨，先遠后近，先天窗玻璃油漆，后鋪卷材屋面的順序。Whenpavingcontinuousmulti-spanorwaterproofcoiledmaterial,followtheorderofhigh-spantolow-span,andfartonear（2）成品保護的措施：護、包、蓋、封。Measuresoffinishedworkprotection:Useprotectionbag,box,etc.;Wrap;Cover;Sealtopreventpipeblockageandotherproblems6、施工項目質(zhì)量事故處理6.Handlingofqual