句子結(jié)構(gòu)&三大從句objectcomplementreviewEnglishsentenceverbsubjectintransitive(vi.)transitive(vt.)objectIO+DODO+to/for+IOS+VS+V+OS+V+O+OCadverbiallinkingverbpredicativetime,place,reason,manner,degree,purpose,etc.S+V+IO+DOS+Link.V+PS+V+O+A/S+V+ASentencestructure句子按結(jié)構(gòu)劃分：簡單句(simplesentence)并列句(compound

sentence)復(fù)合句(complexsentence)簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）1①He

oftenreads

Englishinthemorning.②TomandMike

areAmericanboys.③She

likesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthenewspapers.并列句：兩個或兩個以上的簡單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子2①HelikesEnglish,hisEnglishisverygood.②Hiswifewasill,hehadtosayathome.當(dāng)一個句子中含有兩個簡單句時，就要考慮兩個簡單句的連接問題了。直接用逗號連接兩個簡單句是錯誤的。①這時我們可以用and,but,or等并列連詞來連接這兩個句子；②也可以用分號（；）來連接。此時，這兩個簡單句（此時也可稱作分句）之間是并列關(guān)系。用并列連詞或分號連接起來的句子是并列句。并列句用分號：Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchathing.用分號，后跟一個連接副詞：Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didn’tcatchathing.簡單句+并列連詞或分號+簡單句常見的并列連詞1.平行關(guān)系and,but,notonly...butalso...,both...and....,neither…nor,aswellas,then等It'sthesummervacationand

I'mhelpingmy

dadonthefarm.Heisnotonlyourteacher,butalsoourfriend.Ihavereadoneofhisnovelsaswellasafewofhisplays.常見的并列連詞2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but,yet,however,while等Theworkerhuntedforjobsformonths,

yet

hecouldn'tfindanyjob.3.選擇關(guān)系or,whether...or,either...or等Takethisbusor

youwon'tgetthereintime.Onecannotseewind,however,itdoesexist.注：however在使用時必須與句子的其他成分用逗號分隔開來。Theessayisgood;itcouldbeimproved,however.常見的并列連詞4.因果關(guān)系Shewasconfused,forshedidn'tknowFrench.It'stimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.for,so,thereforeIt'sraining,therefore

wehadtostayathome.Exercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.

2.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidn’tkeepit.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.復(fù)合句:復(fù)合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成，指的是含有兩個或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。3在復(fù)合句中，其中有一個（或更多）主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一（些）成分，如主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語等。主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句都屬于復(fù)合句，主句是全句的主體，通?？梢元?dú)立存在，從句則只用作句子的一個成分，不能獨(dú)立。引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞1.從屬連詞:that(無詞義),

whether(是否),before(在…前)，whether(是否),

after(在…之后),

if(假如、是否),

since(既然、自從),because(因為),

as/solongas(只要),

when(當(dāng)時…候),sothat(結(jié)果)。2.

疑問代詞:who,which,whom,what,whose3.

疑問副詞:when,why,where,how4.

關(guān)系代詞:who,which,whom,that,whose5.

關(guān)系副詞:when,why,where復(fù)合句副詞性從句(狀語從句—adverbialclause)：Iwasreadingabookwhenshecameintomymom.形容詞性從句(定語從句—attributiveclause)：Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.名詞性從句(主語從句—subjectclause、賓語從句—objectclause、表語從句—predicativeclause、同位語從句—appositiveclause)WhatImeanistoworkharder.Ihave

foundthatEnglishisveryimportant.

Thisis

where

Ifirstmether.The

thought

thatIwanttobuymymotherabirthdaygiftmakesmeexcited.簡單句+關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句狀語從句(adverbialclause)Part01狀語：基本概念結(jié)構(gòu)：從屬連詞連接兩個（或多個）獨(dú)立的句子本質(zhì)：表達(dá)句子之間特定的邏輯語義關(guān)系九類狀語從句時間條件原因地點(diǎn)目的結(jié)果讓步比較方式用于修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、短語或整個句子等，一般由副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語或句子充當(dāng)。狀語從句時間狀語從句圈出下列句子中的從句和引導(dǎo)詞1)MymumwascookingwhenIgotintothekitchen.2)Afterheleftthecollege,hewenttoAmerica.3)I’llcallhimassoonasIgetthere.4)Hedidn’tgotobeduntilhisfathercameback.5)HehaslivedinBeijingsincehewasborn.步驟：1.先找關(guān)聯(lián)詞；2.關(guān)聯(lián)詞后的句子就是從句。時間狀語從句說明動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生、存在的時間。常用引導(dǎo)詞:when,while,as,until/till,before,after,assoonas,…特殊引導(dǎo)詞:themoment,theminute,everytimethefirsttime…Thechildrenranawaythemomenttheysawtheguard.IfellinlovewiththebookthefirsttimeIsawit.易混引導(dǎo)詞while，when，as的區(qū)別：①when既可以指“時間點(diǎn)”，與瞬間動詞連用，也可以指“時間段”，與延續(xù)性動詞連用(＝while)。如：Whenhecamein,

hismotherwascooking.When/Whilewewereatschool,

wewenttothelibraryeveryday.時間狀語從句②while表示時間段，因此，while從句的謂語動詞要用延續(xù)性動詞。Pleasedon'ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.③as與when用法相似，但著重強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動作與從句動作同時發(fā)生，有“隨著……”或“一邊……一邊……”之意。Asyougetolder,

yougetmoreknowledge.條件狀語從句連接詞:

if,

unless,

aslongasWewon’tletyouinunlessyoushowyourpass.Ifyoufailagainthistime,whatwillyoudo?AslongasIamalive,

Iwillgoonstudying.說明動作或事情發(fā)生、存在的條件。原因狀語從句連接詞:as,because,sinceAsitisraining,you’dbettertakeataxi.IdoitbecauseIlikeit.Sincewelivenearthesea,weenjoyniceweather.說明動作或事情發(fā)生、存在的原因。原因狀語從句because,

as,

since的區(qū)別：①because用于表示直接原因，回答why提出的問題，語氣最強(qiáng)；Waterisveryimportantbecausewecan'tlivewithoutit.②as用于說明原因，著重點(diǎn)在主句，常譯成“由于”；Hedidn'tcomeyesterdayashismotherwasill.③since表示顯然的或已知的理由或事實(shí)，常譯成“既然”。如：I'lldoitforyousinceyouarebusy.地點(diǎn)狀語從句連接詞:wherePutitwhereweallcanseeit.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.說明動作或事情發(fā)生、存在的地點(diǎn)。目的狀語從句連接詞:sothat,

inorderthatFinishthissothatyoucanstartanother.Healwaystakesaseatinthefirstrowsothat/inorderthathecanhearbetter.=Inorderthathecanhearbetter,healwaystakesaseatinthefirstrow.

說明動作或事情發(fā)生、存在的目的。結(jié)果狀語從句連接詞:sothat,so...that,such...thatHewassoangrythathecouldn'tsayaword.Hewenttothelectureearly,sothathegotagoodseat.Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.說明動作或事情發(fā)生的結(jié)果。such...that,

so...that,

sothat引導(dǎo)狀語從句的區(qū)別：(1)sothat表示結(jié)果和目的時的區(qū)別：sothat表示目的時，從句中往往有can,could,may,might等情態(tài)動詞，而表示結(jié)果時沒有；sothat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句可用逗號與主句分開，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句則不可。Theysetoutearlysothattheyarrivedintime.(結(jié)果)Theysetoutearlysothattheymightarriveintime.(目的)(2)so…that…與such…that…的區(qū)別so為副詞，修飾形容詞、副詞，不能修飾名詞；such是形容詞，用來修飾名詞。兩者的常用結(jié)構(gòu)如下：so＋形容詞/副詞＋that從句so＋形容詞＋a/an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋that從句so＋many/few＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋that從句so＋much/little＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that從句such＋a/an＋形容詞＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋that從句such＋形容詞＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋that從句such＋形容詞＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that從句Sheissokindthatpeoplelikeherverymuch.Thisisso

interestingabookthatweallenjoyreadingit.Thereareso

manybooksherethatitisdifficulttocount.Ihaveso

littlemoneythatIcannotaffordacar.Thisissuch

aninterestingbookthatweallenjoyreadingit.Theyaresuch

interestingbooksthatweallenjoyreadingthem.Itwassuch

fineweatheryesterdaythatwewentoutforapicnic.讓步狀語從句連接詞:though,although,while,evenif,however等Thoughitwasraining,shestillwentoutwithoutanumbrella.

Althoughtheweatherwasbad,theydecidedtogoonapicnic.Whileit'srainingoutside,Istillwanttogoforawalk.

Evenifhismotheragrees,hisfatherwon'tlethim

go.Some

people

will

gain

weight,however

hard

they

try

to

slim.

說明雖然存在一種情況或條件A，但另一種情況或條件B仍然存在。方式狀語從句連接詞:as,

as

if/though,(just)as

...so...,thewayWhen

inRome,doastheRomansdo.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifitwerebroken.Justaswateristofish,soairistoman.Hedidnotdoitthewayhisbrotherdid.說明動作或事情發(fā)生的方式。比較狀語從句連接詞:than,

(not)so/as…as…Althoughheisa10-year-oldboy,

heismoreintelligentthanmanypeople.

Theworkisn’taseasyasIthought.用于表示兩個事物之間的比較關(guān)系。Quicksummary狀語從句Adverbialclause原因時間條件地點(diǎn)目的結(jié)果方式比較讓步when,while,as,until/till,before,after,assoonas,…as,because,sinceif,unless,aslongaswheresothat,inorderthatsothat,so...that,such...thatthough,although,while,evenif,howeveras,asif/though,(just)as

...so...,thewaythan,(not)so/as…as…賓語從句(objectclause)Part02賓語：基本概念結(jié)構(gòu)：從屬連詞連接兩個（或多個）獨(dú)立的句子定義：置于動詞、介詞、形容詞等后充當(dāng)賓語成分的從句叫賓語從句。三類賓語從句指動作所涉及的人或事物，一般由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞組或句子充當(dāng)，位于動詞之后。賓語從句圈出下列句子中的從句和引導(dǎo)詞1.Couldyoutellmewhoheiswaitingfor?2.Ourteachersaidthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.3.Idon'tknowifhewillcometonight.4.IamsorrythatIamlate.5.Iamthinkingaboutwhathesaid.賓語從句通常位于_______、_______或_______的后面動詞形容詞介詞tellsaidknowsorryabout1.引導(dǎo)詞Conjunction3.時態(tài)Tense2.語序OrderThreemainpointsofobjectclause賓語從句的三要素1.引導(dǎo)詞Conjunctionloading…由______引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其只有語法作用，沒有實(shí)在的意義，在口語和非正式文體中可以________。Ibelieve__________

flyIbelieve__________touchtheskyIthinkaboutiteverynightanddaySpreadmywingsandflyawayIcanIcan省略聽歌填詞(that)

(that)

1.引導(dǎo)詞Conjunctionthat在由連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,why,how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當(dāng)某個成分。Ifonlyyousaw______IcanseeYouwillunderstand______IwantyousodesperatelyRightnowI'mlookingatyouandIcan'tbelieveYoudon'tknowohohYoudon'tknowyou'rebeautifulOhohThat’s_______makesyoubeautiful聽歌填詞whywhat1.引導(dǎo)詞ConjunctionwhatDoyouknowwhatisinthebox?Iwonderedwhotookmyumbrellabymistake.Telluswhoseshirtitis.Idon'tknowwhichIshouldchoose.Sheaskedwhomyouwerelookingfor.連接代詞what“什么”指物

who“誰”指人whose“某人/物的”后要加名詞which“哪一個”whom“誰”賓格只做賓語在從句中充當(dāng)主語在從句中充當(dāng)主語在從句中充當(dāng)定語在從句中充當(dāng)賓語在從句中充當(dāng)賓語Weknowwhereshelives.Doyouknowhowhecametotheofficeyesterday?Theyhaven'tdecidedwhenthemeetingwillbeheld.Canyoutelluswhyyouliedtoyourmother?連接副詞where“哪里”指地點(diǎn)

why“為什么”指原因

when“什么時候”指時間how“怎樣”指方式Idon’tknow___I’mworthit.Maybewewereperfect.Ireallyneedtocallyoutonight.ififwhether聽歌填詞1.引導(dǎo)詞Conjunction以____或___________引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，主要用來引導(dǎo)一般疑問句意思或選擇疑問句意思的賓語從句。注意：一般情況下，whether和if可以互用，但有些情況例外。注意(1)當(dāng)從句作介詞的賓語時只用whether不用if。Everythingdependson

whetherwehaveenoughmoney.一切取決于我們是否有足夠的錢。(2)引導(dǎo)詞后直接跟動詞不定式或ornot時，只用whether。Wewerewonderingwhether

togotodayortomorrow.我們想知道今天走還是明天走。1.Iwonder

Icangetsomeadvicefromyou.2.Ithink

it'sfuntodressupasacartooncharacter.3.——Excuseme，couldyoupleasetellme

Icanbuysomemedicine?——Sure.There'sasupermarketdownthestreet.4.Couldyoupleasetellme______canIgettopostoffice?為下列句子填入合適的引導(dǎo)詞whether/ifthatwherehowloading…2.語序Order、賓語從句的語序句子的兩種語序:1.陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)叫陳述語序Thereisashopnearhere.2.

疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)叫疑問語序Isthereashopnearhere?

賓語從句必須用___________。陳述語序OrderIknow(that)

Lily

isclever.Iwonderif/whether

he

canswim.Doyouknowwhereshe

lives?賓語從句用陳述語序＋＋＋······主語謂語引導(dǎo)詞先主后謂Willtheygotomanyplaces?

Couldyoutellme?→Couldyoutellme_____________________gotomanyplaces.Whether/if

they

will3.時態(tài)Tenseloading…Idon'tknowwhereheworks.whatsheboughtyesterday.whomheisspeakingto.whenthecontestwillbegin.whetherhehasbeentoChinabefore.主句時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時，賓語從句時態(tài)取決于從句。主句是一般將來時或祈使句時，從句時態(tài)也取決于從句。TenseTenseIhear(that)Jim

(be)aworkertwoyearsago.Jim

(be)anEnglishteacher.Jim(cook)dinnertomorrow.Jim(sing)apopularsongnow.Jim(be)totheGreatWalltwice.Jim(play)basketballwhenhisfathercameback.wasiswillcookissinginghasbeenwasplayingSuetoldmethatshewouldgoshoppingwithhersisterthenextday.Hesaidthathewantedtostayathome.Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest.主句時態(tài)是一般過去時，賓語從句只能用相應(yīng)的過去式（一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時，過去將來時，過去完成時）1)HewillgotoHongKong.2)Heissick.3)Heisreadingabook.4)Hehasfinishedhiswork.1)he

toHongKong.2)he

sick.3)he

abook.4)he

hiswork.HesaidwouldgowaswasreadinghadfinishedTenseOurteachersaidthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.HesaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.當(dāng)主句是一般過去時，但賓語從句所陳述的是自然現(xiàn)象、客觀真理、科學(xué)原理、格言等時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。引導(dǎo)詞省略語序時態(tài)that陳述語序先主后謂Quicksummary·主現(xiàn)從不限·主過從必過·客觀真理永一現(xiàn)if/whether連接代詞連接副詞賓語從句objectclause定語從句(attributiveclause)Part03定語：基本概念對名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾、限制或說明，一般由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞及句子等充當(dāng)，位置可在所修飾的詞之前，也可在所修飾的詞之后。定語從句定語從句在句中作定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞叫作先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞—relativepronoun或關(guān)系副詞—relativeadverb)引出。eg.Sheistheonethatyouneverforget.定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)：從句關(guān)系詞修飾名詞或代詞的句子先行詞關(guān)系詞被修飾的名詞或代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句替代先行詞充當(dāng)句子成分關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞whowhomthatwhichwhosewhenwherewhy定義：Whatistheattributiveclause?(relativepronouns)(relativeadverbs)一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.

who,

whom,

that這些詞代替的先行詞是指人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?Heistheman(who/whom/that)Isawyesterday.(who/that在從句中作主語)(who/whom/that在從句中作賓語)2.whose用來指人或物(只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同ofwhich互換)。如：Pleasepassmethebookwhose/ofwhichthecoverisgreen.3.which,that它們所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。如：Anairofprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在從句中作賓語，可省略)(which/that在從句中作主語)Attention!:關(guān)系代詞that和which都可以指物，that和who都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別：

(1)不用that的情況①在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時Thetree,

whichisfourhundredyearsold，isveryfamoushere.②直接在介詞后作賓語時Wedependonthelandfrom

whichwegetourfood.③下列情況多用whoa)關(guān)系代詞指人且在從句中作主語Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.b)先行詞為those,

people時Those

whowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.c)先行詞為all,

anyone,

ones,

one(指人時)One

whodoesn'tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.d)在therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.e)在被分隔的定語從句中Anewteacher

willcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.(2)只能用that的情況①在不定代詞，如anything，nothing，everything，all，much，few，any，little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。All

thatisneededisasupplyofoil.②先行詞被theonly，thevery，thejust等修飾時，只用that。Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.③先行詞被序數(shù)詞(含thelast)或形容詞最高級修飾時，只用that。ThefirstEnglishbookthatIread