雙語(yǔ)生物化學(xué)詞匯

GlossaryofBiochemistryBilingually

A

Absoluteconfiguration（絕對(duì)構(gòu)型）Theconfigurationoffourdifferentsubstituent

groupsaroundanasymmetriccarbonatom,inrelationtou-andi.-glyceraldchyde.

Absorption（吸收）:transportoftheproductsofdigestionfromtheintestinaltractinto

theblood.

Acceptorcontrol（受體控制）:Theregulationoftherateofrespirationbythe

availabilityofADPasphosphategroupacceptor.

Accessorypigments（輔助色素）:Visiblelight-absorbingpigments（carotenoids,

xanthophyll,andphycobilins藻月旦素）inplantsandphotosyntheticbacteriathat

complementchlorophyllsintrappingenergyfromsunlight.

Acidosis（酸中毒）:Ametabolicconditioninwhichthecapacityofthebodytobufferis

diminished;usuallyaccompaniedbydecreasedbloodpH.

Actin（肌動(dòng)蛋白）：Aproteinmakingupthethinfilaments（細(xì)絲）ofmuscle;alsoan

importantcomponentofthecytoskeletonofmanyeukaryoticcells.

Activationenergy（AG*）（活化能）：Theamountofenergy（injoules）requiredto

convertallthemoleculesin1moleofareactingsubstancefromthegroundstatetothe

transitionstate.

Activator.（活化物、激活劑）

（l..DNA-tei.tha.positivel.regulate.th.expressio.o.on.o.mor.genes.tha.is.tra

nscriptio.rate.increas.whe.a.activato.i.boun.t.th.DNA.（2..positiv.modulato.o.a.aIlost

eri.enzyme.

Activesite:（活性部位）Theregionofanenzymesurfacethatbindsthesubstrate

moleculeandcatalyticallytransformsit;alsoknownasthecatalyticsite.

Activetransport:（主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸）Energy-requiringtransportofasoluteacrossa

membraneinthedirectionofincreasingconcentration.

Activity:（活度）Thetruethermodynamicactivityorpotentialofasubstance,as

distinctfromitsmolarconcentration.

Activitycoefficient:（活度系數(shù)）Thefactorbywhichthenumericalvalueofthe

concentrationofasolutemustbemultipliedtogiveitstruethermodynamicactivity.

Adenosine315'?cyclicmonophosphate:SeecyclicAMP.

Adenosinediphosphate:SeeADP.

Adenosinetriphosphate:SeeATP.

Adipocyte:（脂肪細(xì)胞）Ananimalcellspecializedforthestorageoffats

（triacylglycerols）.

Adiposetissue:（脂肪組織）Connectivetissuespecializedforthestorageoflarge

amountsoftriacylglycerols.

ADP（adenosinediphosphate）:Aribonucleosidediphosphateservingasphosphate

groupacceptorinthecellenergycycle.

Aerobe:（需氧生物）Anorganismthatlivesinairandusesoxygenastheterminal

electronacceptorinrespiration.

Aerobic:Requiringoroccurringinthepresenceofoxygen.

Alcoho.fermentation:（乙醇發(fā)

^.Th.anaerobi.conversio.o.glucos.t.ethano.vi.glycolysis.Se.als.fermentation.

Aldose:（醛糖）Asimplesugarinwhichthecarbonylcarbonatomisanaldehyde;that

is,thecarbonylcarbonisatoneendofthecarbonchain.

Alkalosis:（堿中毒）Ametabolicconditioninwhichthecapacityofthebodytobuffer

isdiminished;usuallyaccompaniedbyanincreaseinbloodpH.

Allostericenzyme:（變/別構(gòu)效應(yīng)）Aregulatoryenzyme,withcatalyticactivity

modulatedbythenoncovalentbindingofaspecificmetaboliteatasiteotherthanthe

activesite.

Allostericprotein:（變/另！I構(gòu)蛋白）Aprotein（generallywithmultiplesubunits）with

multipleligand-bindingsites,suchthatligandbindingatonesiteaffectsligandbinding

atanother.

Allostericsite:（變/別構(gòu)部位）Thespecificsiteonthesurfaceofanallostericenzyme

moleculetowhichthemodulatororeffectormoleculeisbound.

ahelix:（a-螺旋）Ahelicalconformationofapolypeptidechain,usuallyright-handed,

withmaximalintrachainhydrogenbonding;oneofthemostcommonsecondary

stiucturesinproteins.

Amestest:Asimplebacterialtestforcarcinogens,basedontheassumptionthat

carcinogensaremutagens.

Aminoacidactivation:（氨基酸活化）ATP-dependentenzymaticesterificationofthe

carboxylgroupofanaminoacidtothe3'-hydroxylgroupofitscorrespondingtRNA.

Aminoacids:（氨基酸）anAmino-substitutedcarboxylicacids,thebuildingblocksof

proteins.

Amino-terminalresidue:（氨基末端殘基）Theonlyaminoacidresidueina

polypeptidechainwithafreetz-aminogroup;definestheaminoterminusofthe

polypeptide.

Aminoacyl-tRNA:（氨酰tRNA）AnaminoacylesterofatRNA.

Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetases:（氨酰tRNA合成酶）Enzymesthatcatalyzesynthesis

ofanaminoacyl-tRNAattheexpenseofATPenergy.

Aminotransferases:（氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶）Enzymesthatcatalyzethetransferofaminogroups

froma-aminotoa-ketoacids;alsocalledtransaminases.

Ammonotelic:（升F氨的）Excretingexcessnitrogenintheformofammonia.

Amphibolicpathway:（雙向代謝途徑）Ametabolicpathwayusedinbothcatabolism

andanabolism.

Amphipathic:（雙親的）Containingbothpolarandnonpolardomains.

Ampholyte:（兩性電解質(zhì)）Asubstancethatcanactaseitherabaseoranacid.

Amphoteric:（兩性的）Capableofdonatingandacceptingprotons,thusabletoserve

asanacidorabase.

Anabolisim:（合成代謝）Thephaseofintermediarymetabolismconcernedwiththe

energy-requiringbiosynthesisofcellcomponentsfromsmallerprecursors.

Anaerobe.（厭氧生物?A?organis?tha?live?withou?oxygcn?Obligat?anaerobes（專(zhuān)性厭

氧生物.di?whe.expose.t.oxygen.

Anaerobic:（厭氧的）Occurringintheabsenceofairoroxygen.

Anapleroticreaction:（回補(bǔ)反應(yīng)）Anenzyme-catalyzedreactionthatcanreplenishthe

supplyofintermediatesinthecitricacidcycle.

Angstrom（A）:（唉）Aunitoflength（108cm）usedtoindicatemoleculardimensions.

Anhydride:（酸醉）Theproduct,ofthecondensationoftwocarboxylorphosphate

groupsinwhichtheelementsofwaterareeliminatedtoformacompoundwiththe

generalstructureR—X-0—X—R,whereXiseithercarbonorphosphorus.

Anion-exchangeresin:（陰離子交換樹(shù)脂）Apolymericresinwithfixedcationic

groups;usedinthechromatographicseparationofanions.

Anomers:（異頭物、端基異構(gòu)體）Twostereoisomersofagivensugarthatdifferonly

intheconfigurationaboutthecarbonyl（anomeric）carbonatom.

Antibiotic:（抗生素）Oneofmanydifferentorganiccompoundsthatareformedand

secretedbyvariousspeciesofmicroorganismsandplants,aretoxictootherspecies,and

presumablyhaveadefensivefunction.

Antibody:（抗

^..tei.synthesize.b.th.immun.syste.o.vertebrates.Se.als.immunoglobulin.

Anticodon:（反密碼子）AspecificsequenceofthreenucleotidesinatRNA,

complementarytoacodonforanaminoacidinanmRNA.

Antigen:（抗原）Amoleculecapableofelicitingthesynthesisofaspecificantibodyin

vertebrates.

Antiparallel:（反平行）Describingtwolinearpolymersthatareoppositeinpolarityor

orientation.

Antiport:（反向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)）Cotransportoftwosolutesacrossamembraneinopposite

directions.

Apoenzyme:（酶蛋白）Theproteinportionofanenzyme,exclusiveofanyorganicor

inorganiccofactorsorprostheticgroupsthatmightberequiredforcatalyticactivity.

Apolipoprotein:（脫輔基脂蛋白）Theproteincomponentofalipoprotein.

Apoprotein:（脫輔基蛋白）Theproteinportionofaprotein,exclusiveofanyorganic

orinorganiccofactorsorprostheticgroupsthatmightberequiredforactivity.

Apoptosis:（細(xì)胞凋亡）（app^a-toe'-sis）Programmedcelldeath,inwhichacellbrings

aboutitsowndeathandlysis,signaledfromoutsideorprogrammedinitsgenes,by

systematicallydegradingitsownmacromolecules.

Arrestin:（抑制蛋白）Afamilyofproteinsthatbindtothephosphorylated

carboxyl-terminalregionofserpentinereceptors,preventingtheirinteractionswithG

proteinsandtherebyterminatingthesignalthroughthosereceptors.

Asymmetriccarbonatom:（不對(duì)稱(chēng)碳原子）Acarbonatomthatiscovalentlybonded

tofourdifferentgroupsandthusmayexistintwodifferenttetrahedralconfigurations.

ATP（adenosinetriphosphate）:Aribonucleoside5'-triphosphatefunctioningasa

phosphategroupdonorinthecellenergycycle;carrieschemicalenergybetween

metabolicpathwaysbyservingasasharedintermediatecouplingendergonicand

exergonicreactions.

ATPsynthase:（ATP合酶）AnenzymecomplexthatformsATPfromADPand

phosphateduringoxidativephosphorylationintheinnermitochondrialmembraneorthe

bacterialplasmamembrane,andduringphotophosphorylationinchloroplasts.

ATPase:（ATP酶）AnenzymethathydrolyzesATPtoyieldADPandphosphate;

usuallycoupledtosomeprocessrequiringenergy.

Attenuator:（弱化子）AnRNAsequenceinvolvedinregulatingtheexpressionof

certaingenes;functionsasatranscriptionterminator.

Autotroph:（自養(yǎng)生物）Anorganismthatcansynthesizeitsowncomplexmolecules

fromverysimplecarbonandnitrogensources,suchascarbondioxideandammonia.

Auxin:（植物生長(zhǎng)素）Aplantgrowthhormone.

Auxotrophicmutant（auxotroph）:（營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺陷突變體）Amutantorganismdefective

inthesynthesisofagivenbiomolecule,whichmustthereforebesuppliedforthe

organism'sgrowth.

Avogadro'snumber:Thenumberofmoleculesinagrammolecularweight（amole）of

anycompound（6.02x1023）.

B

Back-mutation:（回復(fù)突變）Amutationthatcausesamutantgenetoregainits

wild-typebasesequence.

Bacteriophage（phage）:（噬菌體）Aviruscapableofreplicatinginabacterialcell.

Basalmetabolicrate:（基礎(chǔ)代謝率）Therateofoxygenconsumptionbyananimal's

bodyatcompleterest,longafterameal.

Basepair:（堿基對(duì)）Twonucleotidesinnucleicacidchainsthatarepairedby

hydrogenbondingoftheirbases;forexample,AwithTorU,andGwithC.

Pconformation:（/?構(gòu)象）、Anextended,zigzagarrangementofapolypeptidechain;a

commonsecondarystructureinproteins.

poxidation:（在氧化）Oxidativedegradationoffattyacidsintoacetyl-CoAby

successiveoxidationsattheP-carbonatom.

//-turn:（￡轉(zhuǎn)角）Atypeofsecondarystructureinpolypeptidesconsistingoffouramino

acidresiduesarrangedinatightturnsothatthepolypeptideturnsbackonitself.

Bilayer:（雙分子

^..doubl.laye.o.oriente.amphipathi.lipi.molecules.formin.th.basi.structur.o.biologic

a.membranes.Th.hydrocarbo.tail.fac.inwar.t.for..continuou.nonpola.phase.

Bilesalts:（膽酸鹽）Amphipathicsteroidderivativeswithdetergentproperties,

participatingindigestionandabsorptionoflipids.

Bindingenergy:（吸附能）Theenergyderivedfromnoncovalentinteractionsbetween

enzymeandsubstrateorreceptorandligand.

Bindingsite:（結(jié)合部位）Thecreviceorpocketonaproteininwhichaligandbinds.

Biocytin:（生物胞素）Theconjugateaminoacidresiduearisingfromcovalent

attachmentofbiotin,throughanamidelinkage,toaLysresidue.

Biomolecule:（生物分子）Anorganiccompoundnormallypresentasanessential

componentoflivingorganisms.

Biopterin:（生物喋吟）Anenzymaticcofactorderivedfrompterinandinvolvedin

certainoxidation-reductionreactions.

Biosphere:（生物圈）Allthelivingmatteronorintheearth,theseas,andthe

atmosphere.

Biotin:（生物素）Avitamin;anenzymaticcofactorinvolvedincarboxylationreactions.

Bondenergy:（鍵能）Theenergyrequiredtobreakabond.

Branc.migration:（分支遷

^.Movemen.o.th.branc.poin.i.branche.DN.forme.fro.tw.DN.molecule.vvitidentica.s

equences.Se.als.Hermediate.

Buffer:（緩沖液）AsystemcapableofresistingchangesinpH,consistingofa

conjugateacid-basepairinwhichtheratioofprotonacceptortoprotondonorisnear

unity.

C

Calorie:

（卡.Th.amoun.o.hea.require.t.rais.th.temperatur.o.l...o.wate.fro.l4..t.l5..

C.On.calori.（cal.equal.4.1.joule.（J）.

Calvincycle:（Calvin循環(huán)）Thecyclicpathwayusedbyplantstofixcarbondioxide

andproducetriosephosphates.

cAMP:SeecyclicAMP.

cAM.tei.（CRP）.（cAMP受體蛋

白）.ducin.t

h.enzyme.require.fo..bacteria.cel.t.us.som.othe.nutrien.whe.glucos.i.Iacking.AIs.call

tei.（CAP）,降解物基因活化蛋白.

CAP:Seecatabolitegeneactivatorprotein.

Capsid:（衣殼）Theproteincoatofavirionorvirusparticle.

Carbanion:（碳負(fù)離子）Anegativelychargedcarbonatom.

Carbocation:（碳正離子）Apositivelychargedcarbonatom;alsocalledacarbonium

ion.

Carbon-assimilationreactions:（碳同化反應(yīng)）Reactionsequencesinwhich

atmosphericCO?isconvertedintoorganiccompounds.

Carbon-fixationreaction:（固碳反應(yīng)）Thereactioncatalyzedbyrubiscoduring

photosynthesis,orbyothercarboxylases,inwhichatmosphericCO2isinitially

incorporatedintoanorganiccompound.

Carboxyl-terminalresidue:（竣基末端殘基）Theonlyaminoacidresidueina

polypeptidechainwithafreea-carboxylgroup;definesthecarboxylterminusofthe

polypeptide.

Carotenoids:（類(lèi)葫羅卜素）Lipid-solublephotosyntheticpigmentsmadeupof

isopreneunits.

Catabolism:（分解代謝）Thephaseofintermediarymetabolismconcernedwiththe

energy-yieldingdegradationofnutrientmolecules.

Catabolitegeneactivatorprotein（CAP）:SeecAMPreceptorprotein.

Catalyticsite:（催化部技）Seeactivesite.

Catecholamines:（兒茶酚胺類(lèi)）Hormones,suchasepinephrine,thatareamino

derivativesofcatechol.

Catenane:（連環(huán)體）Circularpolymericmoleculeswithanoncovalenttopologicallink

resemblingthelinksofachain.

Cation-exchangeresin:（陽(yáng)離子交換樹(shù)脂）Aninsolublepolymerwithfixednegative

charges;usedinthechromatographicseparationofcationicsubstances.

cDNA:SeecomplementaryDNA.

Centraldogma:（中心法則）Theorganizingprincipleofmolecularbiology:genetic

informationflowsfromDNAtoRNAtoprotein.

Centromere:（著絲粒）Aspecializedsitewithinachromosome,servingasthe

attachmentpointforthemitoticormeioticspindle.

Cerebroside（腦昔酯）Sphingolipidcontainingonesugarresidueasaheadgroup.

Channeling:（生物合成途徑限制作用）Thedirecttransferofareactionproduct

（commonintermediate）fromtheactivesiteofoneenzymetotheactivesiteofa

differentenzymecatalyzingthenextstepinasequentialpathway.

Chemiosmoticcoupling:（化學(xué)滲透偶聯(lián)）CouplingofATPsynthesistoelectron

transferviaanelectrochemicalH'gradientacrossamembrane.

Chemotaxis（向化性）:Acell'ssensingofandmovementtoward,orawayfrom,a

specificchemicalagent.

Chemotroph:（化能生物）Anorganismthatobtainsenergybymetabolizingorganic

compoundsderivedfromotherorganisms.

Chiralcenter:（手性中心）Anatomwithsubstituentsarrangedsothatthemoleculeis

notsuperimposableonitsmirrorimage.

Chiralcompound:（手性化合物）Acompoundthatcontainsanasymmetriccenter

（chiralatomorchiralcenter）andthuscanoccurintwononsuperimposablemirror-image

forms（enantiomers）.

Chlorophylls:（葉綠素）Afamilyofgreenpigmentsfunctioningasreceptorsoflight

energyinphotosynthesis;magnesium-porphyrincomplexes.

Chloroplasts:（葉綠體）Chlorophyll-containingphotosyntheticorganellesinsome

eukaryoticcells.

Chromatin:（染色質(zhì)）AfilamentouscomplexofDNA,histones,andotherproteins,

constitutingtheeukaryoticchromosome.

Chromatography:（層析）Aprocessinwhichcomplexmixturesofmoleculesare

separatedbymanyrepeatedpartitioningsbetweenaflowing（mobile）phaseanda

stationaryphase.

Chromosome:（染色體）AsinglelargeDNAmoleculeanditsassociatedproteins,

containingmanygenes;storesandtransmitsgeneticinformation.

Chylomicron:（孚L糜微粒）Aplasmalipoproteinconsistingofalargedropletof

triacylglycerolsstabilizedbyacoatofproteinandphospholipid;carrieslipidsfromthe

intestinetothetissues.

cisandtransisomers:（順?lè)串悩?gòu)體）Seegeometricisomers.

Cistron:（順?lè)醋樱〢unitofDNAorRNAcorrespondingtoonegene.

Citri.aci.cycle.（檸檬酸循

環(huán)）.cycli.syste.o.enzymatic.reaction.fo.th.oxidatio.o.acety.residue.t.carbo.dioxide.i.

whic.formatio.o.citrat.i.th.firs.step.als.know.a.th.Kreb.cycl.o.tricarboxyli.aci.cycle.

Clones:（克?。㏕hedescendantsofasinglecell.

Cloning:TheproductionoflargenumbersofidenticalDNAmolecules,cells,or

organisms,fromasingleancestralDNAmolecule,cell,ororganism.

Close.system.（封閉系

統(tǒng)）.syste.tha.exchange.neithe.matte.no.energ.wit.th.surroundings.Se.als.system.

Cobalamin:（鉆胺素）SeecoenzymeB⑵

Codon:（密碼子）Asequenceofthreeadjacentnucleotidesinanucleicacidthatcodes

foraspecificaminoacid.

Coenzyme:（輔酶）Anorganiccofactorrequiredfortheactionofcertainenzymes;

oftencontainsavitaminasacomponent.

CoenzymeA:（輔酶A）Apantothenicacid-containingcoenzymeservingasanacyl

groupcarrierincertainenzymaticreactions.

CoenzymeBn：Anenzymaticcofactorderivedfromthevitamincobalamin,involvedin

certaintypesofcarbonskeletalrearrangements.

Cofactor（輔助因子）Aninorganicionoracoenzymerequiredforenzymeactivity.

Cognate:（相關(guān)的）Describingtwobiomoleculesthatnormallyinteract;forexample,

anenzymeanditsnormalsubstrate,orareceptoranditsnormalligand.

Cohesiveends:（粘性末端）Seestickyends.

Cointegrate:（共整合）AnintermediateinthemigrationofcertainDNAtransposonsin

whichthedonorDNAandtargetDNAarecovalentlyattached.

Colligativeproperties:（依數(shù)性）Propertiesofsolutionsthatdependonthenumberof

soluteparticlesperunitvolume;forexample,freezing-pointdepression.

Commonintermediate:（共同中間產(chǎn)物）Achemicalcompoundcommontotwo

chemicalreactions,asaproductofoneandareactantintheother.

Competitiveinhibition:（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制作用）Atypeofenzymeinhibitionreversedby

increasingthesubstrateconcentration;acompetitiveinhibitorgenerallycompeteswith

thenormalsubstrateorligandforaprotein'sbindingsite.

Complementary:（互補(bǔ)）Havingamolecularsurfacewithchemicalgroupsarrangedto

interactspecificallywithchemicalgroupsonanothermolecule.

ComplementaryDNA（cDNA）:ADNAusedinDNAcloning,usuallymadebyreverse

transcriptase;complementarytoagivenmRNA.

Configuration:（構(gòu)

型.Th.spalia.arraiigeiiieii.u.a.urgaiii.iiiulecul.lha.Lcuiirerre.b.lh.preseiic.u.eilIie.（l.d

oubl.bonds.abou.whic.ther.i.n.freedo.o.rotation.o.（2.chira.centers.aroun.whic.substi

tuen.group.ar.arrange.i..specifi.sequence.Cerconv

erte.withou.breakin.on.o.mor.covalen.bonds.

Conformation:（構(gòu)象）Thespatialarrangement,ofsubstituentgroupsthatarefreeto

assumedifferentpositionsinspace,withoutbreakinganybonds,becauseofthefreedom

ofbondrotation.

Conjugateacid-basepair:（共扼酸堿對(duì)）Aprotondonoranditscorresponding

deprotonatedspecies;forexample,aceticacid（donor）andacetate（acceptor）.

Conjugateredoxpair:（共扼氧還對(duì)）Anelectrondonoranditscorresponding

electronacceptorform;forexample,CiT（donor）andCu2+（acceptor）,orNADH（donor）

andNAD+（acceptor）.

Conjugatedprotein:（結(jié)合蛋白質(zhì)）Aproteincontainingoneormoreprosthetic

groups.

Consensussequence:（一致序歹！J）ADNAoraminoacidsequenceconsistingofthe

residuesthatoccurmostcommonlyateachpositionwithinasetofsimilarsequences.

Conservativesubstitution:（保守性置換）Replacementofanaminoacidresidueina

polypeptidebyanotherresiduewithsimilarproperties;forexample,substitutionofGlu

byAsp.

Constitutiv.enzymes:（組成

^.Enzyme.require.a.al.time.b..cel.an.presen.a.soni.constan.level.fo.example.man.en

zyme.o.th.centra.metaboli.pathways.Sometime.calle.house-keepin.enzymes.

Contourlength（外形長(zhǎng)度）：Thelengthofahelicalpolymericmoleculeasmeasured

alongthemolecule'shelicalaxis.

Corticosteroids（皮質(zhì)類(lèi)固醇激素）Steroidhormonesformedbytheadrenalcortex.

Cotransport:（共轉(zhuǎn)

運(yùn).Th.simultaneou.transport.b..singl.transporter.o.tw.solute.acros..membrane.Se.a

ntiport.symport.

Coupledreactions:（偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)）Twochemicalreactionsthathaveacommon

intermediateandthusameansofenergytransferfromonetotheother.

Covalentbond:（共價(jià)鍵）Achemicalbondthatinvolvessharingofelectronpairs.

Cristae:（喳）Infoldingsoftheinnermitochondrialmembrane.

CRP（cAMP受體蛋白）SeecAMPreceptorprotein.

CyclicAMP（cAMP）:Asecondmessengerwithincells;itsformationbyadenylyl

cyclaseisstimulatedbycertainhormonesorothermolecularsignals.

Cyclicelectronflow:（循環(huán)電子流）Inchloroplasts,thelight-inducedflowofelectrons

originatingfromandreturningtophotosystemI.

Cyclicphotophosphorylation:（循環(huán)光合磷酸化）ATPsynthesisdrivenbycyclic

electronflowthroughphotosystemI.

Cyclin:（細(xì)胞周期蛋白）Oneofafamilyofproteinsthatactivatecyclin-dependent

proteinkinasesandtherebyregulatethecellcycle.

Cytochromes:（細(xì)胞色素）Hemeproteinsservingaselectroncarriersinrespiration,

photosynthesis,andotheroxidation-reductionreactions.

Cytokine:（細(xì)胞因子）Oneofafamilyofsmallsecretedproteins（suchasinterleukins

orinterferons）thatactivatecelldivisionordifferentiationbybindingtoplasma

membranereceptorsinsensitivecells.

Cytokinesis:（胞質(zhì)分裂）Thefinalseparationofdaughtercellsfollowingmitosis.

Cytoplasm:（細(xì)胞質(zhì)）TheportionofacelTscontentsoutsidethenucleusbutwithinthe

plasmamembrane;includesorganellessuchasmitochondria.

Cytoskeleton:（細(xì)胞骨架）Thefilamentousnetworkprovidingstructureand

organizationtothecytoplasm;includesactinfilaments,microtubules,andintermediate

filaments.

Cytosol:（細(xì)胞漿）Thecontinuousaqueousphaseofthecytoplasm,withitsdissolved

solutes;excludestheorganellessuchasmitochondria.

D

Dalton:（道爾頓）Theweightofasinglehydrogenatom（1.66xIO'24g）.

Darkreactions:（暗反應(yīng)）Seecarbon-assimilationreactions.

Denovopathway:（從頭合成）Pathwayforsynthesisofabiomolecule,suchasa

nucleotide,fromsimpleprecursors;asdistinctfromasalvagepathway.

Deamination:（脫氨基作用）Theenzymaticremovalofaminogroupsfrom

biomoleculessuchasaminoacidsornucleotides.

Degeneratecode:（兼并密碼）Acodeinwhichasingleelementinonelanguageis

specifiedbymorethanoneelementinasecondlanguage.

Dehydrogenases:（脫氫酶類(lèi)）Enzymescatalyzingtheremovalofpairsofhydrogen

atomsfromtheirsubstrates.

Deletionmutation:（刪除突變）Amutationresultingfromthedeletionofoneormore

nucleotidesfromageneorchromosome.

Denaturation:（變性）Partialorcompleteunfoldingofthespecificnativeconformation

ofapolypeptidechain,protein,ornucleicacid.

Denaturedprotein:（變性蛋白）Aproteinthathaslostitsnativeconformationby

exposuretoadestabilizingagentsuchasheatordetergent.

Deoxyribonucleicacid;SeeDNA.

Deoxyribonucleotides:（脫氧核糖核昔酸）Nucleotidescontaining2-deoxyriboseas

thepentosecomponent.

Desaturases:（去飽和酶）Enzymesthatcatalyzetheintroductionofdoublebondsinto

thehydrocarbonportionoffattyacids.

Desolvation:（脫水）Inaqueoussolution,thereleaseofboundwatersunoundinga

solute.

Dexirurulaturyisumer:9右旋異構(gòu)體）Aslercoisomerdialrotatesllieplaneof

plane-polarizedlightclockv/ise.

Diabetesmellitus:（糖尿?。〢metabolicdiseaseresultingfrominsulindeficiency;

characterizedbyafailureinglucosetransportfromthebloodintocellsatnormal

glucoseconcentrations.

Dialysis:（透析）Removalofsmallmoleculesfromasolutionofamacromolecule,by

allowingthemtodiffusethroughasemipermeablemembraneintowater.

Differentialcentrifugation:（差速離心）Separationofcellorganellesorotherparticles

ofdifferentsizebytheirdifferentratesofsedimentationinacentrifugalfield.

Differentiation:（分化）Specializationofcellstructureandfunctionduringembryonic

growthanddevelopment.

Diffusion:（擴(kuò)散）Thenetmovement,ofmoleculesinthedirectionoflower

concentration.

Digestion:（消化）Enzymatichydrolysisofmajornutrientsinthegastrointestinal

systemtoyieldtheirsimplercomponents.

Diploid:（二倍體）Havingtwosetsofgeneticinformation;describingacellwithtwo

chromosomesofeachtype.

Dipole;（雙極分子）Amoleculehavingbothpositiveandnegativecharges.

Diproticacid:Anacidhavingtwodissociableprotons.

Disaccharide:（二糖）Acarbohydrateconsistingoftwocovalentlyjoined

monosaccharideunits.

Dissociatio.constant:（解離常

^.（l.A.equilibriu.constan.（Kd）ple.o.tw.o.mor.biomolecule.in

ponents.fo.example.dissociatio.o..substrat.fro.a.enzyme.（2.Th.dissociatio.co

nstan.（Kton.

Disulfidebridge:（二硫橋）Acovalentcrosslinkbetweentwopolypeptidechains

formedbyacystineresidue（twoCysresidues）.

DNA（deoxyribonucleicacid）:Apolynucleotidehavingaspecificsequenceof

deoxyribonucleotideunitscovalentlyjoinedthrough3,,51-phosphodiesterbonds;

servesasthecarrierofgeneticinformation.

DNAchimera:（DNA嵌合）ADNAcontaininggeneticinformationderivedfromtwo

differentspecies.

DNAcloning:Seccloning.

DNAlibrary:（DNA文庫(kù)）AcollectionofclonedDNAfragments.

DNAligase:（DNA連接酶）Anenzymethatcreatesaphosphodiesterbond

betweenthe3*endofoneDNAsegment,andthe5'endofanother.

DNAlooping:（DNA出環(huán)）TheinteractionofproteinsboundatdistantsitesonaDNA

moleculesothattheinterveningDNAformsaloop.

DNAmicroarray:（DNA微陣列）AcollectionofDNAsequencesimmobilizedona

solidsurface,withindividualsequenceslaidoutinpatternedarraysthatcanbeprobed

byhybridization.

DNApolymerase:（DNA聚合酶）Anenzymethatcatalyzestemplate-dependent

synthesisofDNAfromitsdeoxyribonucleosideS'-triphosphateprecursors.

DNAreplicasesystem:（DNA復(fù)制酶系統(tǒng)）TheentirecomplexofenzymeHand

specializedproteinsrequiredinbiologicalDNAreplication.

DNAsupercoiling:（DNA超螺旋化）ThecoilingofDNAuponitself,generallyasa

resultofbending,underwinding,oroverwindingoftheDNAhelix.

DNAtransposition:（DNA轉(zhuǎn)座）Seetransposition.

domain:（結(jié)構(gòu)域）Adistinctstructuralunitofapolypeptide;domainsmayhave

separatefunctionsandmayfoldasindependent,compactunits.

Doublehelix:（雙螺旋）Thenaturalcoiledconformationoftwocomplementary,

antiparallelDNAchains.

Double-reciprocalplot:（雙倒數(shù)作圖）Aplot,of1/Voversus1/[S],whichallowsa

moreaccuratedeterminationofVmaxandKmthanaplotofVversus[S];alsocalledthe

Lineweaver-Burkplot,

E

E2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還原電位Seestandardreductionpotential.

E.co1.（EscherichLcoli）.（大腸桿

菌）.commo.bacteriu,foun.Lth,estin.o.vertebrates,anism.

Electrochemicalgradient:（電化學(xué)梯度）Thesumofthegradientsofconcentration

andofelectricchargeofanionacrossamembrane;thedrivingforceforoxidative

phosphorylationandphotophosphorylation.

Electrochemicalpotential:（電化學(xué)勢(shì)）Theenergyrequiredtomaintaina

separationofchargeandofconcentrat