專題08自然生態(tài)（解析版）

【材料來源：BBCJun.18,2024]

ThisEcuadorianforestthrivedamid

deforestationafterbeinggrantedlegalrights

Despiteextensivedeforestationinthesurroundingregion,LosCedros*11,681acres(4,800ha)buzzwithlife.

Itsbiodiversityisastonishing:morethan130scientificpapershavebeenpublishedonthevastnumberofspecies

thatcallLosCedroshome-fromfungitosnailsandbears.Mostofthereserveisacloudforestwheretheairis

heavywithmoisture.Manyspeciescan'tbefoundanywhereelse,suchasthetinyorangeLosCedrosrainfrog.

LifecontinuestothriveinLosCedros,butitssurvivalwasn*talwayscertain-anditislargelythankstoa

powerful,andincreasinglyinfluential,globallegalmovementthattheforestisstillstanding.

In2008,Ecuadorbecamethefirstcountrytochangeitsconstitutiontostatethatnaturehasthesamerightsas

people.ThechangewasledbyEcuador*sIndigenousmovement,andmarkedoneofthefirstmajorstepsinwhathas

becomeknownastheTightsofnature*movement-amovementcentredonalegalframeworkthatrecognisesthe

inherentrightofthenaturalworldtothesameprotectionsaspeopleandcorporations.

Todate,initiativestorecognisetherightsofnaturehavebeenpursuedin44countries.Somecaseshave

defendedasingleanimal,whileotherlegaldecisionshaverecognisedtherightsofrivers,mountains,andallof

MotherEarth.

【譯文欣賞】

這片厄瓜多爾森林在被授予法律權(quán)利后在砍伐森林中茁壯成長

盡管周邊地區(qū)的森林遭到大規(guī)模砍伐，洛斯塞德羅斯（LosCedros）保護(hù)區(qū)11681英畝（4800公頃）的

土地上，森林依然生機(jī)勃勃。這里的生物多樣性令人驚嘆，有130多篇已經(jīng)發(fā)表的科學(xué)論文，介紹了棲息

在洛斯塞德羅斯的大量物種-從真菌到蝸牛到熊類。保護(hù)區(qū)里的大部分森林被云霧籠罩，空氣極其濕潤。這

里有許多在別處見不到的物種，比如體型微小的橙色洛斯塞德羅斯雨蛙。

在洛斯塞德羅斯保護(hù)區(qū)，一切仍在繁衍生息，但它們的生存并不總是那么有保障。這片森林之所以能

夠屹立不倒，主要歸功于一場聲勢浩大、影響力日益增強的全球法律運動。

2008年，厄瓜多爾成為第一個修改憲法，規(guī)定自然享有與人類同等權(quán)利的國家。這一改變是由厄瓜多

爾原住民團(tuán)體推動的，標(biāo)志著“自然權(quán)利”(rightsofnature)運動邁出了重要的第一步，該運動的核心是

建立一個法律框架，承認(rèn)自然界的固有權(quán)利，即享有與人類和企業(yè)組織同等的受保護(hù)權(quán)。

迄今為止，已有44個國家提出了承認(rèn)自然享有權(quán)利的倡議。有的法律案件為了一種動物辯護(hù)，有的法

律判決則承認(rèn)了河流、山脈和整個地球母親(MotherEarth)的權(quán)利。

【詞匯積累】

1.thrive/Graiv/v.興盛，繁榮

2.amid/s'mid/prep.在…當(dāng)中；為…環(huán)繞

3.deforestation/,di:,fori'steifsn/n.森林砍伐

4.biodiversity/.baioudai'vs^iti/n.生物多樣性

5.species/'spi:Jl:z/n.物種

6.cloudforest/klaud'fb:nst/n.云霧森林

7.moisture/'moistjsr/n.水分，濕氣

8.survival/ssr'vaivsl/n.生存

9.legal/'li:g91/adj.法律的

10.influential/(mflu'enjbl/adj.有影響力的

11.constitution/.knnstitju^n/n.憲法

12.indigenous/m'd^mas/adj.土著的，本地的

13.framework/'freimtw3：rk/n.框架

14.inherent/m'hisrsnt/adj.固有的，內(nèi)在的

15.initiative/I'nifbtiv/n.倡議，主動性

【長難句分析】

原句

LifecontinuestothriveinLosCedros,butitssurvivalwasn'talwayscertain-anditislargelythankstoapowerful,

andincreasinglyinfluential,globallegalmovementthattheforestisstillstanding.

譯文

在洛斯塞德羅斯保護(hù)區(qū)，一切仍在繁衍生息，但它們的生存并不總是那么有保障。這片森林之所以能夠屹

立不倒，主要歸功于一場聲勢浩大、影響力日益增強的全球法律運動。

分析

+一[主句：LifecontinuestothriveinLosCedros]

+一[并歹U句：butitssurvivalwasn*talwayscertain]

+一[并歹U句：anditislargelythankstoapowerful,andincreasinglyinfluential,globallegalmovement]

+一[定語從句：thattheforestisstillstanding]

（-）

（2024-山東?三模）AccordingtotheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature（IUCN）,hundredsof

marine（海洋的）speciesacrosstheworldcomeunderendangeredandcriticallyendangeredcategories.Someofthe

endangeredandrecognizablemarinespeciesarenamedhere.

Kemp'sRidleySeaTurtle

TheKemp'sRidleySeaTurtle,alsoknownastheAtlanticRidleySeaTurtle,isendangeredastherarestand

smallestseaturtle.

DistributedthroughouttheGulfofMexicoandU.S.Atlanticseaboard,theygatheroffthecoastin

northeasternMexicoandcomeashoreinlargegroupstolayeggseveryyear.Asmarinereptiles（爬彳亍動物），they

arethreatenedbyoilspills,lackoffoodandmarinepollution.

Vaquita

Asararemarinemammal,Vaquitaisontheedgeofextinctiononlyahalf-centuryafteritsfirstsighting.

ExtensivefishingintheGulfofCaliforniahasendangeredthismarinespecies,resultinginagradualdropin

populationsincethe1940s.Accordingtoreports,thereareonlyadozenofthesemarinemammalsleftintheworld

sincethepercentageofdeclineintheirpopulationwasasmuchas90%since2011.

Whale

FinWhaleisthesecond-largestmammalontheplanetafterBlueWhaleanditisalsoavictimofhunting.

Accordingtoestimates,theglobalpopulationofFinWhalerangesfrombelow100,000toaround119,000.

HumpbackWhale,anotherwhalespecies,hasalsobeenlistedasanendangeredmarinespecies.Beforethe

introductionofthewhalingmoratorium（暫停）in1966,thespecieswashuntedforitsfur,whilethepopulation

droppedby90%.Currently,around2,500HumpbackWhalessurviveintheworld.

HawaiianMonkSeal

AnativeoftheNorthwesternHawaiianIslands,HawaiianMonkSealisoneoftheearlesssealswholiveon

warmbeaches,unlikeotherseals.

Accordingtorecentresearch,only1,400HawaiianMonkSealsremainontheIslands.Thesesealsare

mainlythreatenedbypredatorsliketigersharks.Besides,otherreasonsHkehabitatlossandfoodlimitationalso

contributetotheircriticalsituation.

1.WhydoKemp'sRidleySeaTurtleslandonthebeachinlargegroups?

A.Tonest.B.Toreproduce.C.Toavoidattack.D.Tohuntfoods.

2.WhatisthemajorthreattoHawaiianMonkSeal?

A.Globalwarming.B.Lackoffood.

C.Naturalenemies.D.Habitatpollution.

3.Whichofthefollowingisthemostcriticallyendangeredspecies?

A.Vaquita.B.FinWhale.C.HumpbackWhale.D.HawaiianMonkSeal.

【答案速查】1.B2.C3.A

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一些瀕臨滅絕的海洋物種的情況，旨在引起人們對海洋生

物保護(hù)的關(guān)注。

I.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Kemp'sRidleySeaTurtle下面第二段的"DistributedthroughouttheGulfofMexicoandU.

S.Atlanticseaboard,theygatheroffthecoastinnortheasternMexicoandcomeashoreinlargegroupstolayeggs

everyyear.（它們分布在墨西哥灣和美國大西洋沿岸，每年都會聚集在墨西哥東北部海岸，成群結(jié)隊地上岸產(chǎn)

卵）”可知，該地的海龜成群結(jié)隊來到海灘上是為了繁衍后代。故選B。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的"Accordingtorecentresearch,only1,400HawaiianMonkSealsremainonthe

Islands.Thesesealsaremainlythreatenedbypredatorsliketigersharks.Besides,otherreasonslikehabitatlossand

foodlimitationalsocontributetotheircriticalsituation.（根據(jù)最近的研究，島上只剩下1400只夏威夷蒙克海豹。

這些海豹主要受到虎鯊等捕食者的威脅。止匕外，棲息地喪失和食物限制等其他原因也導(dǎo)致了它們的危急狀

況）”可知，夏威夷蒙克海豹的主要威脅來自于它們的天敵。故選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Vaquita下面第二段的“Accordingtoreports,thereareonlyadozenofthesemarine

mammalsleftintheworldsincethepercentageofdeclineintheirpopulationwasasmuchas90%since2011.（據(jù)報

道，自2011年以來，這些海洋哺乳動物的數(shù)量下降了90%,現(xiàn)在世界上只剩下十幾只）”可知，Vaquita是最

瀕危的物種。故選A。

?。1@。?I

原句

DistributedthroughouttheGulfofMexicoandU.S.Atlanticseaboard,theygatheroffthecoastin

northeasternMexicoandcomeashoreinlargegroupstolayeggseveryyear.

譯文

它們分布在墨西哥灣和美國大西洋沿岸，每年都會聚集在墨西哥東北部海岸，成群結(jié)隊地上岸產(chǎn)卵.

分析

+--[主句：theygatheroffthecoastinnortheasternMexicoandcomeashoreinlargegroupstolayeggsevery

year]

I

+--[狀語：DistributedthroughouttheGulfofMexicoandU.S.Atlanticseaboard]

I

十一[介詞短語:throughouttheGulfofMexicoandU.S.Atlanticseaboard]

聞忙原］■

1.endangeredadj.瀕危的2.recognizableadj.可辨認(rèn)的

3.distributedadj.分布的4.seaboardn.海岸

5.ashoreadv.在岸上6.reptilen.爬行動物

7.extinctionn.滅絕8.extensiveadj.廣泛的

9.estimaten.估計10.habitatn.棲息地

（二）

（2024?湖南長沙?—模）JosephDiturihasn'tseenthesunfortwofortnights.Andhewon'tseeitagainfor

months.SinceMarch1st,theprofessorhasbeenunderwater,withthegoalofspending100daysthere-forscience.

Ifsuccessful,hewillbreakthecurrentworldrecordfortimespentlivingunderwater,whichwassetbytwo

Tennesseebiologistsin2014whentheystayedbeneaththesurfacefor73days.

Dituri,whohasbeennicknamed"Dr.DeepSea”,islivinginJules9UnderseaLodge（小屋）inKeyLargo,

Florida-thesameunderwatervenuewherethepreviousrecordwasset.The100-square-foothotel,whichsits30feet

belowthesurface,ishistemporaryhome,whereheiscarryingoutresearchandgivingvirtuallecturesforhis

studentsattheUniversityofSouthFlorida.

“Thehumanbodyhasneverbeenunderwaterthatlong,soIwillbemonitoredclosely,Diturisaid."This

studywillexamineeverywaythisjourneyimpactsmybody,butmyhypothesis（彳度設(shè)）isthattherewillbe

improvementstomyhealthduetotheincreasedpressure.Thishypothesiscomesfromastudythatindicated

potentiallypositiveeffectsofpressureexposureoncellgrowthandvitality（活力），andDiturihopesthathis

underwaterexperiencecouldrevealwaystocombatage-relateddiseasesandlengthenlifespan.

Aspartofhisresearch,Dituriisinvestigatingtheeffectsoflivinginahigh-pressureenvironmentforan

extendedperiod.Tokeepwaterfromenteringthelodge,airmustconstantlybepumpedintothespacetocreatea

pressureabout1.6timeshigherthanthatoftheEarth?ssurface.Therefore,itcan'tbeachievedinhisownright.

Beforethejourney,Diturihadundergonepsychosocial,psychologicalandmedicaltests.Hecontinuesto

undergotestingduringandafterhis100daysatthelodge.tcThementalhealthpartofthisisimportant,becauseI'm

inanisolatedandlimitedenvironment,9,hesaid.

Beyondresearch,theprojectisalsoachancetocultivatechildren'senthusiasmforexploringthescience

field.Dituriinvitesabout40childrentostaywithhimfor24hoursatatimeandteachthemtodive.Tohim,this

outreachiswhatmakesthewholeprojectworthit-morethanthechanceforaworldrecord.

4.WhatdoweknowaboutDituri'sexperimentfromthetext?

A.ItisscheduledtoendonJuly9th.

B.Ithasbeenonfornearlyamonth.

C?Itsaimisjusttobreaktheworldrecord.

D.ItisconductedwheretwoTennesseebiologistssettled.

5.WhatisDituri?sattitudetowardtheimpacttheincreasedpressurehasonhealth?

A.Doubtful.B.Cautious.C.Hopeful.D.Unclear.

6.WhichscenepossiblyhappensinthecourseofDituri5slivingunderwater?

A.Hepumpstheairintothelodge.B.Heinstructsinvitedchildrentodive.

C.Heanalyzeshisownpsychosocialtests.D.Heexperimentsinaspaciouslodge.

7.WhydoesDituriinvitechildrentoexperiencetheunderwaterlife?

A.Toarousetheireagernessforscience.B.Tocasehislonelinessandisolation.

C.Tosetaworldrecordatfullstretch.D.Toprovethevalueofhisexperience.

【答案速查】4.B5.C6.B7.A

【語篇解讀】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了科學(xué)家約瑟夫?迪圖里潛水并在水下居住百日，挑戰(zhàn)世界紀(jì)

錄，旨在研究高壓環(huán)境對人體的益處，同時激發(fā)兒童科學(xué)熱情。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“JosephDiturihasn,tseenthesunfortwofortnights.（JosephDituri已經(jīng)兩個兩周

沒見太陽了）”可知，迪圖里的實驗持續(xù)了四周時間。故選B。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Thisstudywillexamineeverywaythisjourneyimpactsmybody,butmy

hypothesisisthattherewillbeimprovementstomyhealthduetotheincreasedpressure.（這項研究X等檢驗這次潛

水過程對我身體各方面的影響，但我假設(shè)由于增大的水壓，我的健康狀況會有所改善）”可知，迪圖里認(rèn)為增

大的水壓會對健康有改善作用。故選C。

6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Dituriinvitesabout40childrentostaywithhimfor24hoursatatimeandteach

themtodive.（迪圖里邀請了大約40名兒童，讓他們一次與他共度24小時，并教他們潛水）”可知，迪圖里邀

請孩子跟他共處24小時，并且教他們潛水。故選B。

7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Beyondresearch,theprojectisalsoachancetocultivatechildren'senthusiasm

forexploringthesciencefield.Dituriinvitesabout40childrentostaywithhimfor24hoursatatimeandteach

themtodive.（除了研究之外，這個項目也是一個培養(yǎng)孩子們對探索科學(xué)領(lǐng)域熱情的機(jī)會。迪圖里邀請了大約

40名兒童，讓他們一次與他共度24小時，并教他們潛水）”可知，迪圖里邀請孩子體驗水下生活的原因是激

發(fā)他們對科學(xué)的渴望。故選A。

原句

Thisstudywillexamineeverywaythisjourneyimpactsmybody,butmyhypothesisisthattherewillbe

improvementstomyhealthduetotheincreasedpressure.

譯文

這項研究將檢驗這次潛水過程對我身體各方面的影響，但我假設(shè)由于增大的水壓，我的健康狀況會有所

改善。

分析

+一[主句：Thisstudywillexamineeverywaythisjourneyimpactsmybody]

I

+--[并歹U句：butmyhypothesisisthattherewillbeimprovementstomyhealthduetotheincreased

pressure]

I

+-?[賓語從句：thattherewillbeimprovementstomyhealthduetotheincreasedpressure]

I

+--[原因狀語：duetotheincreasedpressure]

1.fortnightn.兩星期2.underwateradj.在水下的

3.currentadj.目前的4.temporaryadj.臨時的

5.hypothesisn.假設(shè)6.combatv.與...戰(zhàn)斗

7.extendedadj.延長的8.pressuren.壓力

9.isolatedadj.隔離的10.cultivatev.培養(yǎng)

（三）

（2024?江蘇鹽城?模擬預(yù)測）Themalewesterntanager（唐納雀）lookslikealittleflame,whilefemalesare

lessshowy,adustyyellow.Inthespring,theypreparetomovethousandsofmilestotheMountainWestofCentral

America,flyingthroughgrasslands,deserts,andoccasionally,suburbanyards.

Tofuelthemontheirlengthyjourney,westerntanagersfilluponinsectsandberries.Butasglobalclimate

changecausesspringtostartearlier,birdssuchaswesterntanagersarearrivingattheirdestinationafterwhat's

knownas“green-up”,whenflowersbeginbloomingandinsectsemerge.Accordingtoastudypublishedinearly

MarchinthejournalPNAS,thiskindoftimingmismatchbetweenmigrants（遷移動物）andtheirfoodsources,

whichishappeningacrossNorthAmerica,couldhaveseriousconsequencesformigratorybirds5survival."In

discussingclimatechange,weoftenfocusonwarming,saysScottLoss,aco-authorofthestudy.<6Butthelength

andtimingofseasons-likewhenwinterendsandspringbegins-aresomeofthemostdramaticeffectsof

climatechange.^^

Lossandhiscolleaguesusedsatelliteimageryfrom2002to2021tocalculatetheaveragestartofspring

green-upalongthetypicalmigrationroutesof150NorthAmericanbirdspecies,thencomparedthattimingwiththe

currentgreen-up.Theyfoundthatspringisindeedbeginningearlieralongbirds'migrationroutes.ctBycontrary,

previousstudieshavemainlyfocusedonsongbirdsinEasternNorthAmerica,saysMorganTingley,an

ornithologistatUCLA,"butthisnewinvestigationshowsthatbirdspeciesintheWestandatdifferentlevelsofthe

foodwebmightbejustasvulnerable（脆弱的）

“Partofitisknowingwhichspeciesarevulnerabletovariousthreats,Losssays."Thisaddstothe

knowledgeaboutvulnerabilityofawiderangeofbirdspecies.9,Andhehopesthattheinformationwillserveto

highlighttheurgentneedtolowergreenhouse-gasemissionsasfastaspossible.t4Ifsreallyimportant,ifwecan't

addressclimatechangeimmediately,totrytostophabitatlossasmuchaswecan.^^

8.Whatmayposeadirectthreattowesterntanagers9survival?

A.Globalwarming.B.Thedurationofchangingseasons.

C.Lossofhabitatsduetohumanactivities.D.Decreasedaccesstofoodsduringmigration.

9.Whatisuniqueaboutthenewstudyonbirdslikewesterntanagers?

A.Itcoversawidergeographicrange.B.Itrevealsthedeclineinbirdpopulations.

C.Itcentersontheadaptationofbirdspecies.D.Itensurestheexistenceofatimingmismatch.

10.WhatdoesLosssuggestwedotosafeguardmigratorybirds?

A.Lessentheeffectsofclimatechange.B.Preserveecosystemsforbirdspecies.

C.Addressemissionsandhabitatloss.D.Expandresearchesonthreatstobirds.

11.Whereisthetextmostlikelyfrom?

A.Ascientificjournal.B.Abird-watchingguidebook.

C.Awebsiteaboutclimatechange.D.Amagazineaboutwildlifeconservation.

【答案速查】8.D9.A10.C11.A

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章從唐納雀入手，分析北美遷移鳥類面臨的挑戰(zhàn)及其原因，最后提出建

議：希望盡快減少溫室氣體的排放，盡可能地阻止棲息地的喪失。

8.推理判斷題。由第二段中的"Tofuelthemontheirlengthyjourney,westerntanagersfilluponinsectsand

berries.Butasglobalclimatechangecausesspringtostartearlier,birdssuchaswesterntanagersarearrivingat

theirdestinationafterwhat'sknownas“green-up”,whenflowersbeginbloomingandinsectsemerge.Accordingto

astudypublishedinearlyMarchinthejournalPNAS,thiskindoftimingmismatchbetweenmigrants（遷移動物）

andtheirfoodsources,whichishappeningacrossNorthAmerica,couldhaveseriousconsequencesformigratory

birds'survival.（為了在漫長的旅途中補充能量，西方唐納雀以昆蟲和漿果為食。但隨著全球氣候變化導(dǎo)致春

天提前到來，像唐納雀這樣的鳥類在所謂的“返青”之后才到達(dá)目的地，這時花朵開始綻放，昆蟲開始出現(xiàn)。

根據(jù)3月初發(fā)表在《美國科學(xué)院院刊》上的一項研究，這種遷移動物和它們的食物來源之間的時間不匹配,

正在北美各地發(fā)生，可能會對候鳥的生存產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。）”可知，隨著全球氣候變化導(dǎo)致春季提前開始，唐

納德雀遷徙期間獲得食物的機(jī)會減少。故選D項。

9.推理判斷題。由第三段中的“"Bycontrary,previousstudieshavemainlyfocusedonsongbirdsinEasternNorth

America,saysMorganTingley,anornithologistatUCLA,“butthisnewinvestigationshowsthatbirdspeciesin

theWestandatdifferentlevelsofthefoodwebmightbejustasvulnerable（脆弱的）（"相反，以前的研究主要集

中在北美東部的鳴禽上，”加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的鳥類學(xué)MorganTingley說，“但這項新的調(diào)查表明，西部和

食物網(wǎng)不同層次的鳥類物種可能同樣脆弱?？芍?，先前的研究的是北美東部的鳴禽，這項關(guān)于像西部唐

納雀這樣的鳥類的新研究的獨特之處在于它覆蓋了更廣泛的地理范圍，不僅關(guān)注東北美地區(qū)的鳴禽，也包

括西部及食物鏈不同層級上的鳥類。故選A項。

10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后——段“Andhehopesthattheinformationwillservetohighlighttheurgentneedtolower

greenhouse-gasemissionsasfastaspossible.ctIfsreallyimportant,ifwecan'taddressclimatechange

immediately,totrytostophabitatlossasmuchaswecan.^^（他希望這些信息將有助于強調(diào)盡快降低溫室氣體排

放的迫切需要?！叭绻覀儾荒芰⒓唇鉀Q氣候變化問題，那么盡我們所能阻止棲息地的喪失是非常重要

的。”廣可知，作者期望能夠盡快減少溫室氣體的排放，盡可能地阻止棲息地的喪失。故選C項。

11.推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是由第二段中的“Tofuelthemontheirlengthyjourney,westerntanagersfillup

oninsectsandberries.Butasglobalclimatechangecausesspringtostartearlier,birdssuchaswesterntanagersare

arrivingattheirdestinationafterwhafsknownas“green-up”,whenflowersbeginbloomingandinsectsemerge.

AccordingtoastudypublishedinearlyMarchinthejournalPNAS,thiskindoftimingmismatchbetweenmigrants

（遷移動物）andtheirfoodsources,whichishappeningacrossNorthAmerica,couldhaveseriousconsequencesfor

migratorybirds5survival.（為了在漫長的旅途中補充能量，西方唐納雀以昆蟲和漿果為食。但隨著全球氣候變

化導(dǎo)致春天提前到來，像唐納雀這樣的鳥類在所謂的“返青”之后才到達(dá)目的地，這時花朵開始綻放，昆蟲開

始出現(xiàn)。根據(jù)3月初發(fā)表在《美國科學(xué)院院刊》上的一項研究，這種遷移動物和它們的食物來源之間的時

間不匹配，正在北美各地發(fā)生，可能會對候鳥的生存產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。）”可知，本文介紹的是ScottLoss關(guān)于

鳥類遷移的一項科學(xué)研究，且引用了《美國科學(xué)院院刊》的話，所以最可能來源于科研雜志。故選A項。

原句

AccordingtoastudypublishedinearlyMarchinthejournalPNAS,thiskindoftimingmismatchbetween

migrants（遷移動物）andtheirfoodsources,whichishappeningacrossNorthAmerica,couldhaveserious

consequencesformigratorybirds'survival.

譯文

根據(jù)3月初發(fā)表在《美國科學(xué)院院刊》上的一項研究，這種遷移動物和它們的食物來源之間的時間不匹

配，正在北美各地發(fā)生，可能會對候鳥的生存產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。

分析

+--[主句:thiskindoftimingmismatchbetweenmigrantsandtheirfoodsourcescouldhaveserious

consequencesformigratorybirds'survival]

I

+--[狀語：AccordingtoastudypublishedinearlyMarchinthejournalPNAS]

I

+一[定語從句：whichishappeningacrossNorthAmerica]

+--[先行詞：timingmismatch]

HE??

1.migratev.遷移2.suburbanadj.交B區(qū)的

3.fuelv.加燃料4.1engthyadj.長期的

5.mismatchn.不匹配6.dramaticadj.顯著的

7.satelliteimageryn.衛(wèi)星圖像8.ornithologistn.鳥類學(xué)家

9.vulnerabilityn.脆弱性10.greenhouse-gasn.溫室氣體

（四）

（2024?遼寧沈陽?三模）Cutintothetrunkofapinetree,andyouwillseeafamiliarseriesofconcentric（同

中心'的）rings.Butnotalltrunkstellthesamestory.AstudypublishedinNovemberrevealsthattheworld'soldest

treeshadaverydifferentstructure.

Some370millionyearsago,cladoxylopsidtreesstoodatleasteightmeterstall,coveredbybranchesinstead

ofleaves.Todaytheirrareremainsreveallittleabouttheirinsides;inmostcasestheirinnerstructureshadrotted

beforethetreesfossilize,andstormshadfilledthemwithsand.Buttherecentfindoftwowell-preservedfossilsin

Chinahasexposedthetrees9innerworkings-whicharelikenootherspeciesstudiedbefore.

Thecladoxylopsidtreewasemptyinside.Aroundtheedgeswerethick,verticalstrands（縷）containing

xylem（木質(zhì)部），aplanttissuethatconductswaterandmineralsaltsfromtherootstoallotherparts.Modemtrees

addnewlayersofmultiplexylemastheygrow,creatingawoodytrunkwithasinglesetofconcentricrings.Butin

cladoxylopsids,"eachstrandofxylemhaditsowngrowthrings,“saysscientistChristopherM.BerryofCardiff

UniversityinWales.

Overatree9slifetimethestrandswouldweaveandcross."It'sjustincrediblycomplex,Berrysays.He

likensthesenetworksofflexibletissuesandstructurestotheEiffelTower-iftowercouldgrow,extendandsplit

itselfapartovertime.

Althoughthecladoxylopsidtreehasnolivingdescendantstoday,itisveryimportant.Brigitte

Meyer-Berthaud,ascientist,explainsthatthesetreeswereamong“themajorcarbonreservoirsofthePaleozoic”,a

timeperiodfrom542millionto251millionyearsago.Cladoxylopsidsmadeupourplanefsfirstforests,capturing

carbonfromtheatmosphereandplayingapartinadjustingEarth9sclimate.Giventhisfact,maybeweshouldstudy

thesetreesfortheforests.

12.Whatmakesithardtostudycladoxylopsidtrees?

A.Theirthickleaves.B.Theiramazingheight.

C.Theirpoorlypreservedremains.D.Theirfossilizedinnerstructures.

13.Whatdoweknowaboutcladoxylopsidtrees?

A.Theyhadmanyseparategrowthrings.

B.Theirsolidcorescontributedtotheirgrowth.

C.Theyhadasinglesetofregularconcentricrings.

D.Theirrootsneededmoremineralsaltsthanwater.

14.Whydoestheauthormention“theEiffelTower^^inparagraph4?

A.TostressthebeautyoftheEiffelTower.

B.Toprovetheeconomicstatusofthetree.

C.Todisclosehowlimitedthetree9slifetimeis.

D.Toshowhowcomplexthetree'snetworksare.

15.Whyshouldwestudycladoxylopsidtrees?

A.TheyweretheonlytreespresentduringthePaleozoicera.

B.Theyhelpedscientistsbetterprotectrichhistoricalculture.

C.TheyplayedasignificantroleinshapingtheEarthasitis.

D.TheydeterminedthecarboncontentintheEarth?satmosphere.

【答案速查】12.C13.A14.D15.C

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了克拉多校木樹的獨特內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和重要生態(tài)角色，強調(diào)其在

古代是重要的碳儲存者和地球氣候調(diào)節(jié)者，呼吁對其進(jìn)行更深入的研究。

12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Todaytheirrareremainsreveallittleabouttheirinsides;inmostcasestheirinner

structureshadrottedbeforethetreesfossilize,andstormshadfilledthemwithsand.（如今，它們罕見的殘骸幾乎

無法揭示它們的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造；在大多數(shù)情況下，它們的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)在樹木變成化石之前就已經(jīng)腐爛了，風(fēng)暴用

沙子填滿了它們。廠可知，大多數(shù)情況下，這些樹的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)在成為化石之前就已經(jīng)腐爛，風(fēng)暴也會將它們

填滿沙子，即它們的殘骸保存地很差，這使得了解它們的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)變得困難。故選C。

13.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的"Modemtreesaddnewlayersofmultiplexylemastheygrow,creatingawoody

trunkwithasinglesetofconcentricrings.Butincladoxylopsids,"eachstrandofxylemhaditsowngrowthrings,“

saysscientistChristopherM.BerryofCardiffUniversityinWales.（現(xiàn)代的樹木在生長的過程中會增加新的多層

木質(zhì)部，形成一個具有單一同心環(huán)的木質(zhì)樹干。但威爾士卡迪夫大學(xué)的科學(xué)家ChristopherM.Berry說，在

克拉多枚木樹中，"每條木質(zhì)部都有自己的生長環(huán)可知，克拉多枝木樹與現(xiàn)代樹木形成單一的同心環(huán)結(jié)

構(gòu)不同，它們有許多獨立的生長環(huán)。故選A。

14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Overatree'slifetimethestrandswouldweaveandcross.tcIfsjustincredibly

complex,9,Berrysays.HelikensthesenetworksofflexibletissuesandstructurestotheEiffelTower-iftower

couldgrow,extendandsplititselfapartovertime.（在樹的一生中，這些線會交織在一起。貝瑞說：“這太復(fù)雜

了”。他把這些靈活的組織和結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)比作埃菲爾鐵塔——如果埃菲爾鐵塔可以隨著時間的推移而生長、延

伸和分裂。）''可知，克拉多枝木樹的木質(zhì)部形成了一種復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，作者用“埃菲爾鐵塔”作比喻是為了

展示這種樹木的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)是非常復(fù)雜的。故選D。

15.推理判斷題o卞艮據(jù)最后——段的"Althoughthecladoxylopsidtreehasnolivingdescendantstoday,itisvery

important.BrigitteMeyer-Berthaud,ascientist,explainsthatthesetreeswereamong"themajorcarbonreservoirs

ofthePaleozoic”,atimeperiodfrom542millionto251millionyearsago.Cladoxylopsidsmadeupourplanet's

firstforests,capturingcarbonfromtheatmosphereandplayingapartinadjustingEarth'sclimate.Giventhisfact,

maybeweshouldstudythesetreesfortheforests.（雖然今天的克拉多枝木樹沒有存活的后代，但它非常重要。

科學(xué)家BrigitteMeyer-Berthaud解釋說，這些樹木是“古生代（5.42億到2.51億年前）主要的碳儲存庫”之一。

克拉多核木樹成為了地球上的第一批森林，它們從大氣中吸收碳，并在調(diào)節(jié)地球氣候方面發(fā)揮了作用?？?/p>

慮到這個事實，也許我們應(yīng)該為森林研究這些樹木。）”可知，克拉多枚木樹是地球上古生代時期的森林之一，

它們通過吸收大氣中的碳并調(diào)節(jié)地球的氣候，對塑造地球的氣候產(chǎn)生了顯著影響。故選C。

?。1@。?I

原句

Cladoxylopsidsmadeupourplanet'sfirstforests,capturingcarbonfromtheatmosphereandplayingapartin

adjustingEarth?sclimate.

譯文

克拉多枝木樹成為了地球上的第一批森林，它們從大氣中吸收碳，并在調(diào)節(jié)地球氣候方面發(fā)揮了作用。

分析

+--[主句：Cladoxylopsidsmadeupourplanet5sfirstforests]

+--[伴隨狀語：capturingcarbonfromtheatmosphereandplayingapartinadjustingEarth'sclimate]

HE??

1.concentricadj.同中心的2.revealv.揭示

3.cladoxylopsidn.枝蕨類植物4.fossilizev.使成化石

5.preservedadj.保存完好的6.exposev.暴露

7.conductv.傳導(dǎo)8.mineralsaltn.礦物鹽

9.layern.層lO.reservoirn.儲存

（五）

（2024?湖南永州?三模）Astheseasonsarestartingtochangearoundtheworld,theanimalkingdomison

themove.Animalmigrationisoneofnature*sgreatwonders,buthowdoanimalsknowwhenitistimetosetoffon

theirjourney,orwheretheyneedtogo?Oncethey*veworkedouttheirdestination,howdotheyknowhowtoget

there?16.

Migrationisabehavioralpatternwhereanimalstravelfromonehabitattoanotherinsearchofsomething.It

happensseasonally,andusuallyinvolvesareturnjourney.