江蘇省南京市鼓樓區(qū)2021-2022學(xué)年高一下學(xué)期期中統(tǒng)考英語(yǔ)試題姓名：__________班級(jí)：__________考號(hào)：__________題號(hào)一二三四五六總分評(píng)分一、閱讀理解（共15小題：每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Mostofusareawarethatwemusttakecareoftheenvironment,andthemajorityofustakestepstosaveenergyandreducewasteandpollution.Butrecentlysome"greentruths"havebeenshowntobeonlyhalftrue,orevencompletelyfalse.Herearesomecommonones.Whicharereallygreen??It'sbettertotakeashowerthanabath.Itdependsonhowlongyouspendintheshowerandhowlargeyourbathis.Ifyouspendmorethaneightminutesinashower,you'lluseasmuchwaterasinabath—about50litresofwater.Therefore,thekeyistokeepyourshowertimeasshortaspossible.?Eatinglocalfoodisgoodfortheenvironment.Itseemslikecommonsense:eatinglocalfoodshouldbebetterfortheenvironment,becauseitdoesnotneedtobetransportedlongdistancesandkeptcoldduringtransport.Unfortunately,itisnotthatsimple.Insomecases,localproducemighthaveusedmoreenergyandproducedmoregreenhousegasesthanproducegrownalongwayaway.?_____________________________Whenwetunoffadevice,suchastelevision,itgoesintostand-bymode.Devicesinthismodestillusepower,andolderdevicesinstand-bymodecanuseevenmore.Thishappensbecauseelectricitycontinuestoleakfromthedevice,evenwhenitisturned"off".Tomakesureyourappliancesareinfactoff,removetheplugfromitspowersupply.Environmentalawarenessisnowpartofdailylife.Butit'sworthcheckingcommonideasandopinionstoseewhat'sreallygreen.1．Whatfoodismoreenvironmentallyfriendly?A．Italldepends. B．Noneofthem.C．Localproduce. D．Non-nativefood.2．Whichofthefollowingbestsuitstheblank?A．Whenyouturnoffadevice,itstillusespower.B．Whenyoutunoffadevice,itstopsusingpower.C．Unpluggingadeviceisbetterthanturningoffadevice.D．Goingintostand-bymodeisbetterthanturningoffadevice.3．Whydoestheauthorwritethispassage?A．Totellthetruthaboutsome"greentruths".B．Tocallonpeopletoprotecttheenvironment.C．Toexplainthesignificanceofenergy-saving.D．Topresentsomepracticalwaystoreducewaste.閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。RachelCarsonwasascientistbyprofession,butthelinesfromtheopenchapterofher1962bookSilentSpring."AFableforTomorrow",showhertalentasawriter.Byimaginingaworldwithoutbirds,sheaimedtoalert(使警惕)notonlythescientificcommunitybutalsothegeneralpublictothedamagingeffectsofhumanactivityonnaturalecosystem—inparticular,totheharmfuluseofpesticides(殺蟲(chóng)劑),suchasDDT.Shebelievedthatthechemicalindustrywasknowinglycausingharmtoplants,animalsandevenhumans,andwishedtoseepesticidesusedinamoreresponsible,limitedandcarefullymonitoredway.Carsonurgedpeopletomakethemselvesawareofthefactsanddosomethingaboutthesituation.SilentSpringcontainsalotofscientificresearchandcasestudies.Thebookdetailstheprogrammeofremovinggypsymoth,whichkilledbirds,inadditiontokillinggypsymoths.Anothercasestudywasthefire-antprogrammethatkilledcows,butnotfireants.Thebookalsogivesdozensofotherexamplesofremovalprogrammesthatdidnothingtoreducetheproblemstheywereoriginallydesignedtosolve.The50orsopagesattheendofthebooklistCarson'ssource,showinghowthoroughandpreciseshewasasascientist.SilentSpringwasnot,however,receivedpositivelybyeveryone.ThoughCarson'sresearchwasstrongandwassupportedbymostscientistswhoreviewedherbook,thebookquicklybecameatargetforcriticsinthepesticideindustry.TheysaidthatCarsondidnotunderstandthesciencebehindherargumentsbecauseshewasamarinebiologistratherthanachemist.Somealsosaidthatherworkwasmoreemotionalthanscientific.ThesewereattemptstodamageCarson'sreputation(名聲)andstopherfrominfluencingpublicpolicy,butsheremaineddeterminedtostandbyherresearch.Carsonappearedinpublicandontelevisiontodefendherclaims—andtoday,morethan50yearsafteritwaspublished,thevoiceofSilentSpringisstillringingloudandclear.4．Whichofthefollowingisincludedinthepassage?①Backgroundofthebook②Featuresofthebook③Purposesofthebook④ResponsestothebookA．①②③ B．②③④ C．①③④ D．①②④5．SomepeoplequestionedCarson'sideasbecausetheythought_________.A．shelackedsufficientevidenceB．shewasignorantoftruescienceC．shewasanxioustogetthecreditD．shewasunprofessionalinthatfield6．SilentSpringisabookthat__________.A．revealshumanstobetheruleroftheworldB．chargespesticideindustrywithimmoralactC．illustratesthepotentialdangerofpesticidesD．requestspeopletoappreciatethebeautyofspring7．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeCarson?A．Scientificandforward-looking. B．Ordinaryandresponsible.C．Courageousandwell-educated. D．Intelligentandadventurous.閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Flowerscents(香味)helppollinators(傳粉者)locatetheirfavoriteplants.Scientistshaveestablishedthatairpollutantschangethosescents,throwingoffthetrackingabilitiesofsuchbeneficialinsectsashoneybees.Butnewlabexperimentsarethefirsttoconfirmthatonepollinator,thetobaccohawkmoth,canquicklylearnthatapollution-changedscentcomesfromthejasminetobaccoflowerthattheinsectlikes.ChemicalecologistMarkusKnadenandcolleaguesfocusedononepollutant-ozone,themainelementinsmog.Inthelab,histeamblewanozone-changedscentfromatinytubeintoatunnel,withamoth(飛蛾)awaitingatthefarendofthetunnel.Usually,whenthemothsmellstheunchangedscent,itfliesupwindandusesitslong,skinnymouthpartstoprobethetubethewaythatitwouldaflower.Theresearchersexpectedthatthechangedscentmightthrowthemothoffalittle.Buttheinsectwasn'tattractedatall.Inadditiontoscent,tobaccohawkmothstrackflowersvisually,soKnaden'steamusedthefeature,alongwithasweetsnack,totrainthemothtobeattractedtoapollution-changedscent.Theresearcherswrappedabrightly-coloredartificialfloweraroundthetubetotrickthemothbackacrossthetunnel,despitetheunfamiliarscent.Andtheteamaddedsugarwatertotheartificialflower.Afteramothwasgivenfourminutestotastethesweetstuff,itwasattractedtothenewsmellwhensentintothetunnel15minuteslater,evenwhenneitherthesugarwaternorthevisualsignaloftheartificialflowerwaspresent.Thisstudyfocusedononlyonemothspecies,butKnaden'steamisnowworkingonplanningexperimentswithotherpollinatorsthatareeasiertofollowthantobaccohawknoths.Whileheguesseshoneybeesmightalsobeasadaptableasthemothwas,thatwon'tbetrueofeverypollinator."Thesituationcanbecomeverybadforinsectsthatarenotascleverorcannotseethatwell.Idon'twantthetake-homemessagetobethatpollutionisnotaproblem."8．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"probe"inparagraph2mean?A．Surround. B．Favour. C．Access. D．Examine.9．Accordingtothepassage,_________.A．notallmothswereattractedtoozone-changedscentasexpectedB．thecurrentresearchconductedbyKnadenispioneeringandwide-rangingC．notallpollinatorsareadaptabletohuman-drivenchangestotheirenvironmentD．themothdidn'tlikethenewsmellwithoutsugarwaterandartificialflower10．What'sKnaden'sattitudetowardsthefindingofthestudy?A．Positive. B．Cautious. C．Unclear. D．Critical.11．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．Amothcanberidofthetrackingabilitytolocateitsfavouriteplants.B．Amothisabletoestablisharelationshipbetweenpollutionandscents.C．Amothmayoutsmartsmogbylearningtolikepollution-changedscent.D．Amothisbornwithanabilitytoadapttothechangesintheenvironment.閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Thefirstwide-rangingassessmentofmedicalcrowdfundingintheUnitedStatesshowsthatpeopleinstateswithhighermedicaldebt(債務(wù))andlowerratesofinsurancecoverage(保險(xiǎn)范圍)aremorelikelytotrytoraisemoneythroughcrowdfundingwebsites,butlesslikelytosucceed.From2016through2020,moremedicalcampaigns(運(yùn)動(dòng))onthecrowdfundingsiteGoFundMewerestartedinlow-incomeandunder-insuredcommunities.Butcampaignsinwealthiercommunitieswithhigherratesofinsurancecoverageraisedsignificantlymoremoney.Mississippi,forexample,hasthehighestpercentageofpopulationwithmedicaldebtandisamongthehighestinpercentageofuninsured,butcrowdfundingcampaignsthereraisedtheleastmoneyofall50states.Vermont,ontheotherhand,raisedthemost.Itspopulationhadoneofthelowestpercentagesofuninsuredpeopleandwasaroundthemiddleastothepercentageofpopulationwithoutmedicaldebt."Onlythemostsuccessfulcampaignsarestressedonsocialmedia,givingtheimpressionthatcrowdfundingworks,"saysstudycoauthorNorsKenworthy,apubichealthresearcher.But,shesays.weneedtobemore"clear-eyed"aboutcrowdfunding'slimitsandthekindsofgapsitfills.YetevenincountrieslikeCanadaandtheUnitedKingdom,whichhavesomeformofuniversalhealthcarecoverage,studiesofcrowdfundingstresssignificantgaps.Inthosecountries,crowdfindingisoftenforexpensesindirectlyrelatedtoillnessandaccidents,suchaslostwages,transportationandchild-carecosts,Kenworthysays.Accordingtoone2019study,crowdfundinginCanadaforcancer-relatedexpensesislesssuccessfulinareaswithlowereducationandincome.WhileGoFundMe'spreviousCEORoberSolomonhascalledconcernsthatcrovdfundingincreasessocioeconomicinequalities"hogwash"(一派胡吉),thenewstudynegatesthat,saysJeremySnyde,aCanadianhealthresearcher,whowasnotinvolvedinthisresearch."Crowdfundingdependsheavilyonpeernetworksthattypicallyhavesimilarfeatures,includingincome,tothecampaignerthemselves,"saysSnyder,"IfGoFundMehasdatathatsuggestsotherwise,thentheyhaveadutytomakeitpublic."12．IntheUnitedStates,onlinecrowdfunding_______________________.A．relievesthemedicalproblemofthoseinpovertyB．ridstheunder-insuredstatesofhighmedicaldebtC．deepenshealthcareinequalitiesindifferentareasD．fundsrichcommunitieswithhigherinsurancecoverage13．WhydoestheauthormentionCanadaandtheUK?A．Torevealdifferentpurposesofcrowdfunding.B．Toillustratethenoticeablegapsofcrowdfunding.C．Tofurtherexplorecrowdfundinginothercountries.D．TocomparetheircrowdfundingwiththatintheUSA14．Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?A．Medicalcrowdfundingrarelyhelpsthosewhoneeditmost.B．Socialmediacoversupthetruththatcrowdfundingneverworks.C．TheUSAhasahigherrateofinsurancecoveragelikeCanadaandtheUK.D．Medicalcrowdfundingraisesmoremoneythansocialmediapostssuggest.15．WhichofthefollowingdoesSnydermostprobablyagreewith?A．GoFundMemustprovidemoredatatosupportitsstand.B．Crowdfundingnarrowsthefinancialgapamongdifferentclasses.C．Weshouldbemoreawareofcrowdfunding'slimitsandpurposes.D．Withoutpeernetworks,crowdfundingcouldn'tfunctionproperly.二、任務(wù)型閱讀（共5小題：每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分12.5分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文中的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Whendidyoulastwritealetter?Properlywriteone-byhand?Inadigitalworld,wheresendingatextoremailisfarmoreconvenientthanusingsnailmail(傳統(tǒng)信件),isitstillnecessarytowritewithtraditionalpenandpaper?Well,somepeoplebelievethatwritingstillhasmanybenefits.16．Thesedays,Whenpeoplerequestthingsinwriting,atyped,electronicdocumentwillbeaccepted.17．Butmakingahandwrittendocumentisunique:Itrequiresplanningandthought,and,aswellaspracticingyourhandwriting,ithelpsyoutorememberspellingandpunctuation（標(biāo)點(diǎn)）.18．Thisisparticularlyrelevantforstudents,wheretypingnotesintoalaptopisthoughttolackthe"tactile(觸覺(jué)的)feedback"tothebrainthatcontactbetweenpenandpaperdoes.BBCWorklifewebsitequotesHettyRoessingfromtheUniversityofCalgary,whosaysthat"takingnotesbyhandinvolvescognitive(認(rèn)知的)engagementinsummarizing,paraphrasing,organizing,conceptandvocabularymapping."Othersagreethathandwritingmayboostfinemotorskillsinyourhandsandfingers.Thereareeverydaybenefitstousingpenandpapertoo.Drawingnotes.shoppinglists,ormessagesonthebackofanenvelopecanstillbeuseful,quickandportable.19．PenpalwriterKatherineMollertoldtheBBC:"Inaworldwhereitissoeasytohoponlinetoemailortosendafasttext,itissopersonalandsoprecioustoknowsomeonechosetoturnoffthevirtualworldtospendsometimewithyou."So,whiledigitalskillsremainimportant,don'twriteoffyourpensandpencilsyet.—20．A.Afterall,wecan'tignorethebenefitshandwritingbringtous.B.Somaybeit'snottimetothrowawayyourpensorpencilsyet.C.Especiallyifyoursmartphone,tabletorlaptoprunsoutofpower!D.Andwritingalettertoafriendisagoodwaytopractisehandwriting.E.Someexpertsbelieveyourbrainbenefitsfromusingold-fashionedpenandpaper.F.Doingthisonacomputermeansitcouldbesaved,edited,copiedandsentviaemail.G.Butputtingpentopaperinalettertoafriendorlovedonecanprobablyhavethemostimpact.三、語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用（共15小題：每小題1分，滿(mǎn)分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)ZhangMengqiu,bornin2002,wontwogoldandthreesilvermedalsinallfiveeventsofthewomen'salpineskiingstandingattheWinterParalympicGames.She21．viewersbystylingfivedifferenthairdosatawardceremoniesto22．herconfidence,beauty,aswellasoptimismtowardslife.Zhang,whosufferedfromfunctionalmovementdisorderasaconsequenceofcerebralpalsy(腦癱),was23．toAlpineskiinginHebeipara-teamin2016.Zhang's24．speedwasslightlyslowerthanothersduetoher25．disadvantage.Whenshefirsthittheslopes,Zhang26．shewasaslowlearner.27．,shedecidedtoputinextrahours28．tomasterthesport'sskills,believingthat"therearenotmany29．battlesonecanmeetinlife,soyouneedtosparenoeffortbeforethebattles."Ayearlater,Zhangwasselectedtothenationalteam.With30．a(chǎn)ndambition,shebeganto31．a(chǎn)tinternationalcompetitions,winningnumerousmajor32．.Duringthecampaign33．300millionpeopleinwintersportsinChina,Zhangimprovedrapidlyinrecentyears."lamnotgoodat34．butIhopethegoldcanletmorepeopleknowthateffortseventuallywillbeturnedinto35．"Zhangsaid.21．A．conducted B．favoured C．informed D．surprised22．A．track B．process C．reveal D．permit23．A．a(chǎn)ttached B．glued C．introduced D．devoted24．A．defence B．delivery C．procedure D．reaction25．A．intellectual B．mental C．physical D．emotional26．A．proved B．a(chǎn)dmitted C．declared D．signalled27．A．Thus B．InsteadC．Besides D．Indeed28．A．instore B．incharge C．inpractice D．inturn29．A．a(chǎn)ppealing B．limited C．further D．significant30．A．talent B．determination C．a(chǎn)ppreciation D．wisdom31．A．shine B．belong C．quit D．explore32．A．credits B．titles C．a(chǎn)ffairs D．funds33．A．a(chǎn)pplying B．involving C．locating D．benefiting34．A．commenting B．profiting C．expressing D．protesting35．A．trials B．rewards C．a(chǎn)wards D．recipes四、語(yǔ)法填空（共10小題：每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。ManyGreekphilosopherswereatthesametimescientists.ThusPlatowasamathematicianandAristotlecontributedtozoology.Aristotle,indeed,startedmethodicalresearch,patiently36．(collect)materialandlaying37．(mass)foundations(基礎(chǔ))formodernscience.BeforePlatoandAristotle,therehadbeenscientist-philosophers.Afterthem,Greeksciencemadefurtheradvances.Twomenmaybementionedfor38．theydidtopushscienceforward.Bothlivedinthe3rdcenturyB.C.Euclidisevennowwell-knownforhisElemerits,atextbookofgeometry(幾何學(xué)),perhapsthemostsuccessfultextbookever39．(write),becauseItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.Archimedesdidimportantworknotonlyingeometry,butalsoinarithmetic(算術(shù)),mechanicandhydro-static(靜水力學(xué)).Hediscoveredthatwhen40．bodyisimmersedinwater,itslossofweightisequaltotheweightofthewaterdisplaced(排水).HeinventedmachineswhichgreatlyhelpedhisnativecityagainsttheRomans.41．(illustrate)theprincipleofthelever(杠桿),heissaidtotelltheking:"Givemeaplacetostand,andI42．(move)theworld."Greeksciencedidnotneglect43．(apply).Mathematics,thepurestofsciencewasappliedinatleastfivefield.Greekscientistscollectedawealthofmaterialandtriedtofindthepropermethodofdoingscientificwork.Asaresult,theywereabletodeduce(推斷)theoriesandbuiltupsystems,44．hadagreatinfluenceonlaterscientists.45．theyfailedtocreateconditionsforthecontinuousgrowthofscience.Itistherethatgreatchangesbeganinthe17thand18thcenturiesanditisthisthatsetoffmodernfromancientscience.五、應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作（滿(mǎn)分15分）46．假定你是李華，最近在報(bào)紙上讀到了高科技給老人帶來(lái)不便的報(bào)道，感到有責(zé)任給予老人一定的幫助，請(qǐng)你給校英文報(bào)寫(xiě)一封倡議信，呼吁大家一起參與。內(nèi)容包括：1）倡議的原因；2）如何提供幫助；3）發(fā)出呼吁。注意：1）詞數(shù)80左右;2）可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。Dearschoolmates,LiHua六、讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)（滿(mǎn)分25分）47．閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)所給情節(jié)進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě)，使之構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的故事。Alywanderedtowardthegarden,whereMissStrawbridge,thelandlady,wasplantingflowers.Lastweek,AlyandherparentshadmovedintothehouseinMissStrawbridge'sbackyard.Alywatchedsilentlyuntiltheoldwomanlookedupandasked,"Whythelongface,Aly?""Therearen'tanykidsaroundheretoplaywith."saidAly.MissStrawbridge'sbluedeyestwinkled."YoushouldjustlikeRachelwhousedtolivehere."saidMissStrawbridge."Toobadyoutwoyounggirlscouldn'thavelivedhereatthesametime.""WhatdidRacheldowhenshewasbored?"askedAly."Sheplantedaflowergardenbytheshed（棚子）inthebackyard."answeredMissStrawbridge.MissStrawbridgehandedAlyatrowel（鏟子）andheldoutaboxofflowers.Fortherestoftheafternoon,Alypulledtheweeds,dugandplanted.Butwhenshesteppedbackandadmiredherblueandyellowflowers,shesmiled.Still,itwastoobadthatRachelwasn'ttheretoshareit.Thenextday,Alywateredherflowers,thenwonderedwhatelseshecoulddo.Shewalkedacrosstheyardtothegarden,whereMissStrawbridgesatreading.Shestoodsilentlyuntiltheoldwomanlookedup."WhatelsedidRacheldowhenshewasbored?"askedAly."Shewrotepoetryinherflowergarden."MissStrawbridgeanswered."Oneofherpoemevenwonthefirstprizeinacontestatschool.Thebestwaytolearnhowtowritepoetryistoreadpoetry."ShehandedAlyherbook.Fortherestoftheafternoon,AlylayonherstomachinthecoolgrassnexttoherflowersandreadMissStrawbridge'sbookofpoetry.Afterawhile,shegotsomepaperandapencilfromherhouseandscribbled（亂寫(xiě)）anderased.Intheendshehadapoemthatmightnotbeaprizewinnerbutsoundedgoodenoughtomakehersmile.Still,itwastoobadthatRachelwasn'tthere.Theycouldhavereadtheirpoemstoeachother.Thenextday,Alywateredherflowers,thenwonderedwhatelseshecoulddo.SherushedacrosstheyardandknockedonMissStrawbridge'sdoor."WhatelsedidRacheldowhenshewasbored?"AskedAlywhenMissStrawbridgeopenedthedoor."Sheplayedintheoldshedandpretendeditwasherhouse."AnsweredMissStrawbridge.AlyglancedbackattheshedandthenatMissStrawbridge,MissStrawbridgetwinkled."There'snothingintheshedthatyoucanhurtorthatcanhurtyou."ShetookakeyoffahooknexttothedoorandhandedittoAly.Sheracedbackintotheshed,onlytofindafewchairsandboxesrestingonthedustyshelves.Itwasatrophy（獎(jiǎng)杯）withsomewords—FirstPlaceinPoetry.Rachelstrawbridge.1937.

答案解析部分【答案】1．A2．D3．A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了日常生活中一些被認(rèn)為是節(jié)約能源，環(huán)保的行為，實(shí)際上卻并非如此?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及推理判斷和段落大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇社會(huì)現(xiàn)象類(lèi)閱讀，考生需要根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。1．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)?Eatinglocalfoodisgoodfortheenvironment.部分中的“Itseemslikecommonsense:eatinglocalfoodshouldbebetterfortheenvironment,becauseitdoesnotneedtobetransportedlongdistancesandkeptcoldduringtransport.Unfortunately,itisnotthatsimple.Insomecases,localproducemighthaveusedmoreenergyandproducedmoregreenhousegasesthanproducegrownalongwayaway.”這似乎是一個(gè)常識(shí):吃本地食物應(yīng)該對(duì)環(huán)境更好，因?yàn)樗恍枰L(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸，而且在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中保持低溫。不幸的是，事情沒(méi)那么簡(jiǎn)單。在某些情況下，本地農(nóng)產(chǎn)品可能比生長(zhǎng)在遙遠(yuǎn)地方的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消耗更多的能源，產(chǎn)生更多的溫室氣體?？芍员镜厥澄锊灰欢ǜh(huán)保，因?yàn)楸镜剞r(nóng)產(chǎn)品可能比遠(yuǎn)方農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消耗更多能源。而外地食物可能需要長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸消耗更多能源，因此食物是否環(huán)保要視情況而定。故選A。2．考查段落大意。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Whenwetunoffadevice,suchastelevision,itgoesintostand-bymode.Devicesinthismodestillusepower,andolderdevicesinstand-bymodecanuseevenmore.”當(dāng)我們關(guān)掉電視等設(shè)備時(shí)，它就進(jìn)入待機(jī)模式。處于這種模式下的設(shè)備仍然需要耗電，而處于待機(jī)模式的舊設(shè)備可以消耗更多電量?？芍径沃饕v述待機(jī)模式與斷電模式下的環(huán)保效應(yīng)。因此小標(biāo)題應(yīng)圍繞待機(jī)與斷電模式總結(jié)。因此空處填“進(jìn)入待機(jī)模式比關(guān)閉設(shè)備要好”。故選D。3．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“Butrecentlysome‘greentruths'havebeenshowntobeonlyhalftrue,orevencompletelyfalse.Herearesomecommonones.Whicharereallygreen?”但最近一些“綠色環(huán)保事實(shí)”被證明只并非完全正確，甚至是無(wú)稽之談。這里有一些常見(jiàn)的環(huán)保理念。哪些是真正的呢?可知，本文主要就一些常見(jiàn)的環(huán)保行為進(jìn)行討論，說(shuō)明哪些是真正的環(huán)保。所以短文的目的是介紹一些“綠色環(huán)保事實(shí)”的真相。故選A?！敬鸢浮?．B5．D6．C7．A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了雷切爾·卡森的《寂靜的春天》及其影響?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇文化類(lèi)閱讀，通讀全文，理解文章大意，閱讀題目后返回原文閱讀并找出與題目相對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，仔細(xì)核對(duì)，選擇符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次閱讀并檢查。4．考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“Byimaginingaworldwithoutbirds,sheaimedtoalert(使警惕)notonlythescientificcommunitybutalsothegeneralpublictothedamagingeffectsofhumanactivityonnaturalecosystem—inparticular,totheharmfuluseofpesticides(殺蟲(chóng)劑),suchasDDT.”通過(guò)想象一個(gè)沒(méi)有鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的世界，她旨在提醒科學(xué)界和普通公眾人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的破壞性影響——，特別是有害使用殺蟲(chóng)劑，如滴滴涕。提到了本書(shū)的目的；第二段中的“SilentSpringcontainsalotofscientificresearchandcasestudies.Thebookdetailstheprogrammeofremovinggypsymoth,whichkilledbirds,inadditiontokillinggypsymoths.Anothercasestudywasthefire-antprogrammethatkilledcows,butnotfireants.”《寂靜的春天》包含了大量的科學(xué)研究和案例研究。這本書(shū)詳細(xì)介紹了清楚舞毒蛾的計(jì)劃，除殺死舞毒蛾外，也殺死鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)。另一個(gè)案例研究是火蟻計(jì)劃，它殺死了牛，但沒(méi)有殺死火蟻。提到了本書(shū)的特點(diǎn)是包含了大量的科學(xué)研究和案例研究；以及倒數(shù)第二段中的“SilentSpringwasnot,however,receivedpositivelybyeveryone.ThoughCarson'sresearchwasstrongandwassupportedbymostscientistswhoreviewedherbook,thebookquicklybecameatargetforcriticsinthepesticideindustry.”然而，《寂靜的春天》并沒(méi)有得到所有人的好評(píng)。雖然卡森的研究很有力，而且得到了大多數(shù)評(píng)論她的書(shū)的科學(xué)家的支持，但這本書(shū)很快成為了農(nóng)藥行業(yè)批評(píng)人士的目標(biāo)。提到了本書(shū)的回應(yīng)情況。故選B。5．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“TheysaidthatCarsondidnotunderstandthesciencebehindherargumentsbecauseshewasamarinebiologistratherthanachemist.”他們說(shuō)，卡森不理解她的論點(diǎn)背后的科學(xué)，因?yàn)樗呛Ｑ笊飳W(xué)家，而不是化學(xué)家?？芍行┤藨岩煽ㄉ挠^點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為她在那個(gè)領(lǐng)域不夠?qū)I(yè)。故選D。6．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“Byimaginingaworldwithoutbirds,sheaimedtoalert(使警惕)notonlythescientificcommunitybutalsothegeneralpublictothedamagingeffectsofhumanactivityonnaturalecosystem—--inparticular,totheharmfuluseofpesticides(殺蟲(chóng)劑),suchasDDT.”通過(guò)想象一個(gè)沒(méi)有鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的世界，她旨在提醒科學(xué)界和普通公眾人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的破壞性影響—--，特別是有害使用殺蟲(chóng)劑，如滴滴涕。可知，《寂靜的春天》是一本說(shuō)明農(nóng)藥潛在危險(xiǎn)的書(shū)。故選C。7．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“SilentSpringcontainsalotofscientificresearchandcasestudies.”《寂靜的春天》包含了大量的科學(xué)研究和案例研究；以及最后一段中的“today,morethan50yearsafteritwaspublished,thevoiceofSilentSpringisstillringingloudandclear.”今天，在它出版50多年后，《寂靜的春天》的聲音仍然響亮而清晰?？芍ㄉ恰翱茖W(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)摹焙汀坝羞h(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的”。故選A?！敬鸢浮?．D9．C10．B11．C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了煙草天蛾能適應(yīng)環(huán)境的改變，可能通過(guò)學(xué)著適應(yīng)污染改變的氣味來(lái)戰(zhàn)勝霧霾?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)，推理判斷和主旨大意四個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類(lèi)閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。8．考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第一段中的“Flowerscentshelppollinatorslocatetheirfavoriteplants.”花的香味幫助傳粉者找到自己喜歡的植物；以及第二段中的“Usually,whenthemothsmellstheunchangedscent,itfliesupwindandusesitslong,skinnymouthpartstoprobethetubethewaythatitwouldaflower.Theresearchersexpectedthatthechangedscentmightthrowthemothoffalittle.Buttheinsectwasn'tattractedatall.”通常，當(dāng)飛蛾聞到?jīng)]有變化的氣味時(shí)，它會(huì)逆風(fēng)飛行，用它細(xì)長(zhǎng)的口器像probe花朵一樣probe導(dǎo)管。研究人員預(yù)計(jì)，這次變化的氣味可能會(huì)在一定程度上擺脫掉飛蛾。但這種昆蟲(chóng)卻一點(diǎn)也未被變化的氣味吸引?？芍ハx(chóng)可以根據(jù)花的香味找到植物，在研究者向管道中吹入臭氧改變的氣味后，研究者原以為這樣可以擺脫飛蛾，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)飛蛾并未受到影響，也就是說(shuō)飛蛾仍然會(huì)追蹤探測(cè)氣味，像聞到?jīng)]有變化的氣味時(shí)一樣，所以probe此處表示探測(cè)、檢查。故選D。9．考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Whileheguesseshoneybeesmightalsobeasadaptableasthemothwas,thatwon'tbetrueofeverypollinator.‘Thesituationcanbecomeverybadforinsectsthatarenotascleverorcannotseethatwell.Idon'twantthetake-homemessagetobethatpollutionisnotaproblem.'”雖然他猜測(cè)蜜蜂也可能像飛蛾一樣具有適應(yīng)性，但這并不適用于每一個(gè)授粉者?！皩?duì)于不那么聰明或視力不那么好的昆蟲(chóng)來(lái)說(shuō)，情況會(huì)變得非常糟糕。我不想讓人們得出污染不是問(wèn)題的結(jié)論?！笨芍⒉皇撬械氖诜壅叨寄苓m應(yīng)人類(lèi)對(duì)環(huán)境的改變。故選C。10．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Thisstudyfocusedononlyonemothspecies,butKnaden'steamisnowworkingonplanningexperimentswithotherpollinatorsthatareeasiertofollowthantobaccohawknoths.”這項(xiàng)研究只針對(duì)一種蛾類(lèi)，但Knaden的團(tuán)隊(duì)目前正在計(jì)劃用比煙草天蛾更容易追蹤的其他傳粉昆蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)?？芍?，Knaden的團(tuán)隊(duì)針對(duì)煙草天蛾進(jìn)行了大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)，但還打算對(duì)其他傳粉昆蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，說(shuō)明Knaden對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)持有謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度。故選B。11．考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第一段中的“Butnewlabexperimentsarethefirsttoconfirmthatonepollinator,thetobaccohawkmoth,canquicklylearnthatapollution-changedscentcomesfromthejasminetobaccoflowerthattheinsectlikes.”但新的實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)首次證實(shí)，一種傳粉昆蟲(chóng)，煙草天蛾，可以很快了解到一種污染改變的氣味來(lái)自昆蟲(chóng)喜歡的茉莉煙草花；以及下文內(nèi)容可知，本文介紹了煙草天蛾能適應(yīng)環(huán)境的改變，可能通過(guò)學(xué)著適應(yīng)污染改變的氣味來(lái)戰(zhàn)勝霧霾。故選C。【答案】12．C13．B14．A15．A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，醫(yī)療眾籌原本應(yīng)該用來(lái)那些急需幫助的人，但是美國(guó)對(duì)醫(yī)療眾籌的首次廣泛評(píng)估顯示，在醫(yī)療債務(wù)較高，保險(xiǎn)覆蓋率較低的州，人們更有可能試圖通過(guò)眾籌網(wǎng)站籌集資金，但成功的可能性較小。但是在保險(xiǎn)覆蓋率較高的富裕地區(qū)開(kāi)展的活動(dòng)卻籌集到更多的資金。【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇社會(huì)類(lèi)閱讀，首先要仔細(xì)閱讀短文，掌握大意，然后結(jié)合具體的題目，再讀短文，從中找出相關(guān)信息，就可以確定正確答案。12．考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“Thefirstwide-rangingassessmentofmedicalcrowdfundingintheUnitedStatesshowsthatpeopleinstateswithhighermedicaldebt(債務(wù))andlowerratesofinsurancecoverage(保險(xiǎn)范圍)aremorelikelytotrytoraisemoneythroughcrowdfundingwebsites,butlesslikelytosucceed.”美國(guó)對(duì)醫(yī)療眾籌的首次廣泛評(píng)估顯示，在醫(yī)療債務(wù)較高，保險(xiǎn)覆蓋率較低的州，人們更有可能試圖通過(guò)眾籌網(wǎng)站籌集資金，但成功的可能性較??；以及“Butcampaignsinwealthiercommunitieswithhigherratesofinsurancecoverageraisedsignificantlymoremoney.”但是在保險(xiǎn)覆蓋率較高的富裕地區(qū)開(kāi)展的活動(dòng)卻籌集到更多的資金?？芍?，在美國(guó)不同的州之間籌集資金成功的機(jī)率是不同的，這就加劇了不同州在醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)方面的不平等。故選C。13．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“But,shesays.weneedtobemore‘clear-eyed'aboutcrowdfunding'slimitsandthekindsofgapsitfills.”她說(shuō)我們需要對(duì)眾籌的局限性和它要填補(bǔ)的空白有更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)；以及第四段中的“YetevenincountrieslikeCanadaandtheUnitedKingdom,whichhavesomeformofuniversalhealthcarecoverage,studiesofcrowdfundingstresssignificantgaps?！比欢?，即使是在加拿大和英國(guó)這樣擁有某種形式的全民醫(yī)療保健覆蓋率的國(guó)家，對(duì)眾籌的研究也凸顯出巨大的差距?？芍?，者提到加拿大和英國(guó)是為了進(jìn)一步闡明上文所說(shuō)的眾籌差距的明顯性。故選B。14．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的“Inthosecountries,crowdfindingisoftenforexpensesindirectlyrelatedtoillnessandaccidents,suchaslostwages,transportationandchild-carecosts,Kenworthysays.Accordingtoone2019study,crowdfundinginCanadaforcancer-relatedexpensesislesssuccessfulinareaswithlowereducati