隧道施工技術(shù)明洞的構(gòu)造TunnelConstructionTechnologyConstructionofOpen-cutTunnel隧道明洞與洞門結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)造StructureofOpen-cutTunnelandPortalStructure1明洞的構(gòu)造ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnel拱式明洞ArchOpen-CutTunnel2棚式明洞ShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel3課程小結(jié)Summary4目錄TableofContents隧道明洞與洞門結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)造StructureofOpen-cutTunnelandPortalStructure01明洞是用明挖法修建的山嶺隧道部分，是在露天的路塹地面上或是在敞口的基坑內(nèi)，先修筑結(jié)構(gòu)物，然后再回填覆蓋土石。明洞的構(gòu)造隧道明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelOpen-cutTunnel明洞位置示意圖SchematicDiagramofOpen-cutTunnelAnopen-cuttunnelmeansamountaintunnelconstructedbyopen-cutmethod.Thatis,thestructureshallbebuiltfirstontheopen-cuttinggroundorintheopenfoundationpit,andthenbackfilledandcoveredwithearthandrock.明洞位置示意圖SchematicDiagramofOpen-cutTunnel明洞的構(gòu)造隧道明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelOpen-cutTunnel明

洞Open-cuttunnel適用場合：Applications地質(zhì)差且洞頂覆蓋層較薄，用暗挖法難以進(jìn)洞。1Whenthegeologicalconditionispoor,theoverburdenonthetunnelroofisthin,anditisdifficulttoreachintothetunnelbytheundercuttingmethod;洞口路塹邊坡上受塌方、落石、泥石流等威脅而危及行車安全。2Whenthecutslopeattheportalisthreatenedbycollapse,rockfall,debrisflow,etc,endangeringthetrafficsafety;明洞的構(gòu)造隧道明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelOpen-cutTunnel適用場合：Applications鐵路、公路、河渠必須在線路上方通過，且不宜做立交橋或暗洞；3Whenrailways,highwaysandriverchannelsmustpassovertheroute,andoverpassesorburiedtunnelsarenotsuitable;減少隧道工程對環(huán)境的破壞影響，保護(hù)環(huán)境和景觀，洞口段需延長。4Whenitisnecessarytoreducetheimpactoftunnelworksontheenvironment,protecttheenvironmentandlandscape,andextendtheportalsection.明

洞Open-cuttunnel明洞Open-cutTunnel棚式明洞Shedtypeopen-cuttunnel拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnel明洞的構(gòu)造隧道明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelOpen-cutTunnel拱式明洞ArchOpen-cutTunnel02明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnel

邊墻sidewall仰拱或鋪底invertedarchorbottoming拱圈archring=++路塹式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel偏壓直墻式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltype半路塹單壓式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-type明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel路塹式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel路塹式拱式明洞是對稱結(jié)構(gòu)，因為它的是承受對稱荷載。Acut-typearchopen-cuttunnelisofsymmetricalstructurebecauseitbearssymmetricalloads.路塹式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel適用范圍Scopeofapplication塹邊坡處于對稱或接近對稱，邊坡巖層基本穩(wěn)定，僅防邊坡有少量坍塌、落石，或用于隧道洞口巖層破碎，覆蓋層較薄而難以用暗挖法修建隧道的情況。Itisapplicablewhenthecutslopeissymmetricalornearlysymmetrical,andtherockstratumoftheslopeisbasicallystable,andonlyasmallamountofcollapseandrockfallarepreventedontheslope;orwhentherockstratumatthetunnelportalisbrokenandtheoverburdenisthinanditisdifficulttobuildthetunnelbytheundercuttingmethod.路塹式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel承受對稱荷載，拱、墻均為等截面，邊墻為直墻式。Itbearssymmetricalload.Thearchandwallareofuniformsection,andthesidewallisaverticalwall.路塹式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel偏壓直墻式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadverticalwalltype適用范圍：兩側(cè)邊坡高差較大的不對稱路塹。其承受不對稱荷載，拱圈為等截面，邊墻為直墻式，外側(cè)邊墻的厚度大于內(nèi)側(cè)邊墻的厚度。Itisapplicabletoasymmetriccuttingwithlargeslopeheightdifferenceonbothsides.Itbearsasymmetricload,thearchringisofuniformsection,thesidewallisaverticalwall,andthethicknessoftheoutersidewallisgreaterthanthatoftheinnersidewall.偏壓直墻式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltype明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel偏壓斜墻式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltype適用范圍：地形傾斜，低側(cè)處的路塹外側(cè)有較寬敞的地面供回填土石，以增加明洞抵抗側(cè)向壓力的能力。其承受偏壓荷載，拱圈為等截面，內(nèi)側(cè)邊墻為等厚直墻式，外側(cè)邊墻為不等厚斜墻式。Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltypeisapplicablewhentheterrainisoblique,andthereisarelativelywidegroundoutsidethecuttingatthelowersideforbackfillingsoilandrocktoincreasetheresistanceoftheopen-cuttunneltolateralpressure.Itbearseccentricload,thearchringisofuniformsection,theinnersidewallisaverticalwallwithequalthickness,andtheoutersidewallisaninclinedwallwithunequalthickness.1:ni=1:1.5i=1:m回填片石回填土偏壓斜墻式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltype明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel半路塹單壓式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-type半路塹單壓式拱式明洞橫斷面圖Crosssectionofarchopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-type半路塹單壓式拱式明洞受單側(cè)的壓力，內(nèi)側(cè)邊墻為等厚直墻，外墻為設(shè)有耳墻的不等厚斜墻，而且必須把基礎(chǔ)放在穩(wěn)固的基巖上。Thearchopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-typeissubjecttounilateralload,theinnersidewallisaverticalwallwithequalthickness,andtheouterwallisaninclinedwallwithunequalthicknessandwingwall.Moreover,thefoundationmustbebuiltonastablebedrock.明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel半路塹單壓式拱式明洞橫斷面圖Crosssectionofarchopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-type適用范圍Scopeofapplication傍山隧道的洞口或傍山線路上的半路塹地段。Applicablefortheportalofthemountaintunnelorthehalf-cutsectiononthemountainroute.明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel耳墻式拱式明洞Wing-wallarchopen-cuttunnel當(dāng)外側(cè)地形低，不能保持回填土的天然穩(wěn)定坡度，或是按天然穩(wěn)定坡度則邊坡將延伸很遠(yuǎn)時，可以在結(jié)構(gòu)的外墻頂上接高一段擋墻，用以攔截土石，此種明洞稱耳墻式拱式明洞。Whentheexternalterrainistoolowtokeepnaturalstableslopeofbackfill,ortheslopewillbeextendedfaraccordingtothenaturalstableslope,asectionofretainingwallmaybeconnectedtothetopoftheexternalwallofthestructuretointerceptearthandrock.Thiskindofopen-cuttunneliscalledwing-wallarchopen-cuttunnel.耳墻式拱形明洞Wing-wallarchopen-cuttunnel明洞的構(gòu)造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel長腿式拱式明洞Long-legarchopen-cuttunnel當(dāng)外側(cè)邊墻基底地質(zhì)不好，不足以承受外墻傳來的壓力而必須把基礎(chǔ)放到下方較深的基巖上時，外墻可以延伸直達(dá)基巖，形成內(nèi)、外墻不同，內(nèi)短外長的結(jié)構(gòu)，稱為長腿式拱式明洞。Whenthefoundationmustbebuiltonthedeeperbedrockbelowsincetheoutersidewallbaseisnotenoughtowithstandthepressurefromtheouterwallduetounfavorablegeology,theouterwallcanbeextendedstraighttothebedrock,toformastructurewithshortinnerwallandlongouterwall.So,thisiscalledlong-legarchopen-cuttunnel.長腿式拱式明洞Long-legarchopen-cuttunnel棚式明洞ShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel03明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel當(dāng)山坡的塌方、落石數(shù)量較少，山體的側(cè)向壓力不大，或因受地質(zhì)、地形限制，難以修建拱式明洞時，可以修建棚式明洞，簡稱“棚洞”。Whenthereisasmallnumberoflandslidesandfallingrocksontheslope,andthelateralpressureofthemountainisnotlarge,orwhenitisdifficulttobuildanarchopen-cuttunnelduetogeologicalandtopographicrestrictions,ashedtypeopen-cuttunnelcanbebuilt,alsoreferredtoas"shedtunnel".明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel蓋板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel剛架式棚洞Rigidframeshedtunnel懸臂式棚洞Cantilevershedtunnel棚式明洞常見的結(jié)構(gòu)形式有蓋板式、剛架式和懸臂式三種。Thecommonstructuraltypesofshedtypeopen-cuttunnelincludecoverslabtype,rigidframetypeandcantilevertype.明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel蓋板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel由內(nèi)墻、外墻及鋼筋混凝土蓋板組成的簡支結(jié)構(gòu)。蓋板上方回填土石，以保護(hù)蓋板免受山體落石的沖擊。Itisasimply-supportedstructurecomposedofinnerwall,outerwallandreinforcedconcretecoverslab.Earthandrockarebackfilledabovethecoverslabtoprotectitfromimpactoffallingrocks.蓋板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel蓋板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel外墻不受側(cè)向壓力，僅承受梁和蓋板的豎向荷載時，它要求的地基承載力較小。Iftheouterwallisnotsubjecttolateralpressureandonlybearstheverticalloadofthebeamandcoverslab,itrequiresasmallfoundationbearingcapacity.蓋板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel蓋板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel當(dāng)外側(cè)基巖較淺，地基基礎(chǔ)承載力較大時，可采用立柱式。Iftheouterbedrockisshallowandthefoundationbearingcapacityislarge,thecolumntypemaybeadopted.蓋板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel剛架式棚洞Rigidframeshedtunnel當(dāng)?shù)匦为M窄，山坡陡峻，基巖理置較深而上部地基穩(wěn)定性差時，可將剛架式或長腿式外墻置于穩(wěn)固的地基上，此時稱明洞為剛架式棚洞。Fornarrowterrain,steepslope,deepbedrockandpoorstabilityofupperfoundation,therigid-frameorlong-legouterwallmaybebuiltonasolidfoundation.So,theopen-cuttunneliscalledarigidframeshedtunnel.明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel剛架式棚洞Rigidframeshedtunnel剛架式棚洞由外側(cè)剛架、內(nèi)側(cè)重力式墩臺結(jié)構(gòu)、橫頂梁、底橫撐及鋼筋混凝土蓋板組成。蓋板上應(yīng)做防水層及回填土石處理。Itconsistsofoutersiderigidframe,innergravitypierstructure,transversetopbeam,bottomtransversebraceandreinforcedconcretecoverslab.Thecoverslabshallbeprovidedwithwaterprooflayerandbackfilledwithearthandrock.明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel懸臂式棚洞Cantilevershedtunnel適用范圍Scopeofapplication適用于穩(wěn)固而陡峻的山坡，外側(cè)地形難以滿足一般棚洞的地基要求，落石不太嚴(yán)重的情況。Itisapplicableforstableandsteephillsideswithfewfallingrocks,wheretheexternalterrainisnotsuitableforfoundationofgeneralshedtunnels.懸臂式棚洞Cantilevershedtunnel明洞的構(gòu)造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel懸臂式棚洞Cantilevershedtunnel適用范圍Scopeofapplication內(nèi)墻為重力式，上端接筑懸臂式橫梁，其上鋪以蓋板，在蓋板的內(nèi)端設(shè)平衡重來維持結(jié)構(gòu)受外荷載作用下的穩(wěn)定性。Theinnerwallisofgravitytype,withacantilevercrossbeamconnectedattheupperend,onwhichacoverslabislaid.Andtheinnerendofthecoverslabisprovidedwithacounterweighttomaintainthestabilityofthestructureunderthe