英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)年論文EnglishRhetoric專業(yè);姓名:學(xué)號(hào):成績(jī):指導(dǎo)教師：2010年11月ContentsAbstract…………………….………..3摘要.……………………...….31Introduction……………………..….32CommunicativeRhetoric………………...………...33AestheticRhetoric……………......……….…44SyntacticalStylisticDevices………………....55PhoneticStylisticDevices…………...66Conclusion…………...87Bibliography…………88學(xué)年論文成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定………………….9EnglishRhetoricAbstract:languageisthemostimportanttoolforcommunication.Inourdailylife,wenotonlyhavetoexpressourideasclearly,butalsoexactly、conciselyandprofoundly.Wecanachievethebestperlocutiononlybythisway.Inordertodothat,peopletrytheirbesttousethelanguagewithproperlanguagedevicesandadjustourlanguagecontinuously,intheendwenamedthisaction:rhetoric.Thereisnoboundaryinrhetoric’sworldjustlikemusic.Butwithdifferentfeaturesandcustomoflanguage,weshouldlearntounderstandthesedifferencesanddistinguishthemfromeachother.Keywords:languagetool、languagedevices、rhetoric摘要：語(yǔ)言是人類最重要的交際工具。人類在社會(huì)交往中，不僅要使語(yǔ)言清晰、流暢、合乎邏輯和語(yǔ)法，而且還要在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步做到語(yǔ)言鮮明、準(zhǔn)確、精煉、生動(dòng)、深刻，具有感人的力量，以期達(dá)到最佳的表達(dá)效果。為此，人們充分地運(yùn)用和發(fā)揮語(yǔ)言各因素的作用，恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇語(yǔ)言手段，不斷地對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行調(diào)整、加工、潤(rùn)色，于是就產(chǎn)生了修辭。就如同音樂(lè)一樣，修辭也是無(wú)國(guó)界的。但由于不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)的語(yǔ)言使用習(xí)慣和特點(diǎn)不同，我們學(xué)習(xí)這些差異，最終能夠區(qū)分出來(lái)。關(guān)鍵詞：語(yǔ)言工具、表達(dá)手法、修辭IntroductionWhatisrhetoricandwheredoesitcomefrom?Accordingtorhetoricianandlinguist,rhetoricisthetheoryofinformationandpersuasive.Itistheartofusingwordsinspeakingorwritingsoastopersuadeorinfluenceothers.Rhetoricconcernsonhowtomakeaneffectivechoicebetweentwosynonymousexpressions.Rhetoriccomesfromourdailyuseanddevelopswithourlanguage.Rhetoricisasubjectoflanguage.Theobjectofstudyshouldbelanguageelements.Itdoesnotstudythefeaturesoflanguageindetail.Toachievethebestperlocution,weshouldhaveacorrectattitudetowardsrhetoric.Onlywithenoughrealizationoftheimportance,canwehavethemotivetolearnrhetoric.Withtheabilitytouserhetoric,wecanimproveourexpressiveskillsandmakeourarticlemoreexactly、conciselyandprofoundly.CommunicativeRhetoricInordertoexpressourideasclearlyandconcisely,weneedtolearnhowtoselecttheproperwordsandphrases,whichiscalleddiction.Dictionisveryimportantinrhetoricanditisthefoundationofrhetoric.Beforewestarttoselectwords,weshouldhaveabundantvocabulary,thenwehavetoknowwhenandwheretousethecorrectwords.Itmeanswecanchoosethebestwordaccordingtothesituations,becausemanywordhavethesimilarmeaning.Forexample:Thegreatnightdulyarrived,moonlitandcloudless.Aplatformhadbeenconstructedinacomfortableandconvenientlyplacedtree…Heretheauthorchoose‘great’todescribethe‘night’,insteadof‘important’、‘significant’、‘vital’…thisisbecause‘great’cangivereadersafeelingofsurprisinganddifferent.Withthisfunction,itcanleaveadeepimpressiononourmind.Thenitcomestotheclassificationofword’smeaning.AccordingthefamousBritainlinguistGeoffreyleech,itcanedividedintosevenkinds:Conceptualmeaning、connotativemeaning、stylisticmeaning、affectivemeaning、reflectedmeaning、collocativemeaningandthematicmeaning.Ontheotherhand,accordingtoourtraditionalclassification,itcanbedividedintothreeparts:commendatoryterms、derogatorytermandneutralterms.Withtheseclassifications,wecanhavebetterunderstandingonwords.JustasMaupassantsaid‘nomatterwhatwearegoingtodescribe;ifwewanttoshowwhatitis,weshouldfindtheonlynoun;ifwewanttoshowitsmovement,weshouldfindtheonlyverbal;ifwewanttoknowitsessence,weshouldfindtheonlyadjective;wemustwordhardtofindtheseonlywords,wecannotusethesimilarwordstoreplacethem,thisourattitude’.AestheticRhetoricThispartincludesthreeelements:lexicalstylisticdevices、syntacticalstylisticdevicesandphoneticstylisticdevices.1.lexicalstylisticdevicesInthispart,wehavesimile,metaphor,analogy,personification,metonymy,synaesthesia,hyperbole,oxymoron,irony,pun,euphemismandparody.Simileisthemostordinaryandfrequentlyusedrhetoricdevice.Itmeans‘like’,itwasdefinedasafingureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedtoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisanexplicitcomparisonrecognizablebytheuseoftheword‘like’or‘a(chǎn)s’.Similehasthreeelements:subject（tenor），reference（vehicle）andindicatorofresemblance(similemarker)。Therearemanydifferenttypesofsimilemarker,suchasseem,asif,asthough,liken…to…,compare…to…,as…as…,theway,mightaswell…as,aistobwhatcistod,nomorethan,with,etc.wecandecidewhichtouseaccordingtothesituation.Ialwaysregardmetaphorasthebrotherofsimile.Metaphormeansatransferofameaning,itisdefinedasafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.Metaphor’sstructureissameassimile,butthewaysofexpressionareverydifferent.Inmetaphor,wecansayaisb.forexample:Collegeisacommaofasentenceoflife.Wecanalsouseanounasaverbaltodescribesomething.Forexample:Hedoesnothaveanideaofhisown,hejustparrotswhatotherpeoplesayHereweuse‘parrot’todescribetheman,itgivesreadersabetterunderstandingoftheman’scharacter.Thenitcomestoanalogy.Analogymeansaccordingtoratio.Itwasdefinedasaformofcomparisonbutunlikesimileormetaphor,whichusuallyconcernsononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathavesomecommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Weuseanalogywhenwewantpersuadesomebodytodosomethingorexplainsomethingtosomebody.Personificationwasdefinedasattributeshumanqualitiesandabilitiestoinanimateobjects,animalsandevents.Generallyspeaking,personificationhasthreetypes:Thefirstoneisusingthewords(usuallyusedtodescribehuman)todescribethingsandmakethingsfeellikeapersonwithaffection.Forexample:Depressed,Irushedoutoftheroom.Agentlebreezegreetedme.Shecaressedmycheeks,andsoothedmyheart.Here,theauthorused‘she’torefertothewind,whichgivesusafeelingthatwindisjustlikeakindmother.Thesecondoneisapostrophe.Itmeanscallingsomethingjustlikecallingaperson.Forexample:Ocuckoo!shallIcalltheebirdorbutawanderingvoice!Her，authorcannothelpcallingcuckoo‘thee’,ittellsustheauthorlovesthecuckoosomuch.Thelastoneiscompletelymakethingsactashuman,ithashuman’sabilitytospeak,totakeaction,tothinkandfeel.Forexample:Thebabycrocodilethoughthard,atlasthehadagoodidea.Metonymymeansachangeofname,thenameofsomethingisusedtorepresentamoregeneralbutclosely-relatedthing.Metonymyhasninedifferenttypes:acontainerforitscontent,aplaceforthepeople,alocationforinstitutionororganization,aninstrumentforitsuser,astrikingfeatureforthepersonorthing,anorganforitsfunction,authorforwork,theconcretefortheabstract,orthespecificforthegeneralandtheabstractfortheconcrete,orthegeneralforthespecific.Synaesthesiaissensationproducedinonemodalitywhenastimulusisappliedtoanothermodality,aswhenthehearingofacertainsoundinducesthevisualizationofacertaincolor.Forexample:Whatanoisyscarfitis!Hyperbolemeansanextravagantstatementorfigureofspeechnotintendedtobetakenliterally,as‘towaitaneternity’.Hyperbolehasfourkinds.Thefirstoneisexaggeratingbylengthening,strengthening.Forexample:Boblovesrunningrisks,andheoncedividedfromtheoverhangingcliffoftenthousandfeethighintothesea.Here,weusetenthousandfeettodescribethesituation,whichcanbettershowBob’sbravespirit.Thesecondoneistoemphasissomeofthewords.Forexample:AndIwillluretheestill,mydear,Tilltheseagongdry,Tilltheseagongdry,mydearAndtherocksmeltwithsun(Robertburns:ARedRedRose)Heretheauthoremphasisonthe‘sea’and‘rock’,toshowhieeternallovetohislover.Thethirdoneisusingnounornounphrasetoexaggerate.Forexample:TogetadecentapartmentthesedaysinNewYork,youhavetopayanarmandaleg.Here,weknowthehousepriceissoexpensivethatpeoplehavetopayitwith‘a(chǎn)narmandaleg’.Readerscanbetterunderstandthesituation.Thefourthoneisusingsimile(metaphor),personificationandmetonymytoexaggerate.Forexample:Amanwithamouthlikeamastiff,abrowlikeamountainandeyeslikeburninganthracite——thatwasDanWebsterinhisprimer.Ironywasdefinedasafigureofspeechinwhichtheintendedmeaningistheoppositeofthatexpressedbythewordsused;usuallytalkingtheformofsarcasmorridiculeinwhichlaudatoryexpressionsareusedtoimplycondemnationorcontempt.Generallyspeaking,ironycanbedividedintotwokinds:verbalironyandsituationirony.Forexample:Thevirtuous,dignifiedbishophasfourillegitimatechildren.Inthissentence,‘virtuous’and‘dignified’areirony,butactuallytheyrefertomorallyanddegenerateandhypocritical.Here,wealsohavetodistinguishirony,innuendoandsarcasm.Innuendomeansamildfromirony,hintinginaratherroundaboutwayatsomethingdisparagingoruncomplimentarytothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Accordingto馮翠華（1995：218）‘whileinnuendoisamildformofirony,sarcasmisjusttheopposite.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwound,thefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Punmeansaplayonwords.Itwasdefinedas‘theuseofawordinsuchawayastosuggesttwoormoremeaningsordifferentassociations,ortheuseoftwoormorewordsofthesameornearlythesamesoundwithdifferentmeaning,soastoproduceahumoureffect.Forexample:OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou.SyntacticalStylisticDevicesParallelismwasdefinedasconsistingofphrasesorsentencesofsimilarconstructionandmeaningplacedsidebyside,balancingeachother.Parallelismhasfivedifferenttypesofexpression:1.aseriesofwordseg:Butthehouseswerecold,closed,unfriendly…2.agroupofphraseseg:Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.3.arowofclauseseg:Isthereanythingdifferentforustodointheworld?Ifwedoit,thedifficultthingwillbeeasy;ifwedonot,theeasythingwillbedifficult.4.aseriesofsentenceseg:Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair,until,withGod’shelp,wehaveridtheearthofhisshadowandliberateditpeoplefromhisyoke.(WinstonChurchill)5.agroupofparagraphseg:Ishotanarrowtotheair,itfelltoearth,Iknewnotwhere…Ibreathedasongintotheair,itfelltoearth,Iknewnotwhere…Antithesiswasdefinedascontrastingofideasexpressedbyparallelismofstronglycontrastedwords.Forexample:Thewickedfleewhennoonepursuers,buttherighteousareboldasalion.Therearetwokindsofantithesis:1.comparingbetweentwodifferentthingseg:Whenpovertycomesinatthedoor,loveleapsoutattheparingbetweentwosidesofonethingeg:Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich.Repetitionmeanstherepeatingofanyelementinanutterance,includingsound,awordorphrases,apatternofaccents,orarrangementoflines.Repetitioncanbedividedintotwokinds:1.immediaterepetitioneg:Wouldyouplease,please,please,,please,please,pleasestoptalking2.intermittentrepetitioneg:Thereshestretched,growingwarmerandwarmer,sleepierandsleepier.Anastrophe:inrhetoricthenaturalorusualorderofwords,as‘homewarddirectlyhewent’Anastrophecanalsobedividedintotwokinds:FullinversionandPartialinversionAndtherearefourfunctionsofAnastrophe:toemphasiseg:sweetwasthatevening2.tobalancethesentenceeg:Happyishewhodedicateshislifetotheemancipationofallmankind3.tomakethesentencecloseregThecommitteehaveaskedmetoregion.,thatIwillneverdo4.tomakethedescriptionvivideg:AwaywentthecarlikeawhirlwindPhoneticStylisticDevicesalliteration:repeatingandplayinguponthesameletterAlliterationwasdefinedastherepetitionofthesameconsonantsoundinseveralwordsclosetogetherinasentenceorinaline.Alliterationhasbeenusedinmanyfields,suchas:Poemsandsongseg:Islip,Islip,Igloom,Iglance,amongmyskimmingswallowSpeecheg:Scandalsandscares,boomsandbustsmade1987aperiodoftumut.ProverbegWhenwinesinks,wordsswimpractice