考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷290

一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）（本題共20題，每題7.0

分，共20分。）

AllmenarccreatedequalorsoreckonedThomasJeffersonashedraftedAmerica's

DeclarationofIndependencein1776.SubsequentAmericanshavehadreasontoquestion

thefoundingfather.Sotoohavepeopleinthelandfromwhichthenewnationgainedits

freedom.AmericaandBritainareamongthemostunequalcountriesintherichworld

andBritain,atanyrate,ismoreunequalnowthanitwasagenerationago.Thatisthe

conclusionofastudycommissionedbyHarrietHarman,theequalitiesminister.Class

andmoneyhavealwaysstronglyaffectedhowpeopledoinlifeinBritain,withwell-

heeledfamiliesbreedingaffluentchildrenjustastheoffspringofthedesperatelypoor

tendtoremainpoor.AllthatwassupposedtohaveceasedattheendoftheSecondWorld

War,withthebirthofawelfarestatedesignedtomeetbasicneedsandpromotesocial

mobility.Butdespitedevotingmuchthoughtandmoremoneytoimprovingthelotofthe

poor,governmentshavefailedtoboostthosealthebottomofthepileasmuchasthoseal

thetophaveboostedthemselves.Thenewstudy,ledbyJohnHillsoftheLondonSchool

ofEconomics,found,forexample,thattherichesttenthofhouseholdsreceivedincome

morethanfourtimesthatofthepooresttenth;justagenerationago,itwasthreetimesas

much.Internationally,onlysixofthe30membersoftheOECD,aclubofmainlyrich

countries,showgreaterinequality.Wealthisdistributedfarmoreunequallythanincome,

withtherichesttenthinBritainholdingassetsworthalmost100timesthoseofthe

poorest.Althoughthestudyfoundthatsomeofthewidestgapsbetweensocialgroups

havediminishedovertime,deep-seateddifferencesbetweenhavesandhave-notspersist,

ruiningthelifechancesofthelessfortunate.Politiciansofallstripestalkupequalityof

opportunity,arguingthatitmakesforafairerandmoremobilesociety,andamore

prosperousone.Thegoalofgreaterequalityofoutcomesalsohasitsboosters.In"The

SpiritLevel",epidemicdiseaseexpertsKatePickettandRichardWilkinsonclaimthat

moreequalsocietiesarehealthierthanunequalones,aswellashappier.Notallagree,but

inacountrywheretheNationalHealthServiceaccountsforalmostafifthofpublic

spending,itisworthconsidering.Thedifficultyarisesinputtingthesenotionsinto

practice,throughseveretaxincreasesforthemiddleclassandwealthy,orexpanding

governmentintervention.Thesehavenotrecentlybeenvote-winningpropositions,but

therecessionthatBritainisnowlimpingawayfrommayhavechangedthings.

1、AccordingtoHarrietHarman,inBritain,

A^inequalityhasdisappeared.

B、therich-poorgaphasnarrowed.

C、varioussocialinequa'itiesspringup.

D^theunequalsituationhasworsened.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。由HarrietHannan定位至第一段后半部分，其中④句講

到英圍社會貧富差距比幾十年前更大，即不平等現象加劇了，D項與之相符。

2、WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph2?

A、ClassandmoneydetermineeverythinginBritain.

B、GapbetweenpoorandrichremainsafterWorldWarII.

C、BasicneedsaremetinBritainthankstothewelfarepolicy.

D、TheBritishgovernmentmakesfeweffortstohelp(hepoor.

標準答案：B-

知識點解析：段落理解題。從第二段整段可以看出，英國貧富差距的問題并沒有隨

著政府的努力而消失，這個問題時至今口依然存在，而③句的But更是表明貧富

差距并沒有因為二戰(zhàn)而結束，故選B項。

3、JohnHills,studyhasfoundthat

A、therichestreceiveincomefourtimesmorethanthepoorest.

B、BritainisanOECDmemberwiththehighestrateofinequality.

C、wealthdistributionismoreunequalthanincomedistribution.

D、mostgapsbetweensocialgroupshavedisappearedovertime.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。由JohnHil?smdy迅速定位至第三段，該段③句指明

英國財富的不均衡比收入不均衡更加顯著，C項與之相符,為正確答案。

4、ItisindicatedinParagraph4thatBritishpoliticians

A、onlyindulgeinemptytalks.

B、advocatefaireropportunities.

C、boosttheequalityofoutcomes.

D、ignoretherealneedofthepoor.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：推理判斷題。第四段②句表明，政客們都大肆宣揚機會均等能帶來

更加平等、流動性更強和更加繁榮的社會.由此不難判斷B項為正確答案。

5、KatePickettandRichardWilkinsonholdthatfairercountries

A、enjoyahigherlevelofwell-being.

B、areoftenmoremobileandprosperous.

C>featurestrongergovernmentintervention.

D、canberealizedbyseveretaxincreases.

標準答案：A

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。由KatePickett和RichardWilkinson定位至第四段④

句，該句中claim后面的小凱從句表明，生活在更加平等社會的人更健康.更愉

快，故選A項。

On26March,theItalianSenateapprovedabillthatwouldgivephysiciansinthecountry

therighttooverridethelivingwillsofpeoplewhoarcinapersistentvegetativestate,and

totrytokeepthepatientsalivethroughartificialnutrition.Themeasurehascaused

intensecontroversy.Manycountrieshavelaws,orestablishedcodesofmedicalpractice,

thatprotecttheexpressedwishesofanindividualtodeclinetreatmentiftheybecome

severelyincapacitatedandincapableofcommunicating.InmostUSstates,forexample,a

doctormustnegotiatewithrelativesviaanethicscommitteeifheorshebelievesthata

patientincapacitatedinthiswaycouldbenefitfromadditionaltreatment.TheItalianbill,

however,explicitlyallowsphysicianstooverrulesuchlivingwills.Italsodeclaresthat

artificialnutritionisnotaclinicalintervention.Curiously,theproposedlawappliesonly

topatientsinthetypeofprolonged,deepcomaknownasapersistentvegetativestate,

andnotto(hosewithother,similarlyincapacitatingillnesses.Thisisbecausethebillhas

beenpromptedbytherecentandmuch-publicizeddeathofEluanaEnglaro,whospent17

yearsinavegetativestateafteracaraccidentattheageof21.Herfather,arguingthathis

daughterhadvoicedadesiretobeallowedtodieifincapacitated,hadpressedher

reluctantdoctorstoceaseartificialfeeding.Heeventuallytooklegalaction,winningin

onecourtafterthenextinfightingoffallthedoctors'appeals.InFebruary,hefinallyhad

hermovedtoahospitalthatwaspreparedtoremovethe1cedingtube.PrimeMinister

SilvioBerlusconiissuedanemergencydecreetoblocktheprocess,buttheItalian

presidentrefusedtosignit.TheconstitutionalcrisiswasavertedwhenEnglarodiedon9

February.SurveyshaveindicatedthatalargemajorityofItaliansdonotsupporttheidea

thatlivingwillscouldbeignoredButmostrelevantscientificsocietieshavebeenquiet

TheFederationofItalianPhysicianspublishedonlyamildstatement,aftertheSenate

vote,suggestingthatitshouldhavebeenconsulted.AstragicasEnglaro'ssituationwas,

media-fuelledemotionisnotagoodbasisfbrlawmaking.TheItalianconstitutionsays

thatnoonecanbeforcedtoundergomedicaltreatmentwithouthisorherapproval.The

Italianparliamentmustnowensurethatthebillisimbuedwithasuitablelevelof

scientificandlegalsophistication,andthatitmeetsthisconstitutionalprovision.

Discussionneedstoembracetherequestedwiderconsultationwiththemedical

communityandprovisionsshouldbemadeforcare-givers'conscientiousobjection.Buta

physicianwhoseconscienceprecludeshisorherpersonallyremovingafeedingtuhe

shouldnothavethelastsayinthelifeordeathofapatientwhosewishesareclearly

stated.

6、Theword"override"(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans

A、protect.

B、scorn.

C^ignore.

D、respect.

標準答案：c

知識點解析：詞義理解題，這類題型需要根據上下文推斷出詞義。本段講到法案規(guī)

定醫(yī)生有權——病人的死亡意愿，而下段講到此法案引起了激烈爭論，因為很多國

家支持個人放棄治療的意愿，兩者意思相反，故判斷此處是賦予醫(yī)生“忽視”病人意

愿的權力，C項正確。

7、InParagraph2,USstatesarecitedasanexampletoshowthat

A、theexpressedwishesofanindividualareprotectedbylawsorcodesofmedical

practice.

adoctormustdiscusswithrelativesofthepatientwhenprovidingadditional

treatment.

C、adoctorhastherighttoletthepatientwhodeclinestreatmentcontinuetobetreated

medically.

D^intensecontroversyaboutthelivingwillofthepatienthasbeencaused.

標準答案：A:

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題，考查例證細節(jié)。③句講到美國的例子，目的在于說明

②句的觀點，即在某些前提下，許多國家的法律支持個人放棄治療的意愿，故A

項正確。

8、Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat

A、EluanaEnglarodiedbecauseahospitalremovedherfeedingtube.

B、thebillcouldbeappliedtopatientswithallkindsofincapacitatingillnesses.

C、theSenatepassedthebillinhonorofEluanaEnglaro.

D、thebillcouldbeappliedtopatientssufferingdeepcoma.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：推理判斷題0①句講到，此法律適用于長期處于深度昏迷狀態(tài)，即

持續(xù)性植物人狀態(tài)的病人，這與D項表述一致，故D項正確。

9、Aphysiciandoesnothavetherighttodecidethelifeordeathofapatientif

A、thereisnosuitablelevelofscientificandlegalsophistication.

B、thepatientexpresseshisownlivingwillinaclearway.

C、thephysiciandoesnothaveclearconscience.

D、thereisnowiderconsultationwiththemedicalcommunity.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。根據題干Ihelifeordeathofapalient定位到第五段。該

段⑤句提到，在病人明確表示自己的意愿時，醫(yī)生不應該替病人做最后的決定，

故B項與之相符。

10、Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

A、TheLivingWillofPatients

B、TheDeathofEluanaEnglaro

C、ABillagainstRights

D、TheIntenseControversy

標準答案：C

知識點解析：主旨大意題。從全文大意和第段①句及最后段③句可以推斷

出，全文圍繞意大利出臺的一項法案進行討論，故C項與之相符。

Whenitcomestojealousy,menandwomenaren'talwaysonthesamepage.Previous

studieshaveshownthat,whilemenaremorelikelytoseeredoverapartner'ssexual

infidelity,womenaremoreupsetbyemotionalcheating.Evolutionarypsychologists

theorizethatthedifferenceisrootedinthesexes*historicalroles—menwantedto

guaranteethattheirpartnerswerecarryingtheirchildren,whilewomenneededtofeel

securethattheyandtheirchildrenwouldbecaredforbyacommittedpartner.Yet,that

evolutionaryexplanationdoesn'taccountforalargegroupofmenwhosaythatemotional

disloyaltyismoreupsettingthansexualinfidelity,andwomenwhoaremoreupsetby

sexualbetrayal.Togainamorethoroughunderstandingofgenderandjealousy,

researchersfromPennsylvaniaStateUniversity(PSU)approachedtheissuewithsome

modernpsychology.InastudypublishedinthejournalPsychologicalScience,

researchersfoundthat,whilegenerallyspeaking,theevolutionaryexplanationofgender

andjealousyheldup;whenviewedthroughthelensofattachmenttheory—broadly,the

psychologicaltheoryaboutourtendencytotbsterintimaterelationshipswithother

people-bothmenandwomenwithsecureemotionalhistoriesweremorelikelyto

experiencejealousyoveremotionalinfidelity,andthosewhowereinsecureor

dismissing,weremorelikelytobevexedbysexualcheating.Totackletheissue,

researchersrecruited416collegestudentsfromNewYorkCity,whoseattachmentstyles

wereassessedthroughquestionnairescontainingascriesofvigncttes(shortdescriptions

orpictures)―eachreflectingeithersecure,fearful,preoccupied,ordismissingattachment

styles.Participantswereinstructedtoselectthestorythatmostaccuratelyreflectedtheir

ownattitudeaboutromanticrelationships,andwerecategorizedaccordingly.Ina

subsequentquestionnaire,participantswereaskedwhethertheywouldbemoreupsetby

theirpartner"havingpassionatesexualintercoursewithanotherperson,"or"forminga

deepemotionalattachmenttoanotherperson."Theyfoundthat,regardlessofgender,

77.3%ofsecurelyattachedparticipantsviewedemotionalinfidelityasmoreupsetting,

while64.8%ofinsecureordismissingparticipantsthoughtsexualcheatingwasworse.

Thesefindings,theauthorssay,shedlightontheintricatepsychologicalnatureof

jealousy,andmayhelptodeveloptechniquestodeterminetheunderlyingdynamicsof

sexualjealousy—awell-documentedcauseofspousalabuse,beatingandevenmurder.

Theauthorssuggestthat,gainingabetterunderstandingofnotonlythebroaddifferences

injealousybetweenthesexes,butofthedifferencesinjealousywithingenders,mayhelp

toidentifymethodsforinterruptingabusebyfosteringstable,secureattachments.

11、Thetheoryputforwardbyevolutionarypsychologists

A、maintainsthatmenandwomenaredifferentwhenitconiestojealousy.

B、assertsthatthegenderdifferenceinjealousyshapedthesexes'historicalroles.

C、failstoobtainathoroughunderstandingofgenderandjealousy.

D、isbyandlargeinfluencedbyDarwin'sevolutionarytheory.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。根據關鍵詞evolulionarypsychologist定位到文章第一

段。其中③句提到，進化心理學家提出理論說男女在嫉妒方面的不同源于他們性

別的歷史角色不同，但是緊接著④句以Yel轉折，指出這種理論不夠全面，不夠

透徹，因而在第二段①句話才會說“為了更加透徹地了解性別與嫉妒的關

系，……由此可知，進化心理學家并沒有全面了解性別和嫉妒的關系，C項正

確。

12、ThestudyconductedbyresearchersfromPSUhasshownthat

A、theevolutionarytheoryofgenderandjealousyisvalidandtrue.

B>moreparticipants(77.3%to64.8%)viewedemotionalinfidelityasmoreupsetting.

C、theevolutionaryexplanationisuntruewhenviewedfromtheangleofattachment

theory.

D^asidefromgender,attachmentstylescontributetothedifferenceintermsofjealousy.

標準答案：D

知識點解析?：事實細節(jié)題。根據專有名詞PSU定位到文章第二段。通過題干可知

本題主要考查PSU的研究結果，正確解答本題關鍵在于理解該段的②句。根據“難

句2”的分析可以發(fā)現，進化心理學家對于性別與嫉妒的理論基本正確，但同時還

必須考慮情感依附類型這一因素，據此可知，D項是正確的。

13、Theword"vexed'\Line7,Para.2)mostprobablymeans

A、bewildered.

B、haunted.

C、irritated.

D、troubled.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：詞義理解題。根據第二段以及上下文可以推出vexed一詞與第一段中

的seered以及upset意思相近，意為“惱火，惱怒”，故C項irritated為正確選項。

14、Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A、Jealousyhasnothingtodowithgender,butwithattachmentstyles.

B、Thefindingshelptoexplainthenatureofjealousy,especiallysexualjealousy.

C、Recordshaveshownthatsexualjealousyisacauseofmaritalviolence.

D、Abetterknowledgeofjealousycanavoidspousalabuseanddomesticviolence.

標準答案：c

知識點解析：推理判斷題。最后一段②句破折號后的內容提到“性嫉妒已經被充分

證明是導致配偶虐待、毆打甚至謀殺的原因”，該句中的causeofspousalabuse,

beatingandevenmurder與C項的causeofmaritalviolence對應.選C項。

15、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

A、EmotionalDisloyaltyvs.SexualInfidelity

B、GenderandJealousy

C、AttachmentStylesandJealousy

D、DynamicsofJealousy

標準答案：B

知識點解析：主旨大意題。通過閱讀全文，尤其是第一段①句和第二段的開頭①

句的內容，可以發(fā)現本文主要探討男性和女性在嫉妒方面的不向表現，所以B項

是最恰當的文章標題。

Hereyouare.Everymorning,youreluctantlyreturntothesame6x6cube.Yougraba

coffee,surfanewssite,andchitchatwithapeer.Thenit'sontothatattackofcallsande-

mailscomingyourway.Buttheworkloaddoesn'tbotheryou.Stayingbusysavesyou

fromsomethingworse.Andthatsomethingworsehappenseachmonthwhenthe

promotionannouncementscomeout.Youreadwhatyourpeershaveaccomplished,here

andelsewhere.Reflectingonwhatyoudidduringthatsametime,yourealizehowfar

you'vefallenbehind.Sometimesyouwhisper,"Thatshould'vebeenme."Yearsago,you

marchedintothiscubedreamingofbeingabigshot.Youdidn'tplantostayherelong;it

wasaplacetolearntheropesandbuildyourreputation.Earlyon,thehigher-upsraved

aboutyournaturaltalentandupside.Butthosequalitiesonlytakeyousofar.Now,you

holdaceremonial"Senior"title.Yourplaceissecureandyoumakeadecentliving.Still,

youfeeltrappedandrestless.Youfollowthesametiredroutines.Andyouwonderif

you'vesettled,ifthisisallthereisandallyou'lleverbe.Youoncelivedlikeyouhadall

thetimeintheworld.Thenyoulosttrackofitasyearspassed.Now,youfeelitsweight

andpassingmoreintimately,knowinghowmuchyou'vewasted.Wewanttobelieveour

careerswillunfoldlogically.Weseeourselvesasspecial,possessingamanifestdestiny

tosomedaycreate,change,andlead.Soweputourlivesonholdandsacrificeforthe

greatergoodatwork,certainoureffortswilleventuallyberewarded.Weimagine

climbingtheproverbialladder,notwanderingthroughamaze.Sowhathappened?You'd

liketobelieveitwasonemoment——amajoroversightormissedopportunity——thatled

youhere.Deepinside,youknowthetruth.Youwrotelistsandplans,knowingyou'd

neverputthemintomotion.Youwaitedforsomethingtohappentoyou...andgotleft

behind.Despitethegruelinghours,youwentthroughthemotions,subconsciously

knowingyourpathwaswelcomesceneryandexercise.Butlednowhere.Inourpersonal

narratives,wenaturallymakeourselvestheheroes.Weseekoutvillainsandscapegoats

tojustifywhyourliveshaven'tpannedoutUnfortunately,thetruthisfarless

melodramatic.Itisusuallyaseriesofevasions,badhabits,fears,comprom